FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION STUDENT REPORT supervisor

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING BASIC ELECTRONICS FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION STUDENT REPORT Supervisor Dr Tran Vu Hoang Submitted by La Gia Bao Le Tran Vu Hoang December 12th,2021 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF PARTICIPANT MEMBERS iii LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Description of the Project 1.3 Benefits of the system 1.4 Objectives CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND CONTENT 2.1 Introduction to Piezoelectricity 2.1.1 Piezoelectric effect 2.1.2 Principle of operation 2.1.3 Piezoelectric materials 2.1.4 Connection of Piezoelectricity 2.2 Full-wave bridge rectifier 2.3 Boost converter 11 2.4 Voltage regulator circuit 12 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 14 3.1 Block diagram 14 3.2 Principle of Footstep power generation 15 CHAPTER 4: SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS 16 4.1 Boost converter 16 4.2 Oscillating circuit 17 4.3 Series regulator circuit 18 4.4 Simulation 19 CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND CONCLUSION 22 REFERENCE 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Reality has always shown that any success is associated with the support and help of those around, whether the help is more or less, direct or indirect During the time from the beginning of the essay until now, we have received the attention, guidance and help of teachers, family and friends around With extremely deep gratitude, we would like to express our sincerest thanks from the bottom of our hearts to the teachers at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education for using our knowledge and enthusiasm to achieve this goal impart to us valuable knowledge during our time at school We whole heartedly express our thanks to, Dr Tran Vu Hoang, Project Supervisor, for sparing time to go through every tiny detail and give his valuable suggestions to make this project and report a success We are mainly indebted to the authors of many references and articles which were used as the reference i ABSTRACT Electricity is a very important resource in human's daily life Its demand is increasing day by day Modern technology requires large amounts of electrical energy for different activities Power generation and its use efficiently is one of the issues Nowadays numbers of power sources are present, non-renewable & renewable, but still we can’t overcome our power needs In this project we are doing generation of power that converts kinetic energy to electric energy caused by external force or intake pressure Power can be created naturally through daily activities such as walking or running The generated power will be stored and then we can use it for the purpose of providing electricity efficiently This kind of system is subjected to a force acting on the contact surface when people walk on the steps or that of the platform Power will be generated by gravity of the person The surface will be compressed and an AC current will be generated The control mechanism carries piezoelectric sensor, this mechanical energy applied on the crystal into electrical energy When there is some vibrations, stress or straining force exerted by foot on a flat platform This is the phenomenon of piezoelectric effect AC current when passing through the diode bridge circuit will convert into DC current Then it will stabilize the voltage and increase the voltage to be usable This project seeks to establish an environmentally friendly, automatic and safe way of generating electricity from human movement Such a system can be highly efficient for installation in places where frequent expectation the movement of large numbers of people such as in educational institutions, universities and stations, airports, entrances, shopping malls and pedestrian streets ii LIST OF PARTICIPANT MEMBERS 1st semester 2021-2022 TOPIC: FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION No 01 02 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Nuclear Energy Production Figure 1.2: Coal Energy Production Figure 1.3: Solar Energy Production Figure 1.4: Wind Energy Production Figure 1.5: Application of Footstep Generation Figure 2.1: Piezoelectric effect when creating pressure Figure 2.2: Direct piezoelectric effect Figure 2.3: Reverse piezoelectric effect Figure 2.4: Value of Piezoelectric sensor of each connection Figure 2.5: Value of the series-parallel connection Figure 2.6: Positive half-cycle 10 Figure 2.7: Negative half-cycle 10 Figure 2.8: Boost converter circuit 11 Figure 2.9: When MOSFET switch on 12 Figure 2.10: Series regulator block diagram 13 Figure 3.1: Block diagram of Footstep power generation 14 Figure 4.1 Boost converter circuit 16 Figure 4.2: IC 555 18 Figure 4.3: Series regulator circuit 19 Figure 4.4: Connection of Piezoelectric sensor 20 iv Figure 4.5: Simulation circuit 20 Figure 4.6: The time period 21 Figure 4.7: The voltage after boost 21 Figure 4.8: The voltage after regulator 21 v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement Problem statement: Energy is nothing but the ability to the work In day-to-day life, Electricity is most commonly used energy resource Now-a-days energy demand is increasing and which is lifeline for people Thus, this project was driven by the need for a device that could generate electricity from human movement, especially footsteps The urgency of project: There are many sources from which electrical energy can be generated The main energy sources include coal, natural gas, petroleum and nuclear power Most of these sources have disadvantages environmental effects including air pollution; for example: coal energy production has become one of the important causes of global warming Figure 1.1: Nuclear Energy Production Figure 1.2: Coal Energy Production There by an alternative source must be discovered, many people proposes for solar energy, but it is going to be a costliest affair, moreover availability of solar energy is poor particularly in rainy & winter seasons, as a result it is not dependable As the availability of conventional energy declines, there is need to find alternate energy sources Figure 1.3: Solar Energy Production only provides an equally good voltage and current ratio but also reduces the net resistance offered by the circuit Figure 2.5: Value of the series-parallel connection 2.2 Full-wave bridge rectifier In this project, the electronic circuit requires a DC power supply to power various electronic basic components from the available AC mains supply To convert the input AC to DC output, we use full-wave bridge rectifier The circuit consists of diodes The four diodes are connected in a closed-loop configuration to efficiency convert the AC to DC The principle of the full-wave bridge rectifier: During the positive half-cycle of the input, D1 and D2 are forward-bias and conduct current D3 and D4 are reverse bias Figure 2.6: Positive half-cycle During the negative half-cycle of the input, D3 and D4 are forward-bias and conduct current D1 and D2 are reverse bias Figure 2.7: Negative half-cycle The advantage of full-wave bridge rectifier: Don’t need a center-tapped (CT) so the price is low cost In a bridge rectifier, the electric current is allowed during both positive and negative half cycles of the input AC signal Hence, the output DC signal is almost equal to the input AC signal The DC output signal of the bridge rectifier is smoother than the output DC signal of a half-wave rectifier 10 The efficiency of the bridge rectifier is higher than the efficiency of a half-wave rectifier 2.3 Boost converter The above illustrates the basic circuit of a boost DC voltage converter This circuit consists of basic electronic components that are inductor L, semiconductor switch S (can be MOSFET, BJT or IGBT), diode D and capacitor C Input DC voltage source is connected to inductor The MOSFET semiconductor device acts as a switch capable of opening and closing it closes when the MOSFET is excited (a square wave is applied to the gate terminal at high level) and opens when the MOSFET is not driven (a square wave is applied to the gate terminal at low level) Figure 2.8: Boost converter circuit MOSFET Switch On The MOSFET conducts electricity, causing the right end of the inductor L to be connected to the negative terminal of the power supply Therefore, a current will flow between the positive and negative terminals of the power supply through the coil L and gradually increase from some initial value The coil accumulates energy in the form of a magnetic field Almost no current flows in the rest of the circuit because at this point diode D1 breaks due to reverse bias and it will cut the load circuit from source E, current through the load is maintained by capacitor C acting as source 11 Figure 2.9: When MOSFET switch on MOSFET Switch Off The circuit is active at the time we let the MOSFET break, at this time on the coil L there is an inductance voltage against the current reduction The voltage polarity across the coil L is in the opposite direction from the time the MOSFET conducts, allowing current to flow This results in two voltages, supply voltage V IN and voltage VL across the coil in series with each other This higher voltage (VIN + VL) forwards the diode D The generated current flows through D and charges the capacitor C to the value V IN + VL minus some voltage across D, while providing for load 2.4 Voltage regulator circuit In a power supply system, a regulator is an essential component, used to produce a constant output voltage in power electronics We need a voltage regulator that generates a stable output for the variations in input voltage There are different types of voltage regulators like Zener, series, shunt, fixed positive, IC, adjustable, negative, dual tracking, etc…Each type of circuit can provide an output dc voltage that is regulated or maintained at a set value even if the input voltage varies or if the load connected to the output changes In this project, we use a series voltage regulator The basic connection of series regulator circuit is shown in the block diagram of Figure.2.10 The series element controls the amount of the input voltage that gets to the 12 output The output voltage is sampled by a circuit that provides a feedback voltage to be compared to a reference voltage: If the output voltage increases, the comparator circuit provides a control signal to cause the series control element to decrease the amount of the output voltagethereby maintaining the output voltage If the output voltage decreases, the comparator circuit provides a control signal to cause the series control element to increase the amount of the output voltage thereby maintaining the output voltage Figure 2.10: Series regulator block diagram 13 CHAPTER 3: PRINCIPLE OF WORKING 3.1 Block diagram The piezoelectric material (sensor) Elec co Figure 3.1: Block diagram of Footstep power generation The figure 3.1 indicates the block diagram of a footstep power generation This system can be divided into several parts: The piezoelectric material (sensor), the full wave bridge, boost converter, voltage regulator circuit and charge circuit The function of the piezoelectric material (sensor) is converts the pressure applied to it into electrical energy The source of pressure can be either from the weight of the moving vehicles or from the weight of the people walking over it Each object will generate different energy levels and the output of the piezoelectric material is not a steady one So, a bridge circuit is used to convert this variable voltage into a linear one The AC ripple filter is used to filter out any other fluctuations in the output to obtain a smoother wave image The boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load) The voltage regulator circuit is a circuit that has the function of generating or maintaining a stable voltage even if the input changes over a wide range We can simply 14 understand that the voltage stabilizer circuit always has a stable output voltage no matter how the input voltage changes The main function of the charging circuit is to store electrical energy to provide lighting, automatically cut off when fully charged, short circuit protection, overload protection, overcurrent protection 3.2 Principle of Footstep power generation The piezoelectric material converts the pressure applied to it into electrical energy The source of pressure can be either from the weight of the moving vehicles or from the weight of the people walking over it As the power output from a single piezo film was extremely low, combination of few Piezo films is investigated Two possible connections were tested - parallel and series connections The parallel connection did not show significant increase in the voltage output With series connection, additional piezo-film results in increased of voltage output but not in linear proportion So here a combination of both parallel and series connection is employed for producing voltage output with high current density The current produced by piezoelectric transducers is alternating in nature and hence cannot run, home appliances Thus, to make it a stable direct current, Full-bridge rectifier is commonly used as rectifier circuits to convert the AC output of a piezoelectric into a DC voltage The rectifying circuits consist of diodes The produced electrical energy from piezoelectric crystal is very low in the order of volts and is stored in battery to charge controller, since it is not possible to charge 6V battery through crystal output To increase the voltage, the boost converter circuit is used The level of voltage ranges 6v and it is stored in 6v battery On the other hand, the output of the bridge rectifier consists of undulating ripples superimposed on the DC voltage By connecting a simple Zener diode at the output of the rectifier circuit, we can get a more stable output DC voltage With the charger we can store energy as well as serve for lighting activities 15 CHAPTER 4: SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Boost converter The figure 4.1 is the boost converter circuit After we connect the Piezoelectric sensor with full-wave bridge rectifier, we obtain direct current (DC), Figure 4.1 Boost converter circuit - Calculate Requirements: Inductor Choose 16 Capacitor The maximum voltage that the capacitor can operate must be bigger than voltage output Choose maximum voltage that the capacitor can operate: 100 (V) Diode Schottky The maximum voltage that the diode can operate must be bigger than voltage output Choose diode which , maximum voltage that the capacitor can operate: 60 (V) 4.2 Oscillating circuit In the oscillating circuit, we use IC 555 According Texas Instrument’s company, we obtain the circuit 17 Figure 4.2: IC 555 Requirements: We choose We choose 4.3 Series regulator circuit 18 Figure 4.3: Series regulator circuit Requirements: Before connect series regulator circuit When connect series regulator circuit Choose 4.4 Simulation 19 Figure 4.4: Connection of Piezoelectric sensor Figure 4.5: Simulation circuit 20 Figure 4.6: The time period Figure 4.7: The voltage after boost Figure 4.8: The voltage after regulator 21 CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND CONCLUSION According to the simulation circuit, we can see that depending on the gravity acting on the sensor, it is possible to change a different voltage level, but this voltage is extremely small, so a booster and voltage stabilizer circuit is needed to can be charged to a storage battery and provide electricity for lighting operations In the conclusion of our project, it can be seen that this is an extremely potential energy source because of its availability and environmental friendliness On the other hand taking advantage of wasted kinetic energy to convert into electricity provides a large amount of electrical energy that needs to be promoted on a large scale It is especially suited for implementation in crowded areas This can be used in street lighting without use of long power lines It can also be used as charging ports, lighting of pavement side buildings Advantage: Power generation is simply walking or running No need fuel input Considered as available, clean energy and friendly with environment Energy saving and easy maintenance Battery is used to store the generated power Disadvantage: Only applicable for the particular place Initial cost of this arrangement is high Mechanical moving part is high Care should be taken for batteries 22 REFERENCE Robert Boylestad – Louis Nashelsky (1998), Electronic devices and circuit theory (seven edition), Prentice Hall Kiran Boby – Aleena Paul.K – Anumol.C.V – Josnie Ann Thomas – Nimisha.K.K (2014), Footstep Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Transducers, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Brigitte Hauke (2014), Basic Calculation of a Boost Converter’s Power stage, Texas Instruments Ali Khattak (2017), Footstep Power Generation System, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science (IJIES) Anis Maisarah Mohd Asry - Farahiyah Mustafa - Sy Yi Sim - Maizul Isak Aznizam Mohamad (2019), Study on Footstep power generation using Piezoelectric, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) Nanomotion, The Piezoelectric Effect, https://www.nanomotion.com/nanomotion-technology/piezoelectric-effect/, date accessed: 15/12/2021 BYJU’S, Bridge Rectifier, https://byjus.com/physics/bridge-rectifier/, date accessed: 10/12/2021 Wikipedia, Piezoelectric sensor, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor, date accessed: 15/12/2021 Avnet Abacus, Pressure Sensor: The Design Engineer’s Guide, https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/abacus/solutions/technologies/sensors/pressuresensors/core-technologies/piezoelectric/, date accessed: 16/12/2021 10 Texas Instruments (2015), LM555 Timer 23 ... material (sensor) Elec co Figure 3.1: Block diagram of Footstep power generation The figure 3.1 indicates the block diagram of a footstep power generation This system can be divided into several... piezoelectric disk placed along a pathway To reduce the cost for power generation besides increasing the efficiency of power generation To replace with available energy sources through human... activities Power generation and its use efficiently is one of the issues Nowadays numbers of power sources are present, non-renewable & renewable, but still we can’t overcome our power needs