ghiên cứu và phát triển kỹ thuật biển vùng đồng bằng sông cửu long

jNGHIEU c u t ! VA PHAT TRIEN KY THUAT BIEN VUNG DONG BANG SONG CtTU LONG PGS TS Hodng Van Huan Vien trirdng Vien Ky th ugl Biin- Vien KHTL VN Bat van de Mdt sd dac didm chung cila luu vue song Mekong va ddng bang chau thd Ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long (DBSCL) la phdn cudi eua luu vuc sdng Mekong - mdt sdng ldn thii 10 trdn thd gidi, vdi tong didn tieh 795.000km2, chieu dai sdng chinh khoang 4400km, bit ngudn ttr cao nguydn Tay Tang (Trung Qudc) d dp cao 5.000m Luu vuc sdng Mekong bao gdm lanh thd nude: Trung Qudc, Myanma, Thai Lan, Lao, Campuchia va Viet Nam (Hinh 1) ; ^; Hlnh Mat cdt dpc long sdng Mekong (Ngudn: llyban sdng Mekong Qudc ti) 1.000 Luu vue sdng Mekong ed dang ldng chim, keo dai trdn 24 vT Sdng Mekong cat qua nhieu can true kidn tao dja chat khae va cd chd thuy van kha phirc tap, vdi ngudn cap nudc chti ydu la nudc mua ttong dd gan 50% vtmg trung tam mua Bdldven (Lao) eung cap Tdng didn tich tu nhidn vting ddng bang la 3.911.729 DBSCL bao gdm ddt dai 13 tinh va phd: Long An, Ddng Thap, An Giang, Kidn Giang, Tien Giang, Bdn Tre, VTnh Long, Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang, Hau Giang, Bac Lidu, Ca Mau va phd Can Tha Dan sd nam 2005 la 17.267.600 ngudi Do dac diera hinh thanh, didu kien lap dia ndn mat dan sd khdng ddu Ven QLl A, sdng Tien, sdng Hau mat dan sd tren ngudi/kra2; Vimg DTM, TGLX dudi 300 ngudi/km2 94 Bg bidn ttr Vung Tau ddn Ha Tien ed chidu dai ttdn 750km, dge theo dudng bdi bidn tdn tai 23 eua sdng dd cd cac cira sdng Cuu Long va ciia sdng Ddng Nai- Sai Gdn la quan trgng nhdt Duong bidn gidi phia Tay Bde Ddng bang dai gan 346 km (giap vdi CamPuChia); Phia Tay giap vjnh Kidn Giang vdi dudng bd gdn 350 kra; Phia Ddng - Ddng Nam la bidn Ddng, vdi dudng bd dai gdn 400 km; Bidn gidi Ddng Bac giap phd Hd Chi Minh va tinh Tay Ninh (Hinh 2) •A liA Hinh Bdn hdnh chinh BBSCL Do vting ven bd Ddng va Tay Nam Bd la mdt khu vuc ed tam quan trgng vd phat tridn kinh td va xa hpi cfia nudc ta ndn cac nam gan day, nhdt la sau nudc nha thdng nhat, da dugc dau tu nghidn cim Rat nhidu cac dd tai, chuang trinh nghien ciiu da dugc hoan Ngoai edn ed nhidu chuang ttinh didu tra cg ban phuc vu nghidn citu thidt kd cdng trinh bidn cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai tien hanh, phue vu eae lidn doanh khai thae khoang san, thiet kd cang, tu van dudng thuy Tuy nhidn cae nghidn cim ndu trdn thudng tidn hanh cho eac muc tidu, ddi tugng ridng Id, dd khu vuc nghidn ciru, dac bidt la bd phia Ddng la khu vuc chju tae ddng manh ciia hai qua trinh bidn va luc Cd thd ndi d Viet Nam, day la vimg bidn cd tam quan trgng vd phat ttidn kinh td va an ninh qudc phdng, nhung nhin ehung ehua dugc quan tara dfing raire vd khao sat va nghidn ciiu mdt each eg ban, dd vide quy hoach va quan ly su dung bdn vtrng eac ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien va ngudn Igi Men dang tinh ttang rat lung tfing va cue bg, thidu tam quan ly chidn luge vT md su phat frien lau dai cua ndn kinh td Vi vay, kdt qua ed dugc ehua dap ung duge nhu can dat cang cao cua thuc td phuc vu eho phat tridn kinh td - xa hdi (KTXH) va an ninh qudc phdng n Cac ket qua flat dugc 95 2.1 Unh vuc nghien ciru Hdi diecng hpc iing dung Nghidn cfiu ciia sdng va bd bien mpt each cd ke hoach va quy md cd thd coi bat dau tir nhiing nam 60 ciia thd ky trude vdi su ddi cda cac trudng dai hgc, vidn nghidn ctru co cac ehuyen nganh vd hai dugng hgc va cdng trinh bidn nhu nganh Hai ducmg hgc ciia Trudng DH Tdng Hgp, nganh Cdng trinh Gang- Dudng thiiy eiia Trudng DH Xay dung, Vien NCKH Thdy Igi, Vidn Khi tugng Thuy van Nhung phai den sau nude nha thdng nhdt (1975), cdng cudc nghidn cuu vd ciia sdng, bd bien mdi that su phat ttidn Cho den da cd rdt nhidu td chuc, don vi, co quan tham gia nghidn ctru chinh ttj bd bidn va cia sdng (Vidn Khoa hge Thuy Lgi Viet Nam,' Vien Dja ly, Vien Dia Chdt, Vidn Cg Hgc, Vien Khi Tugng Thily van va Mdi trudng, Vidn Hai duang hpc Nha Trang, Vidn tai nguydn mdi trudng bidn, Vidn KH-CN Giao thdng Van tai; Dai hgc KHTN- DHQG Ha Ndi; Dai hge Xay Dung, Dai hgc Thily Lgi, Dai hoc Bach khoa TP.HCM, Tdng Cdng ty tu vin thidt kd giao thdng TEDI, Tdng cdng ty ed phdn tu van thidt kd cang va ky thuat bidn PORTCOAST, Tdng cdng ty tu vdn Hang hai va mdi day nhat la Vidn ky thuat Bidn va Tdng cue Bidn v.v ), dua khoa hpc ldn mdt tdra cao mdi va dang dan theo kip vdi cac nudc khu vuc va trdn the gidi Thuc hidn cac du an didu tra co ban cd lien quan ddn cac ITnh vitc thuy thach dpng luc hpc bien, cua sdng Nghidn cfm thiiy ddng luc bidn va vung cita sdng; lan truyen cae ehat d nhidm, phu sa, xam nhap man vting ven bidn, cira sdng; hinh thai vtmg ven bidn; ddng luc hge va quy luat hinh thai, ddng thai bd bien, su hinh va phat tridn cac cdn cat ven bien; hoan thidn chuong trinh tu ddng boa xac djnh cac thdng sd sdng lan ttuyen vao vung nuoc ndng, kidm nghidm eae kdt qua tinh toan bang thuc nghiera, khai thac cac chuong ttinh hien cd trdn the gidi; md hinh bao va nhtrng tac ddng cua bao ddi vdi cac vting ven bien; bai toan dn dinh cua mai dd bidn; danh gia anh hudng eua edng ttinh dd va cdng trinh bao ve bd ddn mdi trudng va cac edng trinh lan can; nghien ctru cac van dd ve hai van: sdng, gid, ddng chay ven bd, nudc bidn dang bidn ddi hau tdan cau; su tac dpng ciia cac ydu td ddng luc ddn cac cdng trinh bidn; cae van dd ve dpng dat va sdng thSn Sau day didm qua rapt sd dd tai, du an ldn nghien cilu vung cira sdng ven bidn nude ta ve Ky thuat Bidn: - Nghidn cuu nguyen nhan va giai phap phdng chdng xdi Id bd bidn Cat Hai, Hai Phong Vidn cac khoa hpc ttai ddt thuc hidn (1982 - 1986); - Nghidn cira didn bidn ddng thai cira Ba Lat sdng Hdng va cac kidn nghj ky thuat ttong cdng tac quai dd ldn bidn (dd tai 06A-01-04,1986-1990); - Bong luc eac vtmg cda sdng VietNam (thudc dd tai KT.02.01, giai doan 1986 - 1990); Nghidn ciiu phdng chdng xdi Id bd bidn Hai Hau, Canh Duong, Gd Cdng (dd tai KT.03.12, giai doan 1991 - 1995); Hidn trang va nguyen nhan gay xoi Id bd bidn Viet Nam, de xuat eac bien phap khoa hpc ky thujt bao vd va khai thac vtmg ddt ven bidn (dd tai KT 03-14 , 1991-1995)" Danh gia cac didu kidn tu nhidn, tai nguyen thien nhidn va 96 kinh td xa hdi he thdng dao ven bd Viet Nara chidn luge phat tridn KTXH bidn" Bac biet nara 1999-2001, Nha nude da cho tridn khai dd an vd nghidn ctru, du bao phdng ehdng sat Id bd sdng, bd bidn, ttong dd de tai ve sat Id bd bidn la 5A (midn Bae) dp Phan vidn hai duong hpc Hai Phdng chii tri thuc hidn, 5B (mien Trung) Vidn dja ly chu tri thuc hien, 5C (mien Nam) Vidn hai duang hge Nha Trang chu tti thuc hien Mdt sd dd tai thudc chuang ttmh nghidn euai bidn giai doan 1991 - 1995 va 1996 2000 cung da de cap ddn van de didu fra nghidn ciiu qui luat van chuyen bun cat ven bd bien va ddng phu sa tir sdng dd bidn Dd tai cap nha nudc KT 03-14 "Hidn trang va nguydn nhan gay xdi Id bg bidn Viet Nam, dd xuat cac bien phap khoa hpc ky thuat bao ve va khai thac vung ddt ven bien", thue hien tir 1991-1995 Nghidn ctru tap trung nghidn ciiu hidn frang sat Id chung cho toan dai ven bidn Viet Nam, dd ed trgng diem Hai Hau (Nara Djnh) Ddi vdi trpng didm thi dd tai da dua tien bd khoa hpc vao tinh toan, xay dung cae bidn phap cdng ttinh bao vd vimg bd bien Hai Hau bj xdi Id ma mpt nhtrng ket qua ciia nd la luan chfrng kinh td ky thuat cua dd bidn Hai Hau Trong luan chung eae chi tidu thidt kd dugc tinh toan theo quy pham cd sii dung phucjng phap tinh sdng theo sd tay bao vd bd eua My Luan chting khoa hpc ky thuat tuang ddi hoan chinh Thtra hudng chpn Ipc cac uu didm cila cac luan ehiing cii Ddng thdi no dugc xay dung trdn eo sd khoa hgc va ap dung cac tidn bd ky thuat cdng nghe tidn tidn Dugc thu nghidm bdng cdng nghd md hinh va thuc tien vdi qui hoach bao vd toan bd tuyen dd Hai Hau Chuang trinh didu tra nghidn ciiu bien edp nha nudc giai doan 1996-2000, ma sd khoa hgc KHCN-06, Bd Khoa hgc cdng nghd va Mdi trudng theo doi Mdt sd dd tai lidn quan den xdi Id bd bidn va cua sdng va ciing cd nhtmg de tai nghien cfru trdn toan dai bd bien Viet Nam do: Dd tai cdp nha nudc KHCN 06.10, "Co sd khoa hgc va cac dac trung ky thuat ddi bd phue vu xay dung cdng trinh ven bd", (1996-2000) Dd tai da tap trung tinh toan eae didu kien bidn phuc vu thidt kd xay dung cdng trinh ven bd Viet Nam (muc nudc, sdng ), va nhu vay cac didu kidn bidn phue vu thiet kd edng trinh eho vdng bidn khac ed duge xem xet tinh toan Dd tai cap nha nude KC.09.05: "Du bao hidn tugng xdi Id, bdi tu bd bidn, cua sdng va cac giai phap phdng tranh" chu nhidm GS.TS Pham Huy Tidn, Vidn Dia ly (2003-2005) Dd tai da gidi thidu cau true bd bidn, cda sdng Viet Nam va cac phuang phap nghidn ctru xdi Id - bdi tu Danh gia hidn trang va nguydn nhan xdi Id, bdi tu bd bidn cira sdng Viet Nam Phan tich cac nhan td anh hudng tdi qua ttinh xdi Id - bdi tu bd bidn cua sdng Viet Nam Du bao xu thd xdi Id - bdi tu mgt sd khu vuc trgng didm bd bidn, cua sdng Viet Nam Dd xudt giai phap khoa hpc phdng chdng xdi Id, bdi tu bd bidn, cua sdng Tuy nhien khu vuc bd bidn DBSCL chua duge de cap nghien ciiu sau Nghj quydt 27/2007/NQ-CP (30/5/2007) vd chugng trinh hanh ddng ciia Chinh phii thuc hidn Nghi quydt 09 cua Trung uang vd chidn lupc bien Viet Nam ddn nam 2020, frong dd da nhan manh "Phan ddu de nude ta trd qudc gia manh ve bidn, lam giau ttr bidn, bao ve viing chac ddc lap, chu quydn va toan ven lanh thd cua dat n u d c , va phat tridn khga hgc cdng nghd bidn thuc su trd dpng luc cua phat trien cac ITnh vue lidn quan den bidn Xay dung tidm luc va he thdng khoa hpc cdng nghd bidn dap ling ydu cau ddi 97 mdi, phuc vu hidu qua qua trinh edng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda va phat tridn su nghidp KHCN chung cua ddt nude" Cd thd ndi rdng dd la cg hpi eho chuong trinh KHCN Bidn KC.09/06-10 Chugng trinh KC.09/06-10 gdm 28 dd tai vdi muc tieu xay dung luan cir khoa hgc cho phat tridn bdn vimg kinh id - xa hdi va quan ly tdng hgp viing bidn, dao, vung ven bidn nudc ta Trdn co sd dd xudt nhirng cg che chinh sach phat tridn KTXH kdt hgp vdi bao dam an ninh, qudc phdng theo hudng edng nghiep hda,_hien dai hda va bdn viing Thdng qua Chuang ttinh lam ro mot sd van dd cg ban eua Bidn Ddng; nghidn cfm, dd xudt kidn nghj vide ap dung cac phuang phap tidn tidn cho du bao bidn, nudi ttdng, khai thae, quan ly ngudn lgi hai san, xay dung edng trinh bidn, phuc vu eho vide didu tra, tim kidm khoang san, phat tridn cac nganh kinh td bidn (cdng nghiep khai thac, van tai, du ljch, djch vu hang hai), bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai va an ninh qudc phdng bidn Ddng thdi nang cao tidm luc va kha nang hpi nhap qude te ve KH&CN bidn cua Viet Nam Nhiing dd tai, du an da va dang dugc tridn khai khu vuc ven bidn DBSCL: - "Du an ehdng sat Id bd sdng, bd bidn khu vuc thj tran Ganh Hao, huydn Ddng Hai, tinh Bac Lidu" da dugc phd duyet nam 2001 va cdng trinh ke bao ve bd da duge xay dung doc theo vting ven bidn cua sdng Ganh Hao, noi ma trudc day d3 bj sat Id rat nghidm trgng lam mat rat nhidu dat, pha huy rat nhieu nha cua cira, thiet hai ve tai san la rat ldn Sau edng trinh dugc xay dung xong tir dd ddn nay, vimg ven bidn, cua song Ganh Hao rit dn djnh khdng bj sat Id nhu trudc day - De tai: "Nghidn cfm cac giai phap bao ve bd cua sdng Nam bp" dugc trien khai thirc hidn nam 2002, qua dd dd tai da nghidn cfm didn bidn long dan vung cua sdng va cac dac trung hinh thai: cua sdng khu vuc bidn Ddng, khu vuc bien Tay; Nghidn cfru xac djnh cac dae trung ddng chay, dac trung sdng, trudng sdng cho khu vuc cac cita sdng Nam bo; Tinh toan trudng sdng, trj sd chidu cao sdng khu vuc cua sdng Nam bd; Nghidn cuu du bao sat Id bd khu vuc cua sdng; Nghidn eiru dd xuat tmg dung vat lieu mdi, edng nghe mdi bao vd bd eac ciia sdng Nam bp - Dd tai cap Nha nudc KHCN-08.18: Nghien cfiu xam nhap man phuc vu phat tridn kinh td xa hpi viing ven bidn DBSCL (2001-2004) - Du an Dieu tra ca ban vung cac cila sdng Nam bd dugc thue hidn ttr nam 2004 ddn 2006, dd da didu tra hien trang xdi Id, bdi ldng viing cac cira sdng bidn Ddng, bidn Tay va cae cua sdng thudc he thdng sdng Ddng Nai Sai Gdn - Dd tai: "Nghien cdu, danh gia, tim nguydn nhan gay suy thoai rirng va dd xuit phugng an bao vd, phat tridn rimg phdng hd dd bidn Gd Cdng, tinh Tidn Giang" dugc thuc hidn tit nam 2006-2007, da dua dugc cac nguydn nhan lam cho nhieu rung ngap man ven bidn Gd Cdng Ddng hi pha buy va tit dd dd xudt cac giai phap dd bao vd bd, bao vd rimg - Dd tai: "Danh gia suy thoai mdi trudng qua trinh chuydn ddi ddt ndng lam sang nudi trdng thuy san d cac huydn ven bidn DBSCL va dd xudt cac giai phap su dung bdn virng tai nguydn dat" (2007-2008) - Du an didu tta co ban vimg cac cua sdng: Ddng Nai - Sai Gdn (2009); sdng Tidn (20092010); sdng Hau (2009-2010) Chuang trinh 47 da dugc ttidn khai thuc hidn - Bd tai: "Nghien ciiu cac giai phap trdng cay bag ve de bidn, gdp phan cai thien mdi trudng ven bien d cac tinh ttr Quang Ngai ddn Kidn Giang" - Dd tai: "Nghidn ciiu danh gia tdng thd hien trang xdi Id - bdi lap vung ven bidn tir VQng Tau ddn Binh Chau va de xudt eac giai phap khdc phuc"(2009-2010) - De tai: "Nghidn eiiu nhirng tac ddng cua He thdng thuy Igi Bac Bdn Tre ddi vdi mdi trudng luu vuc va de xudt cae bidn phap giara thidu tac dpng tieu cue didn bidn mdi tracing frong cac vtmg nhay cam cua tinh Bdn Tre" (2009-2011); - Dd tai: "Nghien eiiu dd xuat cac giai phap khoa hpc va cdng nghe du bao, phdng chdng bidn ldn doan bd bidn tinh Tra Vinh va vtmg Phu can" (2010-2012) 2.2 LTnh vuc nghien ciiu mdi tru&ng bien vd bien ddi hau: - Didu tta, danh gia su bien ddi he sinh thai vung ven bien, vung ddt ngap nudc, xay dung chidn luge phat tridn va bao vd tinh da dang eua he sinh thai - Nghidn cfru tinh hinh bidn ddi hau toan cdu tac dpng den mdi tmdng sinh thai bidn, KTXH vtmg ven bien va ddi bd ciia Viet Nam; xay dung chien luge bao vd va phat ttien bdn vOng ngudn lgi thuy hai san mdt suy kiet viing ven bidn; cac bien phap quan ly, su dung hgp ly cac loai dat eg van dd phuc vu phat tridn san xuat ndng nghidp, eai tao dat va bao ve mdi frudng vting ven bidn va hai dao; danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng va anh hudng cua cae cdng trinh xay dung, cac du an phat ttidn kinh td ddn chat lugng radi ttudng vtmg dat udt, vung ven bidn; cae bidn phap kidm soat va du bao tinh hinh d nhidm tai nguyen dat, nudc cac boat ddng khai thac, eac su ed mdi trudng ddi vdi vimg ven bd, vting dat ngap nude; nghien ciiu mdi tmdng nudc vtmg ttidu, eai tao dat, tac ddng cua thiiy tridu, NBD, tae ddng cua eae CTTL vtmg ttidu, eac boat ddng khai thac tai nguyen nudc vung thugng ngudn ddn mdi trudng; xay dung cac du an quy hoaeh edp nudc sach va vd sinh mdi trucmg ndng thdn vting ven bidn, hai dao - Giara sat, danh gia chat lugng eac cdng trinh xay dung mdi trudng nude bidn, dd xuat cac giai phap chdng xam thuc va an mdn betdng eho cae cdng ttinh xay dung vting ven bidn; kidm djnh chdt lugng nudc, ddt, vi smh va vat Ueu xay dung phuc vu cho cdng tae nghidn ctiu khoa hgc, xiiy dung cac du an va tang cudng cac djch vu khoa hpc 2.3 Linh vuc nghien cuu khai Iliac Tai nguyen bien va d&i b& - Nghidn ciiu khai thac cac dang nang lugng thily tridu, sdng, gid; cac van de xdi Id, bdi ldp cac ciia sdng, eae bai bdi vung ven bien; chidn luge, xay dung cae ke hoach dai ban, ngdn ban ed tinh ehdt vT md va vi md vd phat tridn bdn virng kinh td vung ven bidn, ddi bd va hai dao; khai thae ngudn lgi khoang san day bidn, mudi v.v vimg bidn va ddi bd; khai thae ngudn lgi thily hai san gdn bd, xa bd va cae loai sinh vat quy khac; nghidn cuu va chuydn giac edng nghd rad hinh nudi trdng thiiy san dge dai ven bien nudc ta; nghidn ctru khai thac tai nguydn rttng ngap man, edn cat v.v ; khai thac tiem nang du ljch dai ven bidn, vting bidn va hai dao; bao tdn, khai thac hieu qua cac bai bdi, giai cat ven bidn, rirng ngap man ven bidn, hai dao; nhiing ngudn Igi kinh te vimg lanh hai, viing d^c quydn kinh td va cac van de cd lidn quan ddn chu quydn, lanh hai nudc ta; nghidn ciru dd xuat co 99 chd chinh sach bao tdn va phat fridn rttng ngap man bag vd dd bidn, dd bidn phu hgp vdi cac vimg dge bd bidn nudc ta - Lap cac du an qui hoach phat trien bdn cang, khu neo dau, tranh bao tau thuydn, nudi thiiy hai san, khai thac khoang san, du Ijch, cac ngudn lgi khac ttr bidn, vtmg ven bien va hai dilo; 2.4 Linh vuc nghien ctru xay dirng vd chuyen giao cdng nghe cdng Irinh bien - Nghien ciiu cdu true eac he thdng va cdng trinh bien va edng ttinh bao vd mdi trucmg bidn; dng dung vat lieu radi, cdng nghd mdi, thuc hidn thi nghidm md hinh vat ly va mo hinh toan cdng trinh bao vd bd bien, bao vd mdi frudng bidn cac su cd tten bidn nhu d nhidm ddu, hda chat; sit dung cac loai vat lieu xiiy dung, thidt kd phSn cac loai bdtdng va vira xay dung dap ting ydu can thidt ke, thi cdng cac cdng trinh bidn; cac quy trinh va kiem tra chiit lugng vat lieu xay dung, chiit lugng bdtdng thiiy edng va betdng cdng trinh xay dung, dan dung ven bien; che tao va img dung eae loai phu gia chdng thara, chdng an radn bdtdng mdi trudng nudc bidn; ket can cdng trinh xay dung hgp ly phu hgp didu kidn dia chat va mdi trudng bidn; - Lap cac du an thidt kd quy hoach, nghidn cim kha thi, thidt kd ky thuat cac cong trinh chdng xdi Id, dn dinh bd bidn, hai dao, cac cira sdng, cac cdng trinh bao ve mdi tmdng va tdn tao eae khu bao tdn thidn nhidn; thdm djnh ky thuat va tu van giam sat thi cong cac cdng trinh bidn; tu van dau tu va xiiy dung (Khao sat, qui hoach, lap du an dau tu, thidt ke ky thuat cdng ttinh thiiy, edng trinh thdy lgi phuc vu nudi trdng thuy san, cdng trinh bao vd bd cira sdng, ven bidn, hai dao va tang ca sd viing ven bidn, hai dao; tham tra du an dau tu, kidm djnh chat Iugng xay dung cdng trinh, kidm tra, danh gia hidn trang cdng trinh, tu van va djch vu ITnh vue thuy hai van va mdi trudng; ehuyen giao ket qua nghien cuu klioa hgc, ky thuat mdi, cdng nghd mdi vao cdng tac thidt kd, thi cdng va quan Iy khai thae cdng frinh thtly va cdng frinh khac viing ven bien, hai dao; thi cdng xay lap cdng trinh thdy, cac cdng trinh khac cd lidn quan dai ven bidn Viec irng dung cac kit qua KH-CN vao thue tien ciing da cd nhirng budc tiln ldn: Ttt nhidu ddi nay, bao vd bd ciia sdng, ven bidn da dugc dng cha ta dung nhidu hinh thfic, chung loai vat lieu dd chdng chgi Iai su pha hoai cua sdng bidn va ddng chay Hang tram kildmet bd bidn, cua sdng dugc bao vd bdng he thdng dd vdi mai dugc da lat khan, da xay, da chit raach, hay tiim bd tdng Cac cdng trinh bao vd bd vdi sir da dang vd hinh thfrc, kdt can, vat heu bao yd Tuy nhidn cdng trmh chong dugc sdng bag ldn hon cdp 9, cdp 10 chidm ty Id ban ehd Nhidu nha khoa hgc da ed nhiing nghidn citu vd ddng luc hpc vtmg cita sdng, ddng ven bd va song, eiing nhu nghien cfm vd hinh thai ciia sdng, dudng bd bidn, dia chdt cdng ttinh Nhidu ket qua nghien ciiu la co so lua chgn giai phap cdng trinh hgp ly, ehinh xac frong tinh toan thidt kd dd, ke bidn Nhd vay, cae edng ttmh eang Idn hon, kdt ciu eang chac chan ban, va nhd nghien ctru ap dung cdng nghd mdi, vat lieu mdi cua 100 cae nudc ma cdng trinh vd bao vd bd cira sdng, ven bidn, hai dao cua nudc ta da cd nhiing tien bp dang kd Viec nghidn cfru ting dung cdng nghe mdi, vat lieu mdi vao eae cdng trinh phdng chdng thidn tai nhu dd, ke bao vd bd, vfing eua sdng, ven bidn, hai dao da dugc radt sd eg quan, dan vj nude thuc hidn Didn hinh la cac Vien va cac Trudng Dai hp chuydn nghanh nhu: Vidn Khoa hpc Thuy Igi Ha Ndi, Vidn Khoa hgc Thuy Igi midn Nam, Vien Ky thuat Bidn, Tmdng DHXD, Tmdng dai hpc Thuy loi, cac Cdng ty TVXD tmc thudc bd NN&PTNT, Bd XD, Bp GTVT, Bp Thuy San Mdt sd cdng trinh da tridn Ichai tinh toan bdi xdi tai mdt sd khu vuc nhay cam hoac xay dung chuong ttinh tinh toan theo mdt sd phuong phap thdng dtmg Mgt so de an, du an, dd tai, cdng ttinh nudc nghidn ciiu vd bdi xdi theo chuydn nganh dja chdt ddng lire Tai dai ven bd bidn DBSCL, da cd mdt sd cdng trinh nghidn ctru da dugc tidn hanh thdi gian gdn ttr 1994 ddn 2008 lidn quan ddn dai ven bd bidn Ddng ttr VOng Tau ddn Ca Mau va vtmg bidn Tay tir miii Ca Mau ddn Ha Tidn Cac san pham khoa hgc cdng nghd va nggai nudc dugc irng dung rdng rai va phat huy hidu qua cao ttong thue td cudc sdng: Cdc cong trinh chinh tri cira sdng ven biin &DBSC : Khu vuc ciia sdng Ganh Hao - Bac Lieu Nhiem vu cdng trinh: Chdng sat Id bd sdng, bd bidn, dn djnh khu dd thi mdi; tdn tao canh quan mdi frudng phuc vu phat tridn KTXH khu vue G^'^^gSg; Khu vuc cira song Ganh Hdo - Bgc Lieu Khu vuc cura sdng La Ghi - Binh Thudn 101 Khu vuc Hiep Thanh - Ba Ddng tinh Tra Vinh Nhiem vu: Chdng xdi Id, ngan chan hien tugng bidn lan, dn djnh dudng bd bai bidn phui vu khdi phuc rirng ngap man, phdng hp va phat fridn kinh td xa hdi khu vuc ven bidn KENCiMGIiMWMC, K£ BAO VE BO TRUC TIEP 102 Cong trinh bdo ve ba bien Go Cong Dong - Tien Giang J Cong trinh bdo ve ba bien Hiep Thanh - Trd Vinh Cong trinh bdo ve ba bien Ganh Hdo Bac Lieu 103 Ke tgm bdo ve bai bdi bien Tdy cd Mau Ke bdo vi bdi bdi bien Tdy cd Mau Ke bdo vi bd biin Hdn Dd Bgc Cd Mau + Cac cdng nghe gia cd bd bidn : Didn hinh nhu vide ting dung cac cau kidn Bd tdng cd hinh dang va kdt cdu dj thudng, kidu Tsc-178 va Tse-M bao vd bd sdng, bd bien tai viing bidn Hai Phdng, Nam Djnh, Ha TTnh, Mui Ne tinh Binh Thuan, Gd Cdng, Den dd tinh Tidn Giang, ke sdng Muong Chudi TP.Hd Chi Minh, ke sdng Hau khu vuc TP Long Xuydn, ke bidn va eiia sdng Ganh Hao, ke Hiep Thanh Tra Vinh phti hgp cho nhiing vung cd dja chat ndn mdm ydu, ddi hdi kha chiu tac dgng ciia sdng va ddng chay ldn Khoi Tetrapod dugc dtmg cho ke, md han vimg bidn d Phan Thiet-Binh Thuan, ke chdn sdng Dung Qudt (Quang ngai) Mdt cae edng nghd thidt kd, chd tao va thi cdng gdn day dugc ap dung vao nudc ta la cgc van be tdng du ung lire Cdng nghd duge ap dung ddu tidn eho kenh ddn nudc vao nha may didn Phu My -Ba Ria Vung Tau, sau dd eho mdt sd cdng trinh ke sdng Ddng 104 Nai khu virc phd Bidn Hda, Rach Gia-Ha Tidn Va da dugc ung dung eho edng trinh ldn bidn Khu dd thj mdi Ha Tidn-Kidn Giang, ke cua sdng Ganh Hao-Bae Lidu Hidn ta da lam chu cdng nghd ttr san xuat ddn thi cdng (cd 19 chung loai cgc van, chidu dai tir cd thd thay ddi tir ddn 2Im) Nghidn ciru su dung cdng vat lieu tai chd dd be tdng hda cac md ban da hoc rdi d Can Gid-thanh phd Hd Chi Minh la mdt cdng ctia Hdi Khoa hpc ky thuat xay dung Thanh phd, Tidn sy Nguydn Hdng Binh thuc Men Cong nghd Stabiplage da dugc dau tu thi didm chdng xdi Id bd bidn viing Ldc An, huydn DdtDd, tinh Ba Rja- VOng Tau Cdng frinh da hoan thidn thang nam 2005 Chdng an mdn ket eau thep viing nhiem man bang phun phii kem i n Cac van de Ky thuat Bien can tiep tue nghien ciiu Vtmg bidn, ven bidn, eiia sdng va hai dao DBSCL dang diing tmdc thach thttc: - Nhirng bidn ddng tit thugng luu: LQ Idn pha rung, lu ddng loat vugt ngoai tdm kidm soat ciia ngudi; lu nhd, lu trung binh mdt di; ban kiet keo dai, mdi trudng sinh thai bj tan pha; thidu nude cho mdi trudng, sinh thai va san xudt la didu khdng the ttanh khdi - Nhirng bidn ddng ttr luu: NBD va bao td, ddng nudc man vd mua Ddng tdn cdng bd bien phia Nam cang manh ban, xam nhap man va ngap nudc gia tang - Trdn ddng bdng: Dd la su bat dn ciia thdi tidt, ban han, lut bao tang len, yen cdu dting nude gia tang, anh hudng ddn ndn ndng nghiep thich nghi; can bdng nang lugng - vat chdt thay ddi, dien bidn ldng sdng xay manh me Cac kdt qua didu tra, nghidn ciiu va danh gia tdng hgp ve mgi mat cua didu kidn tu nhien va mdi trudng: tugng thuy van, ddng luc, v^n chuyen bun cat, bidn ddi dja hinh dja mao, tai nguydn sinh hpc, mdi trudng, eac he sinh thai can phai nang cao len mot budc ca va sd Iugng va chat lugng Cae nghidn cfru vd ydu td ddng lue bien vdi eac yen td thuy van cua luu vuc sdng Mekong, vdi eac qua ttinh bidn ddng ludng lach, bd bien cira sdng Cfin tdng hgp Iai cac ket qua nghien cim ridng Id hidn ed, kd thtra va tu dd giai quydt van dd trdn quan didm tugng tac bidn luc dja Tap trung di sau sau nghien cira cac van dd tugng tac bidn - luc dja vdi cae tae ddng ciia cac yen td tu nhidn, cac tae ddng nhan sinh, danh gia xu thd bidn ddi va nguyen nhan gay cac bidn ddi mdi frudng va he sinh thai vitng nghien euu Ttr dd xay dung cac co sd khoa hpc phuc vu cho vide phat tridn bdn vQng ddi bd Cac nghien ctru tirng mat vd didu kidn tu nhidn, mdi trudng ciing cdn chua dii mirc dp ehi tidt, nhidu viing cdn rdt it tu lieu, dac bidt la viing gan bd Nhiing didu tta nghidn cim vd sinh hpc va dja chdt cdn dugc day manh hon dd kdt qua phan anh dugc nhiing net dae thu ridng cila vimg bidn DBSCL cdn xay dung va phat tridn cac md hinh tinh toan hidn dai md phdng va du bao cac qua trinh thuy thaeh dgng luc, radi tradng cdn dugc kidm dinh ky lugng bang chinh nhiing tu lieu vting Nghien ciiu thi nghidm md hinh vat ly dd kidm nghidm va hidu chinh cac tinh toan ly thuydt va cac tinh toan theo md hinh toan xac djnh tac ddng cua sdng ddi vdi bd bidn Vidt Nara 105 vdn dd tac ddng tdi mdi tmcmg sinh thai eua bidn thoat IQ bidn midn Tay dang la vdn dd ndng bdng cdn dugc luu tam danh gia Anh hudng tdi didu kidn tu nhidn va moi tmdng cua vide quai dd ldn bidn dang phat trien tai Rach Gia, Kien Giang cQng cim co nhung CO sd khoa hge dd khang djnh Vide hinh va tidn tridn cua khu vuc bai can ngoai khoi Ca Mau can dugc nghidn ciiu Day la vdn dd rdt dang quan tam cua nhieu nha khoa hgc ttdn tlid gidi frong ITnh vuc hai duong hpc vi nd lidn quan den cac ca che hinh phat fridn cua luc dja va dai duong Mat khac, ehung ta edn quan tara dd cd kd hoaeh bao vd va khai thac dara bao chu quydn qudc gia ttdn mdt vung kha rdng ldn dang dan Id didn xa bd ddn hang tram cay sd vdn dd danh gia tac ddng cda cac cdng trinh bao ve bd bidn ddn vide gay xdi Id cac viing ISn can hoan toan chua dugc dd cap ddn Vai trd cua rirng ngap man vide giam thidu nang lugng sdng, bao vd bd bidn eung can dugc quan tara nghidn ciru Vai trd cua ngudi cung rdt quan trpng Su can thiep cua ngudi da Iam bidn ddi mdi tradng lam thay ddi cae can bang tu nhidn cua eae qua trinh bidn, luc dja Vi du tac ddng cac cdng trinh chinh tri luong lach cac cda sdng lam thay ddi kha nang thoat IQ, Iam bidn ddi cac dac trung nang lugng sdng khu vuc ven bd, gay cac hieu Ong anh hudng ddn cac vung bd Ian can Anh hucmg cua viec thoat IQ vung ven bd tay nam lam thay ddi can can bun eat khu vuc nay, hay anh hudng eiia eac boat ddng nudi trdng thuy san den he sinh thai khu vuc ven bd vv Tap trung dao tao dai hgc, sau Dai hgc va td chfic dao tao va huan luyen cac ky thuat chuydn sau ve ky thuat bidn Tir dd djnh hudng nghien euai phat tridn Ky thuat Bidn d DBSCL thdi gian tdi cdn phai dat dugc: - Cd dugc nhirng kdt qua danh gia djnh tinh va djnh lupng vd cac qua frinh tuong tac bidn luc dja tai khu vuc nghidn cfm (chu ydu la bd Ddng Nara Bg): Danh gia bidn ddng ducmg bd cfra sdng mdi tuong quan vdi cac ydu td dpng lire bidn , thuy van sdng va tac ddng cfia ngudi; bidn dgng ludng lach vao cac ciia sdng; tutmg tac giQa thuy tridu va kha nang thoat IQ cua khu vuc chau thd sdng Mekong; tac ddng cua ddng luc bien ddn chuydn tai phu sa sdng Mekong tai khu vuc ven bd va Ian can; tuong tae giira gid chudng - fruydn tridu va xam nhap man khu vuc chau thd sdng Mekong; tuong tac giQa thoat IQ phia tay, gid raua tay nam va phan bd lugng bQn cat khu vuc ven bd Tay nam bd, cung nhu bidn dpng eac ydu td thuy van, mdi tradng; tuang tae gitra cac hoat ddng cua ngugi "lan bien tai Rach Gia" va bidn ddng bd bidn tai cac khu vuc lan can - Xae dinh duge nguydn nhan gay bidn ddng mdi trudng va cac he sinh thai ddi bd trdn quan didm tugng tac bidn lue dja bao gdm: tac ddng cua vide nudc IQ tai khu vue bo Tay cung vdi gid mua tay nam anh hudng ddn he sinh thai ddi bd; hoat ddng nudi trdng thuy san, lan bidn anh hudng ddn he sinh thai va mdi tradng ddi bo; cac chuong trinh xay dd bao ngan nhidm man, ngan IQ tai vung ven bidn, vdi mdi frudng va he sinh thai ddi bd; tuong tac giua rimg ngap man, giam sdng bao vd bd va he sinh thai ddi bd 106 - Dd xudt duge cae luan cu lam ca sd khoa hgc phuc vu phat tridn bdn vung ddi bd vimg bien DBSCL: eac tac ddng ddn mdi tradng va cac he sinh thai; dd xudt cac giai phap dam bao phat tridn bdn viing (Giai phap ve quy hoach; vd quan ly; vd khoa hgc ky thuat; vd kinh td; vd ca ehd chinh sach) IV Ket luan Nudc ta la nude ehi anh hudng nang nd cua BDKH - NBD, day la mdt thue td da, dang va se xay theo chieu hudng bat Igi, ed anh hudng khdng nhd den Viet Nam ndi chung va DBSCL ndi ridng NBD, he qua cua bidn ddi ban toan cau, cd xu hudng tang nhanh vao nhung thap nidn tdi se tac dgng manh me ddn cac ydu td thuy hai van va chd dd ddng chay , lara gia tang xam nhap man, ung ngap nghiem trpng, anh hudng tieu cue den phat tridn KTXH va mdi tmdng Nghidn ciru Ky thuat Bidn ndi ridng va nghien ctru nhiing van dd cd lidn quan ddn BDKH - NBD d DBSCL la rat can thidt va cap bach, khdng the cham trd dugc Xin mugn ldi dng Achim Steiner giam ddc chuang trinh mdi tradng Lidn hgp qudc (iJNEP) dd ket thuc cho ban bao eao nay: "Chiing ta da mdt 30 ndm de tranh cdi xem co dung Id trdi ddt dang dm len khdng Gid nhu dy chiing ta hdnh ddng thi cdi gid ciia cuoc tranh cdi keo ddi tdi 30 ndm dy dd khdng qud cao nhu bdy gid Bdy gid thi chting ta khdng cdn thdi gian de trgnh cdi niia Chung ta khdng thi xa xi chuyin vdn di ndy cho the hi sau quyet dinh " T p H Chi Minh 9/2011 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Hoang van Huan va nnk: Bao cao tong ket de tai khoa hoc cap Bo ,Vien khoa Hoc Thuy Lgi Mien Nam nam 2003 Lirffng Phuffng Hau va nnk; Cong trinh bao ve bif bien va hai dao nam 2001 Hoang van Huan va nnk: Bao cao 3ieu chinh nghien ciru kha thi du an phong chong sat iff khu virc cira song Ganh Hao Bac Lieu, Vien khoa Hoc Thuy Lffi Mien Nam nam 2003; Ho sff du an dau tu xay dung ke bao ve doan xung yeu hb biSn xa Hiep Thanh, Vien khoa Hoc Thuy Lffi Mien Nam nam 2008 Nguyen Sinh Huy va nnk: Bao cao tSng hffp kit qua Ithoa hgc de tai cap Bg" Nghien ciiu cff sof KH va de xuat cac bien phap ung cho DBSCL dam bao viec phat trien ben virng dieu kien BDKH-NBD" Thang 11/2010 Nguyin Ky Phiing va nnk: Bao cao ting hgfp kit qua khoa hoc dl tai cdp Nha nuffc KC 09-12/0610 "Nghien ciru qua trinh tuffng tac biln - luc dia va anh huiing ciia chiing den he sinh thai ven Va Dong va Tay Nam Bg" Thang 12/2010 http://w^vw.truyenthongkhoahoc.vn, 5/5/2011 107 ^L- f-Af'i iif-H'a - t^'" ei^N e6Ns HinhS Be blind BBSCL Nhiet i55 trung binh toan cau •H ca , ^ 1— ^^ j" " • I ' • • • */ •3.q * ' • " - *i^ " o.a O.D ; -^ t/^W^i'^' i/i \7LS -_ •'( ^^-•••'' D.e 5,8 !S«0 iSSO I i90C 1820 Trung binhnam Chuoi lam trgn 5-8S It sai so theo thap ky 1MB IflliU Giai doan Nam ISM 15.2 20(X1 -jj |^ ?'; yi !ôã ^::'jiC,r:IS Qir*lD,15741 «.DWJ(].016 ISC' iiti4S±Dj:33^ Hinh Dien bien chuan sai nhiet dp trung binh toan cau Ngudn: IPCC/2007 109 Hlnh Xu the gia tang, nhiet tren lanh tho Viet Nam tie K-?tlC Nam Hinh Dien bien cua muc nuac bien trung binh toan cau Ngudn: IPCC/2007 D ! | N TICH NGijiP LUT tTNG VOI KICH BAN NUCIC B|£N DANG 0.74 M CONG B A N G S O N G CLfU LONG 111 ... Tien ed chidu dai ttdn 750km, dge theo dudng bdi bidn tdn tai 23 eua sdng dd cd cac cira sdng Cuu Long va ciia sdng Ddng Nai- Sai Gdn la quan trgng nhdt Duong bidn gidi phia Tay Bde Ddng bang dai... bd cua sdng Nam bp" dugc trien khai thirc hidn nam 2002, qua dd dd tai da nghidn cfm didn bidn long dan vung cua sdng va cac dac trung hinh thai: cua sdng khu vuc bidn Ddng, khu vuc bien Tay;... Thuan, Gd Cdng, Den dd tinh Tidn Giang, ke sdng Muong Chudi TP.Hd Chi Minh, ke sdng Hau khu vuc TP Long Xuydn, ke bidn va eiia sdng Ganh Hao, ke Hiep Thanh Tra Vinh phti hgp cho nhiing vung cd dja