Phân tích nguồn ồn rung từ động cơ và những biện pháp giảm ồn rung trên ô tô

NGHIEN cufu-TRAO DOI PHAN TICH NGUON ON RUNG TU* DONG CO ^ VA NHO^NG BIEN PHAP GIAM ON RUNG TREN TO ANALYSIS THE SOURCES OF NOISE AND VIBRATION FROM ENGINE AND SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE NOISE AND VIBRATION IN THE VEHICLES Nguyen Thanh Quang Trudng Dai hgc Su pham Ky thuat Hung Yen TOM TAT On rung tren xe to Id chi diu ddnh gid true tiip chdt lugng ciia xe, ngodi viec dugc dank gid bdng nhihig thiit bi ky thudt chuyen diing dugc nguai sir dung ddnh gid true tiip qua su cdm nhdn Bdi bdo trinh bdy tdc hgi cita tiing on, cua rung dpng cdc nguon on rung tren to, phdn tich ngudn on rung tic dpng ca xe no mdy dung yen tgi cho vd cdc gidi phdp gidm on rung tren to Tir khda: Ngudn on rung, dpng ca, gidm on rung ABSTRACT Noise and vibration in vehicles is a direct indicator of quality assessment of the vehicle, in addition to being assessed by the specialized technical equipment was also evaluated the users of direct perception This paper presents the noise and vibration sources on automotive, an analysis of noise and vibration sources fi-om engine when the engine running and vehicle parking and solutions reduce noise and vibration in the vehicle K e w o r d s : Sources Engine, Reduce noise and vibration ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM, Sd 1+2 nam 2015 \\ w «.cokfaivietnam.vn ^ NGHIEN cufu-TRAO D | LMdDAU hay bye tuc, trang thai tam thdn khdng dn dinh, tii nhd giam sut Khi xe d td boat dgng tren dudng hoac xe nd may dirng yen tai cho se lien tuc nhan dugc eae kich thich gay rung ddng tir ddng co, he thdng truyen luc, Idp xe, mdp md mat dudng, v.v, Nhimg kich thich gay cac lire kich dgng truyen qua cac lien ket khdp ndi, he thdng treo den khung vd xe lam rung dgng cac mang tdm panel vd xe va gay nen rung dgng khung vo xe Rung dgng cua khung vd xe den muc nhat dinh nao ve bien do, tan sd se phat tiing on vao khoang xe Khi tan sd kich thich tning vdi tan sd rieng eua khung vd xe, bien rung dgng tang len se dan den edng hudng vi rung vatiengdn se tang cao + Doi v&i he thong chuc ndng khdc cua ca the Anh hudng xau den he thdng tim mach, gay rdi loan nhip tim Lam giam bdt su tiit dich vi, anh hudng den co bdp binh thudng cua da day Lam cho he thdng thdn kinh bi cang thdng lien tuc c6 the gay benh cao huyet ap 2.2 Tac hai cua rung dgng Khi cudng dd rung dpng Idn va thdi gian tac dung lau se gay khd chiu cho co the Nhung rung dpng cd tan so thap nhung bien dd Idn thudng gay su lac xdc co the gay met PHAN TICH CAC TAC HAI CUATIENGmdi nhanh chdng va gay nhiing tac hai cho ON VA RUNG DQNG siic khde ngudi Rung dgng lau gay nen cac benh dau xuong khdp, lam viem cac Khi tieng dn va rung dgng ed cudng he thong xuong khdp Ddi vdi phy nir, neu lam vupt qua gidi ban tieu chuan cho phep se gay viec dieu kien bi rung ddng nhieu se gay cac tac hai cho ngudi va mdi trudng xung benh dan den tinh trang vd sinh quanh, [1] PHAN TiCH CAC NGUON ON RUNG TREN TO 2.1 Tac hai cua tieng dn + Doi v&i ca quan thinh giac vd thinh luc 3.1 Cac ngudn on rung tren d to Khi chiu tac dung cua tieng dn lap lai Nghien ciiu dn rung tren co sd ba dac nhieu Ian, thinh giac va thinh luc khdng kha nang phuc hdi hoan toan ve trang thai binh tnmg ca ban va khdng tach rdi nhau: thudng dupe va se gay thoai hda va dan dan - Ngudn dn rung: Cac ngudn dn rung se phat trien nhiing bien ddi cd tinh chat benh ly gay ve co quan thinh giac (gay benh diu cac kich thich gay diec nghe nghiep) va thinh lyc (khdng cd cam - Sy lan truyen: On rung dupe Ian truyen giac ve miii vi) mdi trudng tmyen ngayttongban than cau tinic xe va moi trudng khdng khoang + Doi v&i he thdn kinh trung uong Tiing dn cudng dp tnmg binh va cao -Thu nhan: Con ngudi cam nhan dugc gay kich thich manh din he thdn kinh trung uong gay dau dau, chdng mat, cam giac sg hai, hai dac trung la "rung" va "dn" '^ ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM, Sd 1+2 nam 2015 ww"v\.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN cufu-TRAO D I * Theo thdng ke trtec tiip, co 17 nguon gay on rung tren xe: chinh (1) Khu vuc canh quat Iam mat dgng co; (2) He thing nap cua dgng co; (3) Dgng co; (4) He thing ly hpp; (5) Hop sd; (6) True cac dang; (7) He thing dng xa; (8) Cum cau sau; (9) Banh xe dy phdng (he thdng phu trg); (10) He thing phanh; (II) He thong lai; (12) He tiidng thiing diu; (13) He thing banh xe sau; (14) He thong treo; (15) Tieng dn dgng (Khdng dap vao kinh trudc, kinh canh, than vo xe lam rung dpng than vd xe gay dn; Luong khi rdi phia sau lam bien thien ap suat va gay rung vo xe va tao nen tieng dn); (16) Tieng dn lap ghep (Mdi ghep giiia cae cum tdng thanh, cac chi tiet co khi, cao su; Kinh trudc xe, kinh hai ben sudn xe, ghe ngoi ); (17) Tieng on tu nguon khac: May phat dien, bom trg lyc lai, dieu hoa khdng khi, hanh khach ndi chuyen khoang xe * Theo thong ki tong qudt, cdc nguon on rung trin to dwgc tap hop thdnh nhom tong qudt gom: (1) Ngudn dn rung tir ddng co va cac cum thudc ddng co; (2) Ngudn on rung tir khu vyc he thdng truyen luc va khung gam; (3) Nguon dn rung tu banh xe; (4) Nguon dn rung dpng hpc 3.2 Phan tich nguon on rung tir dong co" va he thdng nap, xa 3.2.1 Nguon on rung tie dong ca Cae nguon gay dn rung chu yeu tii dpng CO gdm: - Tieng dn qua trinh chay: Tieng dn ap suat chay bien thien xy lanh gay song nd truyen vao khoang hanh khach - Tieng dn co td ddng co: Tiing go pit tong vdi ddi, ddng md xu pap, su chuyen ddng va dap cua xu pap vdi Id xo xu pap; Cua co cau dan dgng xu pap (xich cam, banh rang), cac bac ddng co bi mon - Tieng dn he thdng nap: Phat sinh ddng nap di qua cac cira nap, phy thude vao cau tao bp Ipc gid, dudng kinh va chieu dai ong nap - Tieng on qua trinh xa: Tieng dn xa chiem phan chu yeu tieng dn dgng co Khi xa tir dpng CO cd ap suat cao, nhiet dp cao va mang theo lugng nhiet Idn sinh ky chay Khi xa khdng chiing se gian nd tiic thdi va gay nhung tieng nd Idn - Tieng dn quat: Do cac canh quat cat khdng hoac tao xoay khdng phia sau canh quat gdm cac quat Iam mat nudc, quat ciia may phat, quat cua he thong dieu boa khong Tieng dn tir dpng co cd lien quan den ki6u dpng ca, sd vdng quay, edng suat va dudng kinh xi lanh Cdng thiic kinh nghiem xac dinh muc dp am cho dpng co xi lanh, ky, diesel dugc trinh bay bdi cdng tiiuc (1.1), [3] LA-10iog[njj)^5 5log{imai)-30ioi^-^55{\.\) n^ Sd vong quay tai cdng suat NeH cua dong CO (v/ph); n: So vong quay lam viec cua dpng ca (v/ph); N^jj: Cdng suat cua ddng co t^i so vdng quay iJ(kW) Vdi dgng co cimg loai cd lap turbo charge, muc ap am dugc tinh gan dung theo cdng thiic (1-2) i^-40Iog(«)+501og(Z))-136.7 (1.2) ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM, Sd I +2 nam 2015 www.coldiivietnam.vn NGHIEN cufu-TRAOD6| D: Dudng kinh cua xi lanh (m) Do thi ehi sy quan he giiia mue ap am vdi sd vdng quay ddng co diesel ky ddy tai, tai vi tri each ddng co mpt met duac tiinh bay tren hinh 1.1, [3] So md ta ngudn am tir ddng co dugc trinh bay tren (hinh 1.2) va day tdn sd chu yiu ciia ngudn dn tir dpng co bang neu bang (I.I) IQQO 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 S6 vdng quay dfing ca f\ phi Hinh 1.2 Sa vi tri ngudn dn tic dpng ca diesel xilanh: Hinh 1.1 Do thi quan he mice dp dm v&i sd vdng 1) Tieng dn tir he thong van xu pdp; 2) Tieng on tie hi thong ddy cam; 3, 4) Tieng dn tir he thdng bam quay dpng ca diesel ky day tdi nu&c, puly qugt ;5) Tiing on tic he thdng piston; 6) Tieng on tic he thdng bgc; Cac ngudn am co ban dugc phat tir 7) Tieng on tic he thdng vo ndp may; dpng CO la tir ban than ddng co, tii he thdng 8) Tieng on tu he thong du&ng ngp Pen thdn dpng nap va tir he thdng xa Ngudn am phat ca; 9) Tieng on tie he thdng dic&ngxd tren thdn tir dpng CO la he thdng van xu pap, he thing dpng ca; 10) Tieng on tic he thdng budng dot; cam, he thdng budng ddt, he thdng bac, v.v 11) Tieng on tic he thdng day cdc te X 1.1 Ddy tdn sd chu yeu cua nguon on tic dpng ca Til buong ddt Tii pit t6ng Tur h? thong van nap/ xa Tir quat lam mat Tir he thong nap Tir h8 thong xa Tir bom cao ap Tii cac banh rang D3y tan si (Hz) 500-8000 2000-8000 500-2000 200-2000 50-5000 50-5000 -2000 -4000 Tu he thing cSng day dai >3000 Tii dai cam >3000 Ngu6n on Ghi chii Dpng ca xang: 500-4000Hz; Dong co diesel rpng hon Phu thupc vao toe dp dpng ca va so xi lanh Phu thuoc vao toe dong ca va so van Phu thupc vao toe dong ca va so canh quat Nap thong thudng > 200 Hz > Nap co turbo He thong xa co turbo Phu thuoc vao toe dp dpng ca va kieu bom Phu thuoc vao toe dong ca va so rang Phu thupc vao toe dp dpng ca, dp cang day dai va d6 trugt, he so ma sat Phu thupc vao toe dp dpng co, so mat xich ho$c rang day dai ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi V I | T NAM, Sd 1+2 nam 2015 wvvTv.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN cufu - TRAO D O I 3.2.2 NguSn dn rung tie he thong ngp truyen am tai hai dSu hop bau boc h^ thdng nap Ngudn am tir eae he thdng nap va he thing xa cac bau Ipc, cac dudng dng hiit, TL^lOlog J + O i j f m - xa, ban than cac bg Ige, v.v gay nen Tieng dn (1.4) xudt hien tir md den ddng budm ga Khi dpng CO Iam viee, cac xu pap ddng md, khdng dugc hut dudi ap suat cao vao buong ddt Trong do: gay cac xung ap suat, cac xung gay tieng dn cua be thdng nap Mdt vi du ve so m: Ty sd dien tich giua mjt cat ngang dng vao dd he thdng nap tren ddng co D4DB Hyundai (S,) va dng (S^), m - S/S, xe td dugc trinh bay tren hinh 1.3 L: Chieu dai hop bau Ipc L^, h^: Chieu dai phan nhd hgp cua Cmc6hui Bhtlch Van dng dngdSn H^pbiul^c dudng dng but vao va ndng bv&m mim u/ch I: Chieu dai budc sdng eua am -•' Hf) M^H^] 3.2.2 Nguon on rung tie hi thong xd H(ih6ngc6 hut Ufihong nap Bplockhl Ong ddn So he thdng xa tren dpng co xe to dugc trinh bay tren hinh 1.5 Hinh 1.3 Sa dd he thdng ngp tren dpng ca Phuong trinh sdng xung ddi vdi dpng CO ky dugc tinh cho mdt xi lanh dugc tinh theo phuong trinh (1.3) Tiin% In tir Hinh 1.5 Sa he thong ong xd tren dpng ca P= J^ pj sin\2m(Of +(Pi) (1.3) Tuang tu he thdng nap khi, phuoTig trinh truyen sdng xung he thdng dng xa ciing dupe tinh theo phuang trinh (1.3) Phuong So hop bau Ipc he thong nap trinh dudng truyen am he thdng xa dugc trinh bay tren hinh 1.4 xac dinh bdi cdng thuc (1.5) 7I=10h + 0.251 i - m l s m ^ ^ L Lb 1+0.25 ffl Hinh 1.4 Sa hop hdu Ipc tren he thong ngp-lOlogio Phuang ti-inh (1.4) la phuong trinh ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM, Sd 1+2 nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn 21/ I0V273+/ (1.5) NGHIEN cufu-TRAO 961 Cac ky hieu va cac thdng sd Trong dd: (p: Tan sd rung ddng; K: Ma phuang trinh dugc xac dinh nhu he thdng tran dp ciing cua chan may; X^: Mati-anbam nap cua ddng co dich chyen phia tren chan may; X^: Ma tran ham dich chyen phia dudi chan may THI NGHIEM 4.3 Do xac dinh dd cirng cac chan may 4.1 So di lap dat thiit bi thi nghigm Cau tao chan may gdm cd bu ldng, tdm Tren so dd lap dat thi nghiem hinh 1.6 dem bang thep tam tren dudi va giiia la khdi sir dyng ba cam bien gia tdc Hai cam biit dat eao su giam rung va giam chan, hinh 1.7 tai chan may gdm mdt lap phia dudi chan may, mpt lap phia tren chan may de dich chuyin Bul6ngM12 -Thep Id phia dudi va phia tren chan may Cam bien gia tdc thii dat tren san xe de dich chuySn tren san, micro dn dat khoang xe tai vi tii tai ngudi lai xe Cac cam bien dugc kit ndi vdi bg ghi sd lieu DAQ va su dung cdng USB ket ndi vdi Notebook thdng dung Cac ket qua dupe phan tich tren phan mem chuyen dung (a) Cdu tgo chdn mdy j , ; k ^ OAO UMJITM N Phdnmm U Kergi Hinh 1.6 Sa ket noi thiet bi thi nghiem 4.2 Xac dinh lire kich dgng tai chSn may Ta chgn xe thi nghiem County 29 chd idp ddng CO diesel D4DB Rung dgng tii ddng CO Iam cho chan may bi rung va se tiiiyen qua chan may len khung vd xe Dich chuyen phia tren (X^) va phia dudi chan may (XJ se khac nhau, hai cam bien gia tdc lap dat tai phia dudi chan may (tai viti-ilap vdi sat xi xe) va phia tren chan may (tai vi tri lap vdi dgng co) dugc hai gia tri Lyc kich dpng F* tac dpng len chan may dupe xac dinh bang phuong trinh thuc nghiem (1.6) [9] F\oi)=^K((o\xM-X,(a>)\ (1-6) (c) Thie nen dp cmig iren mdy Instron 3365 Hinh 1,7 Thu nghiem xdc dinh dp cung chdn mdy ^ ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHI CO KHi VIET NAM, So I +2 nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN cufu-TRAO D6| + Cac kit qua tren may Instron 3365 ddi vdi chan may phia trudc (chan ddng co) n6u bang 1.2 Bdng 1.2 Bdng ket qud dp cimg chdn mdy phia tru&c 3500 8.5 N mm Lire can F^^^ D5 eung chan Hanh trinh H^_^ Tdc d6 (mm/ Mo dun dan hoi thtr nghiem m4y C^„ = F^^_/ TT thyc te (mm) (Mpa) ph) (N) • H„ (N7mm)" 4429.49191 2968.64819 8.66174 342.7312 20 3077.38013 8.89714 345.8842 4795.85995 20 3177.54199 9.11861 20 5107.76911 348.4678 3263.32446 20 5259.64383 9.27409 351.8754 5544.95614 3390.00586 20 9.51126 356.4203 20 5629.58480 3456.98633 9.66108 357.8261 Tai trpng danh nghta Hanh trinh danh nghia + Cdc kit qud dugc doi v&i chdn mdy phia sau (chdn hpp so) tren bdng 1.3 Bdng 1.3 Bdng kit qud dp cimg chdn mdy phia sau Tai danh nghia Hanh trinh danh nghia TT 3500 8.5 Luc can F^^^ Toe d9 (mm/ Mo dun dan hoi Hanh trinh H„_ thu nghiem ph) (Mpa) thuc te (mm) (N) • 20 20 20 20 20 20 7185.91378 8629.65232 9130.74793 9124.26187 9286.73520 9387.57462 2991.28052 3073.62891 3220.67505 3295.58398 3408.81201 3477.53394 4.59059 4.62955 4.86684 4.98974 5.14876 5.30435 N mm Do cirng chan may C^ = F „ / H„„(N/mm3 651.6113 663.9153 661.7590 660.4721 662.0647 655.6004 4.4 Ket qua thi nghiem xac dinh ngudn ^n rung tw dpng co Ket qua thi nghiem cho thay tai cac chan may hi rung, bien dp dich chuyen phy thugc vao sd vdng quay cua dgng co (3 sd vdng quay cang Idn tbi bien dp dich chuyen cang Idn va dai tan sd rung ddng gay luc kich thich len chan may cang ro net, ro net nhat tai sd vdng quay 1500 vdng/phut ciia dpng ca, hinh 1.8 ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM Sd 1+2 nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN C U U - T R A O D O I %|*W^#f,^^^^ //m/; 1.8 Cdc gid tri tgi chdn mdy vd sdn xe a) Gia tdc tgi phia tren chdn mdy tru&c phdi; b) Gia tdc tai phia du&i chdn mdy tru&c phdi; c) Luc kich dpng tinh todn tgi chdn mdy; d) Gia toe dich chuyen tgi sdn xe Gia tri miic ap am dupe khoang xe tai vi tri tai ngudi lai xe dugc trinh bay tren hinh 1.9 iL CC c OUiDO Hinh 1.9 Mice dp dm tgi vi tri tai lai xe a) Kit qud phdn tich octab muc dp dm; b) Ket qud so mice dp dm khoang xe NGHIEN ClTU GIAM ON RUNG CHO khung vd xe 6x6 5.1 Cfic giai phap chinh giam 6n rung cho td - Chu ddng ehe dp khai thac va van hanh xe 5.1.2 Gidi phdp thu dgng 5.1.1 Gidi phdp chu dong - Chu ddng thiet ke lien quan din thdng sd ky thuat, cdu tao than xe - Chu ddng cdng nghe chi tao - Can thiep vao nhung bd phan nhu chan may, cac tam panel khung vd xe, dat them vat lieu each am tren khung vd xe, tang ciing hoae thay ddi kit edu tam khung vd ^ ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM Sd 1+2 nam 2015 www.coldiivietnam.vn NGHIEN cufu-TRAO DOI - Thay ddi chieu day tdm vd xe - Cang be mat tam panel vd dam bao tam khdng bi "chimg" gay rung dgng d vung - Can thiepti-endudng truyen rung ddng tdn sd thap, thay ddi hinh dang dao dpng cua tam - Tao cac be mat cong dinh hinh cho 5.2 Co sd khoa hgc cua mgt so bien phap tam tai cac mep tiep giap va tren than chinh giam on rung xe cac tdm bang each tao them eae dudng gan noi 5.2.1 Can thiep tren die&ng truyen rung dpnghoac chim cong suat dm 5.2.2 Tdng ^ cdch dm cda tdm Khi tdm vd bi rung se xay cac kich Sdng am va dap vao mdt tam phang thich ap sudt ddi vdi mdi trudng khdng xung quanh va se phat nang lugng am dugc chia ba phan: (1) mpt phan se cd edng sudt am P (W) dugc xac dinh bdi cdng phan xa lai mdi trudng truyen am, (2) mpt phan bi bap thu tdm phang, (3) phan cdn thuc (1.7), [10] lai lam tam dao dpng udn se phat am va phat tieng dn d khu vuc phia sau cua tam Sdng am P = p^.p,c.S.S^Vc^) 0.7) truyen qua tam ggi la sdng truyen qua Gpi ty sd giira cdng suat am T cua sdng huyen qua S - Dien tich cua tam (m^); Pj va sdng dap Pd la hf so truyen am cua tam 6-V- Phuong sai van tdc trung binh cua tam [10], do: rung //, - He sd phat xa ciia tdm tai tdn sd trung binh (1.8) ^ = P,/P, f va yf dugc xac dinh bang thyc nghiem p^ =1 khi/>/c;//^ > l k h i / = / c ; / / / < i k h i Va dp each am R cua tam dugc f