Đánh giá suất tiêu thụ nhiên liệu và phát thải của nhiên liệu biodiesel dầu cọ sử dụng trên máy phát điện động cơ diesel

Scieice & Tectgoloi) De«eloiieil, Vol II, Ne.TZ- 2115 Oanh gia su§t tieu thu nhien lieu ya phat thai cua nhien lieu biodiesel diu CO SLP dung tren may phat dien dong CO diesel • Ton Nir T h a n h P h i f c n g • Le Hoang Giang • T o Thj Hi4n Trtfong Dai hgc Khoa hpc T y nhien, DHQG-HCM • Taltenaka N o r i m i c h i TtLfb-ng Dai hgc Phii Osaka, Nhat Ban ( Bai nhgn 25 thdng 02 nUm 2015 nhdn ddng 22 thdng 06 ni TOM T A T Nghidn cuu dinh gid suit tieu thu nhidn li$u ctia ddng ca vi phit thai thdng thu&ng cOa nhldn lidu biodiesel diu CQ (BDF diu CQ) sO dung tren miy phit didn ddng ca diesel Cdc thl nghi$m duQ/c thuc hien & chi dd khdng tii vi tdi cao vai cdc ty li phdi trdn cOa BDF diu CQ va nhien lidu diesel (0 %, %, 10 %, 15 % 20 % 50 %, 100 % tuang O'ng v&i 80 B5, BIO B15 B20, B50, B100 ) Kit qui cho thiy, suit tidu thu nhidn lidu tdng thi tich BDF diu co ting nhidn lidu chi dd khdng tii, so v&i nhidn lldu diesel suit tidu thu nhien Hdu tdng 1.32 %: 1,8 %; 2,8 %; 3.74 % 5.61 %; 6,54 % tuang ung v&i B5 BIO, B15, B20, 850, 8100 O chi dd tii cao, suit tidu thu nhidn lidu ting 1,51 %, 1,86 %; 2.18 %; 4.78 %: 5,36 %: 6,76 % tuang ung v&i B5 BIO, B15, 820 850, BIOO so v&i nhien li$u diesel Ddi v&i phit thii ddng txr, & ci hai chi dd tii, tdng thi tich BDF phit thii CO, SOz va hap chit C„Hy gidm; phdt thai NO NOz COz tang V&i cOng mdt loai nhien lidu, hd sd phit thii CO, SOz, COz cOa ddng ca & chi dg tdi cao thdp han chi khdng tdi; hd sd phdt thai NO NOj cua ddng ca cho kit qui ngugc l$i TCF khda: Nhidn lieu BDF phit thdi khi, ddng ca diesel Gl6l THI$U Sii dyng ndng lugng la mdt nhiing yfiu hda th^ch Id ngudn phdt thdi chinh COi cdu CO bdn cho su tdn tai cua ngudi Ndng quyen, gdp phan gdy hifiu irng nhd kinh ldm bien lugng dugc sii dyng cho cac ngdnh cdng nghifip, ddi hdu toan cdu VI vdy, vific nghifin cdu san xudt thuc phdm vd ndng nghiep, ddc bifit la nhdm tim ngudn nguyen lieu sach, Ihdn thifin ngdnh v$n tai Ngudn ndng lugng chu yfiu hi^n vdi mdi Irudng nhdm thay thfi nhien lieu hda phdn ldn xudt phdt tir nhifin lieu hda thach thach dang dugc thuc hifin tai nhifiu qudc gia trfin Tuy nhifin, trii luong ddu thd frfin thfi gidi dang thfi gidi [2, 3] Vdi tifiu chi trfin, nhien lieu sinh c?n kiet rdt nhanh vdi tdc tdng trudng kinh Ifi hpc dugc lira chpn la ngudn nhien lieu Ihay thfi nhu hien Ngoai ra, vific su dung nhien lieu n-ong tuong lai Trang 24 TAP Cii N A T TIIEN KH&CH, TAP 18, SO T2 - 2015 Nhien lifiu sinh hpc chu yfiu gdm ethanol dd, dfi tdi tap trung nghien c&u sua! tifiu thy sinh hpc (bioethanol) va diesel sinh hpc (BDF - nhifin lieu ciia ddng co vd phdt didi cua BDF ddu BDF), eg su dung trfin may phdt difin ddng ca diesel d sinh hgc (biogas) Trong do, BDF hodn loan co Ihfi thay the nhifin lieu diesel dua cdc tdi trgng khde trfin nhung tinh chdt tucmg tu vfi trj sd cetane, THlTC NGHIEM nhiet trj rieng va tinh thdn thifin mdi trudng cua nd [6, 7] Vi?t Nam, BDF dd dugc difiu chfi tir nhifiu nguyfin lieu khde d quy md phdng thi nghiem nhu md ca basa, dau hat bdng vdi, ddu md dd qua sii dyng, dau hat Jalropha, dau me [23, 14] Ddng thdi, cdc thir nghifim BDF tren dgng co ddt Irong cung dd dugc tifin hanh Kfit qud ciia cac thii nghiem ndy cho thdy BDF cd the sir dyng trfin dpng co d bdt ky ty lfi phdi trdn vdi nhifin lieu diesel md khdng can thay ddi kfit cau ciia dpng co Ngodi ra, sir dyng BDF giam cdc Ihdi ddc hai vdo mdi irudng nhu CO, SO;, bui, C^H^ [9, 10] He sd phat thdi cdc chdt d nhifim tir dgng co, hifu qua chdy ciiu nhifin lifiu va cdng suat cua dpng co phy thupc vao ty lfi phdi trdn BDF nhifin lieu va tai trpng ciia dgng CO [13, 22] Tuy nhien, ty lfi phdi trgn BDF Irong nhifin lifu vira khdng lam anh hudng dfin sudt tifiu thy nhifin lifu cua dpng co va he sd phdt thai chat d nhiem Id it vd thap vdn chua dugc nfiu cdc nghien ciiu trudc tai Vifit Nam Do Bang Do tinh khiet ciia BDF ddu Hon hgp BDF ddu cp va nhien lifiu diesel BDF ddu eg su dung Irong dfi Idi dugc tdng hgp bdi nhdm nghifin ciru ciia Khoa Hda, Trudng Dai hgc Khoa hoc Tu nhifin, Hd Ndi BDF dugc tdng hgp theo phuong phap nhiet vdi Idc chat la MeOH, xiic tac KOH Quy trinh san xudt dat tifiu chudn BDF cua Nhdt Bdn Nhifin lifiu diesel sir dung nghifin ciru ta nhifin lieu diesel thucmg pham 0,05 % S Phdi trdn nhien lieu BDF va ddu diesel d cac ty lfi: % (100 % DO + % BDF), %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 50 %, vd 100 % BDF (v/v) Khudy Udn hdn hgp d nhift dp phdng 15 phut vdi van tdc 500 vdng/phut duac nhifin lifu BO, B5, BIO, BI5, B20, B50 va BIOO Hdn hgp dugc gia nhiet de loai trir hifin tugng nhu tuong hda, de yen Irong I gid, sau dd bao quan Irong can nhua cho den thir nghiem The tich hdn hgp nhifin lifiu sau pha trdn Id lit Dp tinh khifil ciia BDF dau cp va mot sd tinh chat cua nhifin lieu dugc trinh bay Bang I cp va mpt so tinh chat ciia nhifin lieu Dp nhat (*) {mm /s) NL Gia trj BO 2,68 B5 2,65 BIO 2,81 BIS 2,89 B20 2.96 B50 3,47 BIOO 4,51 • Phucmg phap thu nghiem QCVN 0I:2009/BKHCN 2-4,5 Nhiet lugng (MJ/kg) • Do tinh lihi^t cua BDF " % Methyl ester EN 590'" 45,59 ASTMD445-10 1,9-6,0 39,90 97,7 96,5 Mau BDF dugc gui phdn tich tai Trung tdm Ky thudt Tifiu chudn Do ludng Chdt lugng • • : Mdu BDF dugc giri phdn tich t^i Trung tdm Nghifin cuu vd Trien khai-Khu Cdng nghfi cao- Q9 * " : Tieu chudn chdt lugng BDF cua cdng ddng EU Trang 25 Science & Teclinologi DEvelomneit, Vol 18, No.T2- ZOis Do phdt thai ciia BDF tren mdy phdt dien d§ng eg diesel Mdy phdt dien ddng co diesel (LAUNTOP nghiem tuang tu vdi nhifin lieu B5 BIO BIS, B20, B50 va BIOO d chfi dp khdng tdi va chfi dp tai cao 2,5 kW LDG3600CLE) chay bdng hon hgp BDF va nhifin lieu diesel d chfi dp khdng Idi vd Idi cao (SO % tdng tai trpng) Khi thdi ctia cdc nhien lieu dugc true tifip tir dng khdi ciia may phat difin Ndng CO, CO., SO., NO, NO va hgp chat C^Hy duoc bdng thiet bi Testo 360, model D - 79849 Lenzkirch, dugc kfit noi vdi Do luu lugng thai vd sudt tifiu hao nhifin lieu Do luu lugng khdi thai: thifit bj tdc dd gid Extech model 380771 dugc sir dung dfi van tdc khdi thai (V) tai mifng dng khdi Luu lucmg khdi thai (Q) s2 dugc tinh theo cdng thiic sau: may tinh CQ - Compaq 40 Khi CO, NO, NO., Q = — SO thai dugc theo nguyfin ly ciia T (m/phiit): van tdc khdi thai tai mifng ddu dd difin cue Khi C O dugc bdng ddu dd dng khdi d difiu kifn thudng (dp sudt atm nhifl hdng ngoai Hgp chdt C,Hj dugc bdng ddu dd dp phdng 29.5 "C tin hieu nhiet He thdng ldy mau dugc ldp ddt nhu Hinh Them nhifn lifu BO vd chay mdy phdt difn d dieu kifn khdng Idi 10 phiit dfi ddng CO hoiit dpng dn djnh (ndng dd CO vd C O on djnh - lieu hifin trgc tifip tren mdy tinh) Tifip dd, tien hanh thai true tifip tir dpng ca bdng thifit bj Testo 360 - D9849 Lenzkirch, Germany Thdi gian Id gidy/ldn Thdi gian thli nghifm Id 15 phut, thi nghifim dugc ldp lai lan Dir lieu thai dugc \udt true tifip tren mdy tinh CQ - Compaq 40 Thuc hifn thi XT (mVphut) D (m) dudng kinh dng khdi Suit tieu hao nhien lifu (P): la lupng nhien lifu tifiu hao cho ddng co trfin mgt don vi thdi gian P dugc Iinh bdng cdng thiic sau: P = "^^^^ (mL/phut) V, Id the tich nhifin lifu ban ddu cho vao binh nhifin lieu (mL) V, la thfi tich nhifn lifu cdn lai binh nhifin lifu(mL) I la Ihdi gian dpng ca hoat dpng • ; Hi tAypiiiidi^ Hinhl Mo hinh thai tli may phat dien Trang 26 Hinh2 Ty If tai^ suit tifiu thg nhien hfiu ciia dpi^ CO d cac che dp tdi TAP CIJ PIAT TIEN KHSCN, TAP 18, Stf TZ • 2015 KET QUA VA T H A O LU;^N Suat tieu thM nhien lifu ctia dong co 4,51 mm-'s REBSO = 3,47 mm'/s REBO = 2,68 Sudt tifiu thu nhien lieu ciia dpng co la lugng nhien lifu dpng co su dung mdl don vj Ihdi gian dfi tao cdng sudt van hanh cho ddng co boat dgng tai nhirng chfi dp tdi trpng ciia dpng co cung chfi dd tdi, idng ty le BDF hdn hgp nhifn lifiu thi suat tifiu thu nhien lieu cua dpng c a cung tdng dan Cu thfi la, d chfi dp khdng tdi, sudt tieu thy nhifin lifu cua ddng co dao ddng tir 6,45 dfin 7,35 mL/phiit So vdi nhifin lieu BO suat tifiu Ihu nhien lifu ciia dpng co Idng 1,32 %; 1,8 %; 2,8 %, 3,74 %; 5,61 %; 6,54 % tuong ung vdi nhifin lifiu B5, BIO, B I , B20, B50 vd BIOO O chfi dd tdi cao, sudt tieu thy nhifin lieu dao dgng tir 19,35 dfin 21.65 mL/phut So vdi nhifin lieu BO suat tifiu thy nhifin lieu ciia ddng ca Idng 1,51 %; 1,86 %; 2,18 %; 4.78 %; 5,36 %; 6,76 % tuong img vdi nhifin lieu B5, BIO, B15, B20, B50 va BIOO (Hlnh 2) BDF dau cp cd sudt tifiu thy nhien lieu cao hon nhifin lifu diesel BDF dau eg cd nhift tri thdp hon nhifin lifu diesel 12,48 % (Q^^r 45,59 MJ/kg, QBDF- 39.90 MJ/kg) Vi vdy, hdn hgp BDF vd nhien lieu diesel, tdng ty If BDF thi nhift n-i cua hdn hgp nhifin lifu gidm Nfin d cung mdt tdi trgng, de tao du ndng lugng cho ddng co boat ddng, ddng CO phdi cung cdp mot nhifit lugng ldn hon cho qua trinh chay Nhift iugng ndy cd ngudn gdc tir nhifin lifu tda ddt vd cd gid Iri bdng tich cLia nhiet trj vd lugng nhien lifiu tifiu thy Vi vay, dfi bii l^i Iugng nhift tri dd mat, ddng ca phdi tieu thy nhifin lifu nhifiu hon Nhieu nghifin cuu Irudc day d Irong vd ngodi nudc da chi rdng sii dyng nhifin lifu BDF se lam tang suat nhifin Hfu tifiu thy ciia dgng c a [5,8,7,13^2] Ngoai ra, dg nhdt cao ciia BDF cung Idm tang dp Igc cua qud Uinh phun nhien lieu gdy dnh hudng cho qua trinh dot vd tifiu thy nhien lieu (REBIOO^ mm-/s)[l9] Khi su dyng cung mdt loai nhifin lifu cho chfi dg Idi, suit tieu thu nhien lieu tdng tir chfi dp khdng tdi len tdi cao Difin hinh la Idng tir chfi dd khdng tdi len ldi cao, sudt tieu thy nhifin lifiu tdng 79,51 %; 80,23 %; 82,38 %; 84,56 %; 88,01 %; 91.32% nrang ung vdi nhifin lifu BO, B5, BIO, B20 B50 va BIOO Sii dyng BDF gay gidm nhe hifu sudt ddng ca ddc difim ciia qua n-inh phun nhifin lifiu, Iy If phdi trgn khdng khi, dp nhdt cao vd dp bay bcri cao va nhiet ni thdp CLia BDF Nhifin lifu BDF cd nhifit Ui thip (thdp hon 12.51 % so vdi nhien lieu diesel) ddng thdi BDF cd trgng lugng rifing (0,88 g/mL) cao hon so vdi nhien lieu diesel (0,85 g'mL) din dfin Idc dpng ndng lugng tdng thfi se giam %/L so vdi nhien lifu diesel [11] Do dd, boat ddng d chfi dp tdi cao, viec su dung BDF gay giam hifu sudt nhifiu han so vdi ddng co boat ddng d khdng tai Vi v|y, vdi cimg mdt loai nhifin lifu, dfi dat dugc cdng sudt 2,5 kW (chfi dp tdi cao) dpng ca se tifiu thy nhifiu nhien lieu han de cung cdp lai lugng ndng lugng thifiu hut so vdi che khdng tai Kfit qua nghifin ciiu ciia dfi tai phii hgp vdi cac nghifin ciru khac nhu tren thfi gidi [13.15, 27] Theo nghifin Ciiu cua P i - Q i a n g Tan hifu sudt ddng ca sir dung BDF Jalropha giam 4.87 % so vdi nhifin lifiu diesel trfin ddng CO ddt Phdt thai d nhiem cua nhien lieu BDF Khi carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide (CO) la san phim trung gian cua qua ffinh chdy Lugng thai CO phu Ihudc \ a o qud trinh oxy hda hifu qud cua nhien lieu Su hifn difn ciia CO Irong thai ciia ddng ca ddt kft qua chii yfiu tir qud ninh ddt chdy nhifn lieu khdng hodn todn Trang 27 Science & Teclmology Developaenl, Vol 18, No.TZ- 2015 "•"UKHEra -i-Tjjcjc Hinh 3, Ty 1^ giam phat thai CO cua h6n hgp BDF dau cp so vdi nhien Ji^ii die.sd Hinh Ty IC" giam phdt thai C^Hy ciia h6n hgp BDF dau cp so voi nhien li^u diesel 2C + O, -* C C + CO - • 2CO Mpl sd difu kien cd thfi ddn dfin dot chay khdng hodn loan nhu khdng cung cdp dii oxy (O.), ty If phdi trdn nhifin lifiu/khong thap, nhift dp ddt chay giam, giam thdi gian luu khf ddt va gidm tdi [7] Hinh the hien ty le gidm phdt thai CO cua BDF a che dp khdng tai va tai cao Trong cimg mot chf dp ldi, phat thai CO giam dan theo tdng ty lfi ciia BDF ddu cp hdn hgp nhifin lifu CJ chf dd tdi cao, so vdi BO, B5, BIO B15, B20, B50, BIOO giam phdt thai CO ldn lugt la 49,57 %, 64,12 %; 71,83 %: 76,84 %; 85.89 %; 86,18 % luong img; Tuong tu, d chf khdng tai, so vdi nhifin lifiu BO, phdt thai CO gidm 4,12 %; 6,16 %; 11,13 %; 10,11 %; 21,83 %; 26,39 % idn luat tai , BIO, B15, B20 B50, BIOO Su giam hdm Jugng CO Irong phdt thai ciia ddng ca sii dung BDF cd Ihfi gidl thich dya vao thdnh phan cdu tao ciia BDF vdi cau triic phdn tij chira nhifiu o.\y (oxy chifim - 1 % khdi lupng phdn tir BDF [1]) Do dd, cdc hdn hgp BDF va nhifin lifu diesel se chdy hoan toan hon vd cung cap Iugng oxy cdn thifit dfi chuyfin CO thdnh CO So sanh vdi cdc nghifin ciiu khac nhdn thdy, phat thai CO Trang 28 cung giam Iang ham lugng BDF hdn hgp nhifin lifu Cy thfi kfit qua nghien ciru ciia Roberto chi rdng ndng dd phdt thai CO cua B20 vd B50 giam so vdi BO la 17,24 % va 41,38 % [22] Tac gia Tdn Nu Thanh Phuong nghien cuu phat thai CO tir BDF ddu Jaffopha cho thdy so vdi BO, ndng dp CO phdt thai cua BIO, B30 vd B50 gidm 22,83 %; 33,96 % va 40,38 % [4] Hgp chdl hydrocarbon (C,Hy) Hgp chat hydrocarbon bao gdm cac hgp chdt hiiu co don gidn nhu methane dfin cdc hydrocarbon thom da vdng Qua trinh chdy cira nhifin lifu ddng CO diesel Id mdt qua trinh phirc t?p, qud trinh dd difin ddng thdi su bay hai nhien lifu, hoa trdn nhifin lieu vdi khdng vd ty ddt chdy ciia nhifin lifu Qua trinh tu dot chay ciia nhien lieu diesel ddng co cd thfi tdm tdt nhu sau: thdnh phan chinh ciia nhien lieu diesel bao gdm cdc hgp chit hydrocarbon cd cdu trdc mach carbon tir C,6 den C21 [25] qua trinh ddt chay cac hydrocarbon ndy dfi ddng bj bf gdy cdc phan tu nhd ban vd sau dd tdi td hgp I^i vdi dfi hinh thdnh cdc hydrocarbon cd phdn lir lugng thap ban [ 18] TAP Cii PIAT TIIEN KISCN, TAP 18, SO TZ - ZOIS Qua trinh ty ddt chay ciia nhifin lieu diesel phu chuyfin tir che dp khdng tdi ten che tai cao sd thupc vdo nhifiu yfiu Id nhu: thdnh phdn nhien vdng quay ciia dgng co tang: difiu nay, ddng lieu, ndng dp nhien lifu, dp nhdt ciia nhifin lieu, nghTa vdi sd ldn mdng lua bj dap tat se tang len, ndng oxy va su phdn bd nhifit dp nggn din dfin lugng nhien lieu chua cac khdng Ilia Khi dp nhdt ciia nhien lifu qud ldn hodc gian khdng chay dugc vd lam tang ndng phdt qud be dfiu lam giam khd ndng tu bdc chay, dd thai C,H, Ngoai ra, d chfi tai cao su hda Iron lam Idng ndng dg C,Hy chua chdy Ngodi ra, nhien lifu vao khu vuc chdy khdng dfu cd thfi ndng dp C,Hy Irong phdl thai ciia ddng ca se cao lam cho hdn hgp nhien lieu phun qua nhieu hon d chfi Idi ddy (tdi 100 %) [24] hay qud it cue bd Bfin canh dd, su Idm mat dot Trong cimg chfi dg tai, phdt thdi C,H, giam Iheo chifu tdng Iy If phdi h-pn BDF (Hinh 4) So vdi nhifin lifu diesel (BO), d chfi dd khdng tai, ndng dp C,Hy phdt thai cua B5 BIO, BI5, B20, B50, BIOO giam 10,88 %; 17,52 %; 28,52 %; 32,46 %; 33,59 %; 39,38 % Tuang ty, d chfi dd ldi cao, ndng dg C,Hy phat thdi cua B5, BIO, BIS, B20, B50, BIOO giam 5,49 %; 16,19 %; 22,52 %, 24,87 %; 22,67 %; 27,64 % Ndng dp C^Hy giam phdt thai cua BDF cd the dugc gidi thfch nhu sau: BDF Id nhung monoalkyi cita cdc acid beo, phdn cdu tao khdng chira cdc hydrocarbon tham Ngodi ra, phdn tir cdn chira nhieu nguyen tir oxy nen qud trinh chay ciia cdc BDF sfi hoan loan hon vi vdy phdt thdi cdc hgp chdt hydrocarbon it hon so vdi nhifin lifu diesel Nhu dd bifit, mgt nhOng hgp chdt chinh cua hydrocarbon la PAHs vd cdc hgp chdl carbonyl, hai nhdm chdl cd khd ndng gay ung thu cho ngudi d hdm lugng rdt thip [29] Do dd, vifc sir dyng BDF thay cho nhien lieu diesel sS ldm gidm cdc riii ro sire khde Ifin ngudi [16] ngdt cua ddng ca cd thfi Idm tat viing chdy vd ddn Khi d