THE UNDERGROUND PHP ® AND ORACLE MANUAL CHRISTOPHER JONES AND ALISON HOLLOWAY The Underground PHP and Oracle® Manual, Release 1.5, December 2008 Copyright © 2008, Oracle All rights reserved Authors: Christopher Jones and Alison Holloway Contributors and acknowledgments: Vladimir Barriere, Luxi Chidambaran, Robert Clevenger, Antony Dovgal, Wez Furlong, Sue Harper, Manuel Hoßfeld, Ken Jacobs, Srinath Krishnaswamy, Shoaib Lari, Simon Law, Krishna Mohan, Chuck Murray, Kevin Neel, Kant Patel, Charles Poulsen, Karthik Rajan, Richard Rendell, Roy Rossebo, Michael Sekurski, Sreekumar Seshadri, Mohammad Sowdagar, Makoto Tozawa, Todd Trichler, Simon Watt, Zahi, Shuping Zhou The latest edition of this book is available online at: http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/php/pdf/underground-php-oracle-manual.pdf The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent, and other intellectual and industrial property laws Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs, except to the extent required to obtain interoperability with other independently created software or as specified by law, is prohibited The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them to us in writing This document is not warranted to be error-free Except as may be expressly permitted in your license agreement for these Programs, no part of these Programs may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose U.S GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the Programs, including documentation and technical data, shall be subject to the licensing restrictions set forth in the applicable Oracle license agreement, and, to the extent applicable, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights (June 1987) Oracle USA, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065 The Programs are not intended for use in any nuclear, aviation, mass transit, medical, or other inherently dangerous applications It shall be the licensee's responsibility to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy and other measures to ensure the safe use of such applications if the Programs are used for such purposes, and we disclaim liability for any damages caused by such use of the Programs The Programs may provide links to Web sites and access to content, products, and services from third parties Oracle is not responsible for the availability of, or any content provided on, third-party Web sites You bear all risks associated with the use of such content If you choose to purchase any products or services from a third party, the relationship is directly between you and the third party Oracle is not responsible for: (a) the quality of third-party products or services; or (b) fulfilling any of the terms of the agreement with the third party, including delivery of products or services and warranty obligations related to purchased products or services Oracle is not responsible for any loss or damage of any sort that you may incur from dealing with any third party Oracle, JD Edwards, and PeopleSoft are registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners CONTENTS Chapter Introduction Who Should Read This Book? Introduction to Oracle .1 Databases and Instances Tablespaces Schemas and Users Introduction to PHP Chapter Getting Started With PHP .5 Creating and Editing PHP Scripts .5 PHP Syntax Overview Running PHP Scripts Running PHP Scripts in a Browser Running Scripts with Command Line PHP Debugging PHP Scripts Chapter PHP Oracle Extensions .11 PHP Oracle Extensions 11 Oracle Extension 11 OCI8 Extension 11 PDO Extension 12 PHP Database Abstraction Libraries .13 ADOdb 13 PEAR DB 14 PEAR MDB2 .14 Getting the OCI8 Extension 14 OCI8 and Oracle Installation Options 15 Getting the PDO Extension .16 Zend Core for Oracle 17 The PHP Release Cycle 17 Chapter Installing Oracle Database 10g Express Edition 19 Oracle Database Editions .19 Oracle Database XE .19 Installing Oracle Database XE on Linux 20 Installing Oracle Database XE on Debian, Ubuntu, and Kubuntu 21 Installing Oracle Database XE on Windows 22 Testing the Oracle Database XE Installation 24 Configuring Oracle Database XE 25 Setting the Oracle Database XE Environment Variables on Linux .25 iii Enabling Database Startup and Shutdown from Menus on Linux 26 Starting and Stopping the Listener and Database .26 Enabling Remote Client Connection 29 Chapter Using Oracle Database .31 Oracle Application Express .31 Logging In To Oracle Application Express 31 Unlocking the HR User 32 Creating Database Objects 33 Working with SQL Scripts 37 Creating a PL/SQL Procedure .38 Creating a Database User 40 Monitoring Database Sessions 42 Database Backup and Recovery 44 Oracle SQL*Plus 47 Starting SQL*Plus .48 Executing SQL and PL/SQL Statements in SQL*Plus 49 Controlling Query Output in SQL*Plus 49 Running Scripts in SQL*Plus .50 Information On Tables in SQL*Plus .50 Accessing the Demonstration Tables in SQL*Plus 51 Oracle SQL Developer 51 Creating a Database Connection 51 Creating a Table 54 Executing a SQL Query .55 Editing, Compiling and Running PL/SQL .57 Running Reports 59 Creating Reports 61 Chapter Installing Apache HTTP Server 63 Installing Apache HTTP Server on Linux 63 Starting and Stopping Apache HTTP Server .64 Configuring Apache HTTP Server on Linux 64 Installing Apache HTTP Server on Windows 64 Starting and Stopping Apache HTTP Server .65 Chapter Installing PHP 67 Installing PHP with OCI8 on Linux 67 Installing OCI8 Using a Local Database 67 Installing OCI8 Using Oracle Instant Client 69 Upgrading PHP with PECL OCI8 on Linux .70 Upgrading OCI8 as a Static Library on Linux 70 Upgrading OCI8 on Linux Using the PECL Channel 71 Upgrading OCI8 as a Shared Library on Linux 72 iv Installing PHP With OCI8 on Windows 73 Installing OCI8 Using a Local Database on Windows 73 Installing OCI8 with Instant Client on Windows 74 Upgrading OCI8 on Windows 75 Installing OCI8 with Oracle Application Server on Linux 76 Installing PHP With PDO 78 Installing PDO on Linux .79 Installing PDO on Windows 80 Checking OCI8 and PDO_OCI Installation .80 Chapter Installing Zend Core for Oracle 83 Installing Zend Core for Oracle .83 Installing Zend Core for Oracle on Linux .83 Testing the Zend Core for Oracle Installation on Linux 89 Installing Zend Core for Oracle on Windows .90 Testing the Zend Core for Oracle Installation on Windows 97 Configuring Zend Core for Oracle 97 Chapter Connecting to Oracle Using OCI8 101 Oracle Connection Types .101 Standard Connections .101 Multiple Unique Connections .101 Persistent Connections .101 Oracle Database Name Connection Identifiers .102 Easy Connect String 103 Database Connect Descriptor String 104 Database Connect Name 104 Common Connection Errors 105 Setting Oracle Environment Variables for Apache 106 Closing Oracle Connections 108 Close Statement Resources Before Closing Connections 109 Transactions and Connections 110 Session State with Persistent Connections 110 Optional Connection Parameters 111 Connection Character Set 111 Connection Session Mode 112 Changing the Database Password 114 Changing Passwords On Demand .114 Changing Expired Passwords 115 Tuning Oracle Connections in PHP .117 Use the Best Connection Function 117 Pass the Character Set 117 Do Not Set the Date Format Unnecessarily .117 v The Underground PHP and Oracle® Manual About this Book This book is for PHP programmers developing applications for an Oracle database It bridges the gap between the many PHP and the many Oracle books available It shows how to use the PHP scripting language with the Oracle database, from installation to using them together efficiently You may be starting out with PHP for your Oracle database You may be a PHP programmer wanting to learn Oracle You may be unsure how to install PHP or Oracle Or you may just want to know the latest best practices This book gives you the fundamental building blocks needed to create high performance PHP Oracle web applications About the Authors Christopher Jones works for Oracle on dynamic scripting languages with a strong focus on PHP He is is a lead maintainer of PHP's open source OCI8 extension and liaises closely with the PHP community He also helps make future versions of the Oracle database better for PHP He is the author of various technical articles on PHP and Oracle, and has presented at conferences including PHP|Tek, the International PHP Conference, the O'Reilly Open Source Convention, and ZendCon He also helps present Oracle-PHP tutorials and PHPFests worldwide Alison Holloway is a Senior Product Manager at Oracle with a number of years experience in advanced technology She has presented at various PHP conferences Most recently she has been working with Oracle VM ... The Underground PHP and Oracle? ? Manual About this Book This book is for PHP programmers developing applications for an Oracle database It bridges the gap between the many PHP and the many Oracle. .. with Command Line PHP Debugging PHP Scripts Chapter PHP Oracle Extensions .11 PHP Oracle Extensions 11 Oracle Extension 11 OCI8 Extension... The latest edition of this book is available online at: http://www .oracle. com/technology/tech /php/ pdf /underground- php- oracle- manual.pdf The Programs (which include both the software and documentation)