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Tap chi Khoa hpc va Phat triln 2010: Tap 8, sd 2: 311 -318 TRlJC)NG DAI HOC NONG NGHIEP HA NQl KET QUA Birdrc DAU VE NGHIEN CUlU THIET KE VA CHE TAO CONG CU LAM DAT BAD TON CHO CAY TRONG CAN Preliminary Results on Designing and M a n u a f a c t u r i n g E q u i p m e n t for Conservation Tillage of Upland Crops Hoang Thj Ch3t', Lirong Thj Minh Chau', Lirong Ngoc Ha^, Nguyen Trung Dung^ 'BO mdn Ca hgc ky thugt - Bg mdn May ndng nghiep ^Ldp Ca ndng nghiep, Khoa 50 Khoa Co Dien, Tru&ng Dgi hgc Ndng nghiep Hd Noi Dia chi email tac gia lien lac: chauhn78@hua.edu.vn, luongha291@gmail.com TOM TAT IVIay lam d i t vun luong va rach hang gieo tripc ti§p IVIXR -1,4 du'p'c thilt l khda: Lam d i t bao tdn, len ludng, MXR -1,4, rach hang SUMMARY Simultaneous tillage and row making machine MXR - 1.4 vi/as designed and manufactured for conservation tillage of upland crops, such as maize and legumes in Vietnam according to land conservation principles The device is a combination of the three tillage stages: soil loosening ridging - row making for seeding With this device farmers can be able to shorten the cultivation period, reduce labor, save of fuel and reduce the impact on the soil, thereby maintaining physical soil characteristics MXR -1.4 consists of four soil loosening blades, followed by three row making blades and these equipment are linked by a hanging frame The plowing depth is changed by an adjusting part Practical test indicates that MXR -1.4 device meets the requirements with a operational capacity of 1.4 / h The device can be applied to dry, flat and large land area for the upland crops Key words: Conservation tillage equipment l.DATVANDE Hien nay, d Viet Nam edng t i e lam da't va gieo trdng v i n dien rieng le qua nhieu cdng doan d i n de'n chi phi lao ddng, may mdc va thdi gian se t i n g dong thdi viee t i e dpng ,, ,v,-t, •> ,,-', K-ti, ^-'• nhieu se lam cd ly t m h cua dat bi thay doi, kha n i n g gifl am kem De k h i e phuc dieu c^n phai cd bien p h i p canh t i c cho sfl t i e ddng len da't trdng phai dfldc han che, mpt phfldng p h i p ma hien eae nfldc p h i t 311 Ket qua bu'O'C dau ve nghien ciju thiet ke va che tao cong cu lam dat bao ton cho cay can _ trien tren the' gidi dang flng dung rdng rai, dd la phfldng p h i p sfl dung cdng cu lam di't bao tdn hay lam di't td'i thieu (Koller, 2004) Cd hai phfldng p h i p l i m di't td'i thieu: mot la han che vung tic dpng ciia cdng cu tren mat rudng v i hai la han che sd' lan di lai ciia m i y keo tren rudng Dfla tren de t i i hoic m i u miy cd lien quan de ke thfla ed chpn lpc va p h i t tridn theo hfldng rieng eua de tai Mdt sd phan mem dd hpa dfldc flng dung nghien eflu de tinh toan thiet ke' Dd'i vdi nfldc ta, i p dung phfldng p h i p thfl nhi't thi ehfla phfl hdp dieu kien dia hinh phfle tap hau nhiet ddi ndng i m eho nen tinh ehi't da't cung bi bie'n dd'i nhieu nhU thie'u chi't dinh dfldng, thie'u i m , di't qua chit khd thoit nfldc, v.v viee canh t i e tren toan dien tieh mat rudng de cai thien tinh chi't cua di't trflde gieo trdng la can thie't Theo phfldng p h i p thfl hai, ta h o i n toan cd the nghien eflu cic lien hdp m i y ed kha n i n g ke't hdp nhieu edng doan tfl khau canh t i e de'n gieo trdng (Ndng Van Vin, 1998) KET QUA VA THAO LUAN Bii bio niy gidi thieu mdt sd' ke't qua ban dau ciia de tai nghien eflu thie't ke che tao miu may lam di't bao tdn cho ciy can d vung ddng bang vdi m i u miy dfldc ehe tao li "Miy len ludng ke't hdp rach h i n g gieo trfle tie'p MXR - 1,4" PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN cUU Thie't hi dfldc ti'nh toin thie't ke dfla tren yeu cau ndng hpc cua phfldng p h i p lam di't bao tdn v i ly thuye't tinh t o i n m i y ndng nghiep (Nguyin Van Mud'n & cs., 1999) Miy vun lud'ng ke't hdp rach hang gieo hat l i m di't bao tdn MXR - 1,4 gdm Ifldi xdi d i t cich tfl 40 - 60 (cm) va Ifldi rach d i t xen gifla cic cap Ifldi xdi Bp p h i n khung treo lien ke't vdi dpng luc va bd p h i n thay dd'i dp sau eiia Ifldi xdi tfl - 30 em 3.1 Liidri x6i Phan ludi xdi l i m viee dfla tren nguyen ly ciia nem tam hdp (Hinh 1), thiie hien cung mpt luc nhiem vu: tieh, nang va l i t di't tfldng flng vdi gdc y, a, p Ta cd: tgo/tgP = tgy Chpn Y = 30°, a = 40°, viy ta cd p = 53° Dfla tren yeu cau lam viee va cic thdng so da chpn cho nem, ta lfla chpn Ifldi xdi kieu vun hai phia (Hinh 2): cd miii diep va cinh Mui diep di trflde ed nhiem vu tich da't ning di't chuyen qua c i n h diep de vun di't len lud'ng Chpn be rdng lam viee ciia ludi: b = 14 em = 0,14 m: So' lUdng n = H i n h N e m t a m hOp il2 Hoang Thi ChSt, Luong Thi Minh ChSu, Luong Ngoc Ha, NguySn Tmng Dung 4^ Hinh Bo phan x6i dat - vun luo'ng 1- Lfldi xdi; 2- Thin (diep); 3- Tru; 4- Canh diep; 5- Bp phan thay ddi goc md ciia cap canh diep 3.1.1 Cdu tqo vd nguyen ly lam viec Lfldi xdi (1) cd nhiem vu i n s i u vio di't, cat di't, dua di't len diep Lfldi xdi dfldc che tao rdi bing thep canh dfldc m i i sic de e l t di't de ding, cd the thay the mdn v i dfldc bit len diep (2) b i n g buldng chim d mdi ben Diep ed t i e dung nang va dfla da't len canh diep (4) de vun da't vao luo'ng Diep dfldc han gifl vao tru (3) phia sau cd han chdng tru vfla tang cflng cho tru, vfla de lien ke't vdi bd p h i n dieu chinh dp md c i n h diep (5) Cic thdng sd' kich thflde ciia bd p h i n xdi bao gdm: Be rpng ciia diep b = 14 cm, chieu eao tinh tfl diy lfldi xdi de'n dinh tru H = 80 em: Gdc gifla cinh diep cd the thay dd'i tfl 20 120" Chieu cao eiia diep la 27 em 3.1.2 Tinh toan lUc tdc dung len ludi xdi Luc t i c dung len IflSi xdi mat phing dflng doe la Rxz (Hinh 3) P h i n tich Iflc Rxz hai phan Rx va Rz Rx bieu thi Iflc can keo ciia nem, cdn Rz bieu thi kha n i n g i n s i u ciia nem Vi tri Rxz dfldc xic dinh bdi gdc v va kieh thflde h, theo ke't qua nghien eflu ciia Cinhiaed'p: h = (0,5-0,3)a v i = 0,5b Theo hinh ve ta ed: i|; = 7i/2 - ( a H- cp) Trong dd: a- dp s i u lfldi xdi - 20 cm = 0,2 m; b- chieu rpng lam viec ciia lfldi = 14 cm = 0,14 m; (p = arctg f (f- he sd' ma s i t eiia di't) Qua dc thfle te, ta li'y gia tri trung binh ftb = 0,6 Vay(p = 31° Kiem tra lai vdi cdng thfle: yi„ = (7t/2 - (p)/2 = 29,5° g i n b i n g 30° da chpn trflde nen cic thdng so' da chpn la hdp ly Ta tinh dfldc: i)/ = 7t/2 - (a + (p) = 19° Gia tri liic Rx cd the xac dinh theo cdng thfle: Rx - k.ab k- Ifle can rieng eiia di't, chpn k = 20 (kPa) Ta cd: Rx = 20.0,2.0,14 = 0,56 (kN) = 560 (N) Viy Iflc t i c dung len lfldi xdi la: Rxz = Rx/cosv|; = 560/cos 19° = 592 N Lflc can thie't de lfldi rach chuyen dpng la P > Rx = 560N Chon P = 600 N 313 Kk qua bu'O'C dau ve nghien cifu thiet ke va che tao cong cu lam flat bao ton cho cay can Hinh Liic tac dung len Ixidi x6i Hinh Liidi rach hang ket hc(p gieo 1- Than va lfldi rach; 2- Ong din hat; 3- Tru 3.2 hxid'i rach h a n g gieo hat Lfldi rach ed nhiem vu tao ranh canh tic tren ddng, nd cd the dfldc nd'i vdi bp p h i n gieo hat Dfla vao ci'u tao lfldi rach, ed the ehia loai: lfldi rach loai lfldi va lfldi rach loai dia Hien nay, lfldi rach loai lfldi dfldc sfl dung rdng rai hdn, ed ke't ca'u ddn gian va gia re hdn so vdi lfldi rach loai dia Do vay, nghien eflu n i y s i dung bp p h i n rach loai lfldi Yeu cau cua lfldi rach l i dam bao be rpng va dp sau quy dinh cua ranh; Khdng xd'c Idp di't d dfldi len lam mi't am eua di't, khdng vfldng ed ric Lfldi rach dfldc chpn la loai lfldi cd gdc rach tu (Hinh 4), rach, di't hi ep sang ben Thdng sd' ci'u tnic li'y theo tieu chuan rOCT 1714 -71 (Lien Xd cii), chieu cao lfldi = 140 mm; gdc tieh 2y = 64° gdc nghieng cua lfldi l i 50°, so lfldng lfldi rach la lfldi 3.2.1 Nguyen ly lam viec cua bg phdn rach Lfldi rach gdm lfldi xe (1) va t h i n (2) di gifla lud'ng da dfldc vun va di sau lfldi xdi, rach mdt dfldng sau - (cm) rpng - (cm) 314 hat dfldc dfla qua d'ng gieo hat (3) xud'ng day rinh Tru (4) dfldc bat vio t h i n (2) bang each h i n eflng, dong thdi la bp p h i n thay dd'i dp siu eiia lfldi rach lien ke't vdi khung 3.2.2 Tinh todn lUc tdc dung len ludi rach Lflc t i e dung len lUdi rach mat p h i n g dflng doc l i Rxz P h i n tich lflc Rxz hai t h i n h phan Rx va Rz Rx bieu thi lflc can keo eua lfldi, Rz bieu thi kha nang an s i u eiia nd Luc Rxz lam vdi mat p h i n g n i m ngang mdt gdc i|; = 7i/2 - (a -(- Rx = 0,0375 (N) Li'y P' = 0,04kN = N Hoang Thi ChSt, Luong Thi Minh Chau, Luong Ngoc Ha, Nguyen Trung Dung Hinh Liic tac dung len Ixidi rach m=iB Hinh Bo phan dieu c h m h sau cua Ixidi rach 1- Banh xe tfla dong; 2- Bp phin de lip binh xe va de thay dd'i dp siu; 3- Ong van thay dd'i dp sau; 4- Tay quay 3.3 Bo phan dieu chinh sau cua Ixidi xdi Cd ci'u nang ed nhiem vu n i n g lfldi xdi tfl lim viee sang van chuyen v i ngflde lai Tfly theo ke't ci'u ciia may thie't ke cd thi dung cd ca'u nang cd hpe hoic thuy lflc day ta sii dung cd ci'u kieu cd hpc Cd the thay ddi dp ciy sau ciia lfldi xdi tfl - 30 (em) Bp p h i n thay do'i dp sau (Hinh 6) gdm binh xe tfla dong (1) cd diidng kinh D = 36 cm lan tren mat ddng m i y di chuyen, banh dfldc b i t vio khung chfl Y (2) phia dau tren eiia khung dfldc tien ren de lien ke't vdi d'ng (3) cd dfldng kinh d = cm dfldc tien ren trong, an khdp ren gifla true va d'ng se lim thay ddi dp ndng s i u cua lfldi rach bang each quay tay quay 4, nhd an khdp ren khung (2) v i d'ng (3) se chuyen dpng tfldng dd'i vdi nhau, ddng thdi banh xe dfldc nang len hay xud'ng Bd p h i n dieu chinh dp ndng sau dfldc lien ke't vdi mot dd hinh chfl Z g i n vdi khung (Hinh 7) 3.4 Khung lien ket Khung lien ke't ed nhiem vu de bat bd phan len lud'ng, rach hang, bp p h i n n i n g va lien ke't vdi m i y keo Khung dfldc lam b i n g thep hop vudng gom hai ngang, mpt dpe, hai xien, ngoai cd them chfl Z gifl bp phan dieu chinh dp ndng sau Ki'eh thflde eiia cic thanh: ngang (1) la m; ngang (2) l i m; doc (4) la 0,8 m Khoang cich gifla ngang la m 315 K§t qua bu-oc dau ve nghien cii-u thiet ke va che tao cdng cu lam dat bao ton cho cay can H i n h K h u n g t r e o lien ke't cac bo p h a n c u a m a y 1- Thanh ngang dai bat lfldi xdi; 2- Thanh nd'i vdi may keo; 3- Thanh chfl Z gifl bp phan thay ddi dp sau; 4- Thanh dpe de bat lfldi rach; 5- Bp phan dieu chinh dp sau 3.5 hxia c h o n m a y k e o : Lflc can cua lien hdp m i y dfldc tinh theo cdng thfle: R = Gm[fm{l-F) ± i ] -F Fk Trong dd: Gm- trpng lfldng m i y ndng nghiep, (N) Gm = m.g = 300.10 = 3000 (N) fm - he so'can l i n m i y ndng nghiep Chpn fin = 0,16 (he so' can lan dd'i vdi m i y keo b i n h hdi tren di't chuan bi gieo) Fms- liic ma s i t cua mat ddng dd'i vdi miy, dfldc tinh theo cdng thfle: Fms = f.N = f.m.g = 0,6.3000 = 1800 KN Viy lflc can dd'i vdi lien hdp may la: R = 3000.0,16.(1 - 0,7) + 4320 = 4464 (N) = 4,464 (KN) P- he so'chl phan trpng lfldng m i y ndng nghiep chi't len miy keo, vdi may ndng nghiep loai treo, chpn P = 0,5 - 1,0 diy chpn P = 0,7 De dam bao van td'c m i y lim viec khoang 15 km/h m i y keo phai cd cdng sui't: i- dp dd'e mat ddng, % Pmk i = 0% (canh t i e tren mat rudng bing phang) Nhfl tinh toin liic d tren, lflc keo can thiet eho miy MXR-1,4 hoat dpng bao gom 316 lfldi xdi, ludi rach v i khd'i lfldng eua toan bd miy la m = 300 (kg) l i : Fk = 4P -F 3P' + Fms = 4.600-1-3.40 + 0.6.3000 = 4320 N = 4,320 (kN) F,,.v_ 4,32.15 3,6 3,6 17,9(kw) = 24,924(HP) Tfl dd ta lfla chpn m i y keo cd edng sui't 25 HP Ke't qua dat dfldc, ta cd m i u may M X R - , (Hinh 8) Hoang Thi ChSt, Luong Thi Minh Chau, Luong Ngoc Ha, Nguyen Trung Dung Hinh May len luo'ng ket hdp rach hang gieo hat trtfc tiep MXR - 1,4 3.6 Khao nghiem va danh gia ket qua Miy dfldc chay khao nghiem tai khu di't thi nghiem eiia Vien Nghien eflu Rau qua Thfle nghiem i p dung cho viee lam di't ngd Di't trflde khao nghiem da dfldc phay mdt Ifldt de tao dp tdi xd'p Cho miy lim viee vdi dp s i u lfldi xdi la 12 em, lfldi rach la cm, khoang eich cie lud'ng l i 60 cm De dam bao tinh chi't eua di't va dp ben cua lfldi xdi, ta khao nghiem miy vdi van td'c 8,5 km/h vdi may keo ed cdng sui't 25 HP Ning sui't theo ly thuye't se la: NSLT: B.V _ 2.8,5 • = \,7{ha/h) 10 ~ 10 Trong dd: B- be rdng lam viec, chpn B = (m) N i n g sui't thfle te ma m i y dat dfldc: NSTT = 1,4 (ha/h) Viy: Hieu sui't q = NSTT/NSLT = 1,4/1,7 = 0,82% Miy l i m viec dam bao cac yeu cau dit Sau khao nghiem, nghien eflu d i thu dfldc mpt so' ke't qua sau: Nang sui't miy la tfldng dd'i cao (1,4 ha,'h) ed the thay the khoang hdn 30 edng lao ddng thii cong Viec flng dung m i y MXR - 1,4 vao thfle te tai nhflng vflng ddng bang, dien tieh trdng trpt ldn se dem lai n i n g sui't v i hieu qua kinh te san xui't Bd p h i n xdi da't eiia m i y MXR - 1,4 cd the sc( dung viee len lud'ng eho mia, sin, khoai Ben canh dd, nghien eflu n i y cung cdn mpt so' ban ehe nhfl ehUa khao nghiem dfldc may d vung cd dia hinh khdng bang phing, di't khd e i n hoic am fldt Chfla the ed ke't l u i n chinh xic ve hieu qua ciia viee trdng ngd tren khu di't khao nghiem ehfla du dieu kien ve thdi gian eho viec gieo bdn v i chim sdc K E T L U A N M i u m i y lam di't bao ton MXR - 1,4 dfldc che tao gom lfldi xdi va lfldi rach dfldc g i n tren cd ci'u treo di sau miy keo cd cdng sui't 25 (HP) lam viee vdi van td'c 8,5 (km/h) cho nang sua't 1,4 (ha/h) May MXR 1,4 ke't hdp hai k h i u vfla lim di't (vun lud'ng) vfla rach hang de gieo trdng, viy da han che dflpe Ifldt di lai eua may keo tren mat rudng d i p flng dfldc van de dfla vdi cdng viec lam da't td'i thieu d Viet Nam Vdi viec l i p them he thd'ng bdn p h i n gieo hat Ket qua bu'O'C dau ve nghien cu-u thiet ke va che tao cong cu lam dat bao ton cho cay can_ hoin toin ed the dfla m i u m i y vao phuc vu cho hoat dpng canh t i c gieo b Viet Nam tai nhflng vung di't rdng, bang phang, dp am tfldng dd'i v i cho ke't qua tdt TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Koller K (2004) Bio eao ve phfldng p h i p lam da't bao tdn tai Trfldng Dai hpe Ndng nghiep H i Npi 318 H i n Trung Diing (2005) Quan ly miy doanh nghiep, Khoa Cd Dien - Trfldng Dai hpe Ndng nghiep Ha Npi Nguyin V i n Mud'n, Nguyin Viet Lau, H i Dflc Thii, Tran V i n Nghiln (1999) Miy canh t i c ndng nghiep, NXB Giio due Ndng Van Vin (1998) Ly thuye't lien hdp miy, Khoa Cd Dien - TrUdng Dai hpe Ndng nghiep H i Npi ... lam dat bao ton cho cay can_ hoin toin ed the dfla m i u m i y vao phuc vu cho hoat dpng canh t i c gieo b Viet Nam tai nhflng vung di''t rdng, bang phang, dp am tfldng dd''i v i cho ke''t qua tdt... eiia Vien Nghien eflu Rau qua Thfle nghiem i p dung cho viee lam di''t ngd Di''t trflde khao nghiem da dfldc phay mdt Ifldt de tao dp tdi xd''p Cho miy lim viee vdi dp s i u lfldi xdi la 12 em, lfldi... thie''t de lfldi rach chuyen dpng la P > Rx = 560N Chon P = 600 N 313 Kk qua bu''O''C dau ve nghien cifu thiet ke va che tao cong cu lam flat bao ton cho cay can Hinh Liic tac dung len Ixidi x6i Hinh
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