•:* KHOA HOC CONG NGHE •:* NH&NG THACH THIJC KHI L N G GHEP KHA NANG C H N G C H I U BlfeN D | KHi H A U V A O Q U A TRiNH THIET K^, XAY DU'NG C a s a HA T A N G NONG THON KHU VU'C MI^N NUI PHIA B A C TS NGUYEN D I N H THANH Cue Quan ly XDCT Abstract: Rural infrastructure plays an important role for development of economic - society for the northern mountainous provinces However, due to the effects of climate change, infrastructu in the region over time have been downgraded and damaged not meet the design task The article mentioned the challenges in integrating adaptation to climate change into the process of design and building infrastructure in rural northern mountainous region, from which suggested some measures (structural and non-works) in order to improve the quality of the desig dossier and effective of construction investment \ Dat van de Van de bien ddi hau (BDKH) trd chu de ciia nliieu dien dan va hgi nghi thuong dinh toan cau hoac khu vyc, nhieu nam qua Gan day, 23/9/2014, hdi nghi thugng dinh LHQ ve bien ddi hau da khai mgc tai TP New York (My), cd hon 120 nguyen thii quoc gia cung cac nha lanh dao cac doanh nghiep, td chiic tai chinh va xa hdi dan su tham du mua nang that thudng, cac hien tugng thdi tilt dien ngdy cang khde liet han va hau biln ddi vdi tdc nhanh hon nhflng giai doan cd xua rat nhi6u Hien tupng Elnino, Lanina eiing xay manh me hem nhiing thap ky gdn day Viet Nam la mdt nhu'ng nude chiu nhieu thien tai nhat tren The gidi, thudng xuyen chju bao, lii lut, ban han, sat Id dit Nhieu nghien ciiu cho thay, cac viing mii phia Bac Viet Nam la mdt nhung khu vuc dl tdn thuang nhat trudc BDKH d Ddng Nam A Bdi vi, sdng suoi d day ngan va ddc, mua ldn td thugng ngudn dl gay Iii quet thdi gian ngan ma khdng cd bat ky canh bao nao; da gay nhilu thiet hai vl ngudi va tai san, dac biet ddi vdi ca sd ting (CSHT), tir dd anh hudng rat ldn den phat trien kinh tl - xa hgi, nhit la cdng tac giam ddi ngheo Nhim ling phd va giam nhe hau qua BDKH gay ra, Chinh phii da cd Chuang trinh muc tieu Moi truang truac day qude gia; Bd NN&PTNT cung da ban hanh KI hoach hanh ddng img phd BDKH cua Nganh Ngay nay, moi chiing ta deu cam nhan dugc Chutmg trinh iing voi bien ddi hau hau dang bien doi, dd Id sy ndng len toan cau Ngay 02/12/2008 Thii tudng Chinh phii Viet TAP CHITAI NGUYEN Nl/(5C SC 4-2014 *:* KHOA HOC CONG NGHE *> Nam da ky Quylt dinh sd 158/2008/QD-TTg phe duyet "Chucmg trinh muc tieu qude gia iing phd vdi BDKH" Mdt nhirng nhiem vu CLia Chuong trinh la danh gia tac ddng va kha nang tdn thuang BDKH ddi vdi cac ITnh vyc, nganh va dia phuong, xay dung va lua chpn cac giai phap iing phd thich hgp Xay dyng ca sd phuang phap luan va hudng dan de xac dinh cac giai phap iing phd vdi BDKH Thyc hien mdt sd dy an thi diem ddi vdi cac ITnh vyc, nganh va dia phuang nhay cam va dl bi tdn thuang BDKH Ra soat he thdng phdp luat, chinh sach hi?n hanh, danh gia miic dp quan tam den bien ddi hau cac vdn ban phap luat va chinh sdch ciia Nha nude Xay dyng, bd sung, hoan chinh he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat, cac CO che, chinh sach dam bao cac co sd phap Iy de trien khai cac hoat dpng ung vdi BDKH Bd Ndng nghiep va PINT dd cd Quyet dinh sd 543/QD-BNN-KHCN 23/3/2011 ban hanh KI hoach hanh ddng img phd vdi BDKH cua Nganh NN&PTNT giai doan 20JI-20I5 va tim nhin din 2050 Vdi muc tieu nang cao nang lyc ling phd vdi BDKH nhdm giam thieu miic thiet hai, dam bao phat trien bin vflng lmh vyc ndng nghiep va ndng thdn bdi canh bi tac dpng bdi BDKH, cd chii trgng den: (i) Tang cucmg nang lyc cac hoat ddng nghien ciiu, du bao anh hudng ciia BDKH ddi vdi cac ITnh vyc thupc Nganh, lam ca sd khoa hgc de xay dung cac chinh sach, chien luge va giai phap giam thieu va thich ling vdi BDKH; (11) Xay dung he thdng chinh sach, long ghep bien ddi hau vdi chuong trinh cua nganh; (iii) De xuat giai phdp, chinh sach ho trg cac vimg chiu anh hudng bat lgi ciia BDKH Ve tang cirong kha nang chong chiu va thich img cua bien del haiu doi voi Khu vyc mien nui phia Bac va doi voi cff sd tang nong thon (CSHTNT) Bp Ndng nghiep va PTNT da cd Quylt djnh sd 2254/QD-BNN-HTQT 19/9/2012 phe duyet Dy an "Tang cudng kha nang chdng chiu vdi hau cho ca sd tang cac tinh miln niii phia Bac" vdi nhiem vu chii ylu nhim tang cudng siic ben ciia cac co so ting d cac vimg niii phia Bac trudc BDKH Moi truomg ngdy Ngay 30/8/2012 Thu tudng Chinh phii ky Quylt djnh sd 1183/QD-TTg phe duyet "Chuang trinh muc tieu qude gia iing phd vdi BDKH" giai doan 2012 - 2015 nhdm timg budc hien thuc hda Chien luge qude gia vl BDKH Chuong trinh cd 03 Dy an phin: (i) Danh gia miic dg BDKH va nude bien dang, (ii) Xay dyng va trien khai cac Ke hoach hanh ddng img phd vdi BDKH, (iii) Ndng cao ndng lyc, truyin Cac tinh thudc Du an (15 tinh): Dien Bien, thdng va giam sat, ddnh gia thyc hien chuang trinh Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Cao Bdng, Bic 10 TAPCHfTAlNGUYeNNl/CfCSC54-2014 • KHOA HOC CONG NGHE *> Can, Lang San, Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Thai Nguyen, VTnh Phiic, Son La, Phii Thg, Bdc Giang, Hda Binh 3.1 Cff Sff t^ng nong thon khu virc Diii phia Bic CSHT nong thon ddng vai trd het siic quan trgng ddi vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cho cac tinh mien niii phia Bdc Bdi vi: (i) Cac cdng trinh thuy Igi dam bao cung cap nude cho trdng trgt, chan'nudi va cac nhu cau dung nude khac; tir gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo nhat la viing ndng thdn mien mii; (ii) Dudng giao thdng ndng thdn tao dieu kien cho nhan dan di lai, van chuyen ndng san, giao luu hang hda gifl:a cac dia phuong, tiep c$n vdi cac dich vu xa hdi, trudng hpc, benh vien ; (iii) Xay dung co sd van hda, trudng hgc, nude saeh sinh boat, dien thap sang tao dieu kien nang cao ddi sdng ca ve vat chat va tirih than cho nhan dan dia phuang, tir nit ngin khoang cdch giu'a thi va ndng thdn Nhiing nghien ciiu ve phat trien deu chiing minh CSHT ylu kem la yeu td chinh han che tang trudng kinh te va giam ngheo Hien trang CSHTNT cac tinh miln niii phia Bdc rit ylu kem so vdi cae tinh cdn lai d Viet Nam: Dien tich dat dugc tudi thip, cpng ddng dan cu thudng thieu cac dilu kien sir dung nude sach, ySu kem viec xay dyng chg; sd lugng dudng bg nam sd cac tinh thap nhdt ca nude CSHTNT dl cap Bai bao chu yeu la cac he thdng thiiy lgi nhd, de dilu; dudng giao thdng ndng thdn va nude sach sinh hoat He thdng CSHT ndng thdn vimg trung du va miln mii phi Bic diu da trai qua nhieu thach thiic lien quan den "BDKH Nhung thach thiic chu ylu la: - Lu quet, sat Id dat cac tran mua to, keo dai hoac bao nhiet ddi gay ra, cd xu the gia tang vl cudng dp, gay thiet hai vl ngudi va tai san cua nha nude va ngudi dan, dac biet ddi vdi cac cdng trinh thuy lgi, cdc dudng nam ke vach mii; - Han han cue bp din den thieu nude san xuat ndng nghiep va su dung sinh boat Sat la tuyen duang vao cua khdu Hoanh Mo, Binh Lieu, Qudng Ninh bdo so ndm 2014 (Anh tic Internet) Theo dy bao ciia cac ca quan nghien ciru: BDKH ma luong lai se xay hien tugng hau cyc doan ban; mua nhieu ve miia mua, mua it vao miia khd so vdi trudc day, Iam tang myc nude lu, tang sd lupng va cudng dp lii quet, xdi Id dat cflng vi the cang tram trgng hon Day la mdi de dpa chu yeu den cdng tdc giam ngheo va phat "trien KT-XH vung 3.2 Thirc trang lap va thyc hien cac dy an dau tir xay dyng CSHT nong thon 1) Ve cac van ban quy pham phap ludt (QPPL): Viec lap va thyc hien cac dy an dau tu xay dyng CSHT ndng thon chii yeu tuan thu cac vdn ban QPPL hien hanh; Mdt sd van ban mdi nhung ciing chua de cap den long ghep BDKH, hay cd de cap nhung chua dap irng dugc vipc ban che, hay thich iing vdi BDKH Cac du an/cdng trinh CSHTNT cho khu vyc mien niii, trung du thudng cd quy md nhd Theo quy dinh vdi quy md chi lap Bao cao kinh te - ky thuat, hay du an dau tu xay dyng cdng trinh; ddi vdi bao cao kinh te - ky thuat, chi thiet kl mdt budc; ddi vdi dy an dau tu xay dyng thudng thiet ke hai budc TAP CHITAI NGUYEN Nl/(3C 5(54-2014 11 • KHOA HOC CONG NGHE *> md nhd, thilt kl mdt budc hay hai bude, nhilu chit lugng hd so thiet k l khdng eao, ddn den hieu qua diu tu thip Hd so thiet k l khdng dua cac ylu td thich ung BDKH 5) Cac tieu chuin, quy chuin: Mdt sd Quy chuin ky thuat, Tieu chuin qude gia dugc xay dyng tit lau chua dugc bo sung, sira doi hay thay thi; hiu hit chua dl cap din vin dl thich iing vdi BDKH 6) U'ng dung vat lieu, cdng nghe mdi: Viec iing dung vat lieu, cdng nghe mdi xay dyng cac cdng trinh thiiy lgi cdn qua han ehe Nguyen nhan Cha vung cao mien niii phia Bdc chinh thilu chinh sach thich hgp, thilu cac tieu 2) v l quy hoach xay dyng: Cac dja phuang chuin nen khdng khuyen khich cac chii dau tu, cac thilu quy hoach xay dyng theo luu vuc sdng, nha tu vin iing dung vat lieu, cdng nghe mdi Vat dilu anh hudng rat Idn den chat lugng dau lieu xay dung la mdt nhung bd phan cau tu cdng trinh va de gay lu quet vd dap day co ban, gop phan quyet djnh chat lugng cdng trinh, nhit la vat lieu thich iing BDKH va moi chuyen ddi vdi nhirng luu vyc sdng mien niii trudng, nhung vdn ban quy pham phap luat 3) Ve CO sd du' lieu: (i) Tai lieu tugng thuy thilu cac quy dinh Vi du: Vat lieu, cdng nghe van khdng day dii, nhat la ddi vdi vimg nui, vimg mdi Neoweb thich hop cho dp dung xay sau, vung xa Nguyen nhan chinh la thieu cac tram dyng cdng trinh thiiy Igi, dudng giao thdng, hay quan trdc tugng, thiiy van (ii) Ddi vdi mdt sd chdng sat Id dat cho vimg niii phia Bac, nhung den Iuu vyc cd tai lieu tugng thiiy van tuong ddi mdi cd Tieu chuan ky thuat ap dung day dli, thi tinh toan khdng xet den anh hudng pham vi mgt sd dy dn, chua cd tieu chuan quoc gia ciia BDKH, khdng xet den cac hien tupng tiidi tiet cyc doan; (iii) Khi tinh toan cac dac trung tugng, thuy van bang cac md hinh toan thuy vdn, thuy luc thi cac du: lieu dau vao thieu hoac khdng chinh xdc, nhu tai lieu dia hinh, tai lieu dieu kien tu nhien luu vyc, tai lieu quan trac mua hay tai lieu tugng, thuy vdn khac, nhat la ddi vdi cac tinh mien nui phia Bdc 4) Ve hd sa thiet ke: Ddi vdi cdng trinh thiiy ipi hay cap nude sinh boat d vimg niii thi viec tinh toan ngudn nude cd y nghTa quyet dinh den dn djnh hay tudi thp cdng trinh Trong tinh toan thuy van ngudn nude, thudng tinh theo chuoi sd lieu tupng, thuy van da quan trie, tinh tir luu vyc tuong ty hay bang md hinh toan theo quy dinh cii ma khdng xet den BDKH nhu lugng mua cyc doan hay khdng xet den nhung ylu to bat thudng BDKH Ddi vdi cdng trinh quy 12 TAPCHlTAlNGUYeNNL/drcS64-2014 Ho chica nuac viing mien nui Gan day, mot sd dan vi thuge Vien Khoa hpc Thuy lgi Viet Nam, da d l xuit edng nhan tiln bd ky thuat cdng nghe cho mgt sd san phim, kit cau hay cdng nghe mdi, nhu: bom hiit sau; tich hgp ling dung bom thuy luan va dap cao su , rit thich hgp vdi xay dyng cac cdng trinh cip nude cho vimg nui phia Bac, nhung ciang chua dugc img dung phd biln • KHOA HOC CONG NGHE *> Do dd, viee tim va iing dyng nhiing vat lieu, cdng nghe nao thieh iing BDKH eho xay dyng CSHTNT la hit siic quan trgng 7) Ve quan ly thi cdng thuc hien dy an dau tu CSHTNT: Cdng trinh khu vyc mien niii xa xdi, giao thdijg di Ifii khd khan nen viSc kiem tra, giam sat cua cac ca quan quan ly thudng khdng thye hien theo diing quy dinh, nen khdng xii Iy kip thdi nhung vudng mac qua trinh thyc hi^n du an 8) Viec quan Iy van hanh cdng trinh CSHTNT mien mii: Nang lyc cua cac co quan, dan vi quan ly cdng trinh d dia phuong thudng khdng dap iing dugc yeu ciu dl ra, nen cdng trinh nhanh bi xudng cap, thieu vdn nang cip sira chiia, tudi thp edng trinh khdng cao 3.3 De xu^t m$t so giai phap 1) Ddi vdi cdc vdn ban quy dinh: Xay dyng, dieu chinh cac vdn ban quy dinh ve viec lap va thyc hien dy an dau tu xay dyng, bd sung cdc thdnh phan, yeu td dam bao thich nghi BBDKH; (Tai Dieu Luat xay dung sd 50 nam 2014 (cd hi|u lyc 01/01/2015): Quy dinh ttong boat ddng xay dyng dap ixng muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng, irng phd vdi BDKH); cd chinh sach khuyen khich ap dung tien bd ky thuat, cdng nghe mdi xdy dung cdng trinh; phap tiep can cdng nghe sinh hgc it tdn kem hon, nhu cd thi trdng cay ban dia thich hgp de bdo ve dat va mai ddc edng trinh; (iv) Ap dung vat lieu, cdng nghe mdi xay dyng CSHTNT thieh iing BDKH; (v) Tinh toan thilt ke ddi vdi khu vyc mien niii can nghien curu den he thdng theo luu vuc sdng va xem xet phdng chdng lii quet, sat Id dit Thir truang Hoang Vdn Thdng chu tri HQI thdo vi BDKH tgi Thdi Nguyen, ngdy 09/9/2014 Do do, van de can nghien ciiu la viee thilt kl xdy dyng CSHTNT ed ldng ghep BDKH thi khae vdi trudc day nhu the nao? 4) Ddi vdi giai phap phi cdng trinh: (i) Tang 2) Ddi vdi co sd du lieu: Tao l$p he thdng ca cudng nang lyc quy hoach, thilt kl, thyc hien sd du- lieu vl BDKH phuc vu cdng tae quy hoach, va giam sat cac dy an phat triln ting d cip tinh va phdt trien ndng lyc danh gia BDKH thiet ke ddi vdi timg vimg, tiing luu vyc song; 3) Ddi vdi giai phap cdng trinh: (i) Quy djnh qua trinh quy hoach cua dia phuong; (ii) hd so thiet ke phai cd giai phap bao ve Lap ban phdng chdng lia quet, sat Id dit; (iii) moi trudng, giai phap thieh iing BBDKH, nhat Tdng cudng cdng tac quy hoach Iuu vyc sdng; la hd sa thiet ke xay dyng trien khai sau thiet ke (iv) Tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thiic CO sd; (ii) Ddi vdi mgt sd du an ODA, can thiet nhan dan ve BDKH; tao dieu kien dl nhan dan kl ldng ghep yeu td BDKH cac vdn tham gia quy hoach, thiet ke, xay dung vd quan ban QPPL chua quy dinh thi cd thi quy dinh Iy CSHTNT Sd tay hudng dan thyc hien dy an (Bdi vi, Kien nghi, de xuat: Bd va cac ca quan nlu chd thay ddi vdn ban QPPL thudng rit lau chiic ndng can cd nhflng nghien ciiu, chuyen de anh hudng din vipc tuan thu Hi?p dinh va tiln hdi thao rieng ve BDKH cho cong tac xay dyng dp thyc hien dy an); (iii) Tang cudng cac giai cdng trinh nganh Ndng nghiep va PTNT TAPCHfTAlNGUYeNNa(3CS64-2014 13 ... chinh sach thich hgp, thilu cac tieu 2) v l quy hoach xay dyng: Cac dja phuang chuin nen khdng khuyen khich cac chii dau tu, cac thilu quy hoach xay dyng theo luu vuc sdng, nha tu vin iing dung... ttong boat ddng xay dyng dap ixng muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng, irng phd vdi BDKH); cd chinh sach khuyen khich ap dung tien bd ky thuat, cdng nghe mdi xdy dung cdng trinh; phap tiep can cdng nghe sinh... nhung chua dap irng dugc vipc ban che, hay thich iing vdi BDKH Cac du an/cdng trinh CSHTNT cho khu vyc mien niii, trung du thudng cd quy md nhd Theo quy dinh vdi quy md chi lap Bao cao kinh te