Nghiên cứu giải pháp đổi mới công nghệ, giảm thiểu khí nhà kính hướng tới nền kinh tế cac bon thấp phù hợp với điều kiện thực tế việt nam đối với các khu kinh tế ven biển

Nghien cOu - Trao d d i Nghien cuM giai phap ddi mdi cong nghe, giam thieu nha kinh hu'dng tdi nen kinh te cac-bon thap phu hdp vdi dieu kien thifc te Viet Nam doi vdi • • • cac khu kinh te ven bien • TS DO HiJfU HAO - Chu tich Hi$p hoi C o n g nghidp moi triJcJng Viet Nam ThS PHAM VAN LIEM - Pho Vien tradng Vien C o n g nghiep moi tradng TOM TAT Giam phat thai nhd kinh (KNK) nham rfng phd vdi bidn ddi hau (BDKH) hien trd van dd todn cau, drfdc ehinh phu nhidu nrfdc dac bidt quan tam De the hidn nhffng cam kd't eua minh, ede nrfde da ciing ky vao Nghi dinh thrf Kyoto Day la van ban edng rfdc khung vd BDKH ciia Lien hidp qud'e (UNFCCC) vdi muc tidu eat giam nhd kinh, drfdc ky kd't vdo ngdy 11/12/1997 va chinh thrfe co hidu Irfe vao ngdy 16/2/2005 Ngay 23/9/2008, Thu trfdng Chinh phu da phd duydt "Quy hoaeh phdt tridn cae Khu kinh Id' ven bien eiia Vidt Nam dd'n nam 2020" tai Quyd't dinh sd 1353/QD-TTg Srf ddi cdc khu kinh te (KKT) ven bien drfdc k j vong trd thdnh dau tau thu hdt dau trf vd dd'i mdi cdng nghd, phdt trien drfa trdn cong nghd eao, tao ddng Irfc phat trien lan tda eho ca viing De'n nay, nhieu KKT da that srf ddng vai trd dpng Irfc quan trpng ddi vdi srf phat trien KT-XH d dja phrfdng va tae dpng tieh erfe de'n kinh te dat nrfde Qud trinh phal tridn ciia eae KKT ven bien se keo theo nhu eau sff dung nang Irfdng rat Idn, cde hoat ddng cdng nghidp tap trung se dan dd'n phat thai KNK cdc KKT tang nhanh Dae bidt, da sdcdc KKT ddu cd cac trung lam, nha mdy nhidt didn than, nhiet didn se gia tang phal thai KNK rat Idn hong UTdng Iai Phdt thai nha kinh (KNK) tap trung chii yen ITnh vrfe nang Irfdng, san xua't edng nghidp, dd thi vd giao thdng vdn tdi Do vdy, nghidn crfu de xua't eae gidi phap cdng nghe dd gidm phat thai KNK eae Iinh vrfc trdn cd f nghia ldn de dat muc tieu giam phat thai KNK Tuf khoa: Khu kinh te ven bien, phdt thai nhd kinh 53 Nghien cCfu - Trao doi Cac giai phap cdng nghe giam phat thai KNK Koh vrfc nang Irfdng l.L Cdc nhd mdy nhiet dien than cdc khu kinh te Trdn dia ban cae KKT ven bien Viet Nam hidn dang hinh va phdt trien nhidu trung tdm san xua't nhidt dien trf than, bao gdm: Hdi Phdng, Thai Binh, Nghi Sdn, Vung Ang, Hdn La, Dung Qua'l, Nhdn Hpi, Van Phong, Dinh An, vdi long cdng sud't la 31.890 MW; cdng sua't phat didn nam 2020 la 16.690 MW (xem chi tid't tai bang 1) 1.2 Cdc gidi phdp cong nghe gidm phdt thdi KNK dd'i vdi nhiet di^n than tgi cdc KKT ven biin 1.3.1 Vu tien phdt tnen cdng nghe ddt than ddt Idp soi turn hodn Mae dij cdng nghe dd't Idp sdi tudn hodn chrfa phd bid'n d Viet Nam, song day Id edng nghd thdn thidn mdi trrfdng, cd lidm nang phal trien Cdng nghe dot than Idp sol tuan hoan vdi thong so' trdn tdi ban drfdc danh gid la cdng nghe tidn tid'n, thdn thidn mdi trrfdng Thdng sd' hdi se quyet dinh hieu sua't san xua't didn nang cua nha may Nhidt vd ap sua't hdi eang eao thi hieu sua't nhd may eang cao Do dd, vdl "^^^^^f ban cua cdng ng •' hieu suat drfdc ky vpng se mg cao Thiic day hoan thien cdng nghd Id dot Idp sdi tuan hodn ean tdi han Cdng nghd Id dot Idp sdi tuan hodn ean tdi han vdi thdng sd va cong sud't tha'p hdn dang la srf Irfa ehpn ehu yeu eua eae nrfdc dang phdt trien, dd cd Vidt Nam Can tid'p luc ap dung dp sud't can gidi ban: ~I70 kg/cm^ eho cdc to may se xay difng giai doan sap tdi, nghidn cffu ap dung thdng so trdn tdi han (ap sud't eao hdn ap sua't tdi ban = 221,19 bar) Ben Bang long hop cac da an phat dien tqi cac KKT ven bien Viet Nam SdlSmdy Tdng cong suat, A/W Tdng CS ndm 2020, MW Nha mdy Nhiet dim Hdi Phong 1&2 1.200 1.200 Nhd mdy Nhiet diin Thdi Binh 1.200 1.200 Nhd may Nhiet dien Nam Dinh 1.200 1.200 Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Nghi Son I 600 600 Nha mdy Nhiet dien Nghi San 11 1.200 1.200 Trung Tdm Nhiet dien Quynh Lap 2.400 1.200 Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Vung Ang 1.200 1.200 Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Vdng Ang 2 1.320 1.320 Nhd mdy NhiSt diin Vdng Ang 2.400 Trung tdm Nhiet dien Qudng Trach 1&2 400 1.200 Nhd mdy Nhiet diSn Dong Nam Qudng Tri 1.200 600 1.200 1.200 Tin nha mdy vii cong nghS sii dung KKT ven biin Bdc Bo KKT ven bien Bdc Trung Bg KKT Nam Trung Bo Nhiet dien Dimg Quat- Sembcop ddu tu To hop dien Dung Quat 6.500 DA Dien gid Nhdn Hoi Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Binh Dinh 61 GDI Trung Tdm Nhiet dien Nam Vdn Phong 61 700 700 2.640 1.320 KKT Nam Bo Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Duyen Hdi 1.245 1.245 Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Duyen Hdi 1.244 1.244 Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Duyen Hdi md rgng 660 Du dn Nhd mdy Nhiet dien Duyen Hdi 2 Tdng cdng 54 1.320 I 31.890 16.690 Nghien cOu - Trao ddi canh dd, can cd edc nghidn crfu sau hdn nham rd soat vd danh gia vide dp dung cdng nghe Idp sdi tuin hodn can tdi han, lam ed sd hoan thidn va rfng dung rdng rai cdng nghe ndy 1.3.2 Thuc day hodn thien cong nghi Id hai dot than phun Dd nang cao hidu sua't nha may, tang hieu qud kinh id', ddng thdi dam bao cae lidu chuan mdi tnfdng cang nghidm ngat Id hdi ddt than phun van sd Id Irfa chpn hieu qua xdy drfng nha may nhiet dien dd't than d Vidt Nam Cdng sud't id mdy sd Idioang 500 - 1.000 MW vdi thong so'trdn tdi han 1.3.3 Nghien ciiu ndng cao tinh ndng cua mpt so thiet bi lien quan den dot than Antraxit Viet Nam vd than trpn nham ndng cao hieu qud, tdng he so van hdnh cua cdc nhd mdy dang van hdnh Tien hanh ehd' dd pha trdn nhien lidu tdi rfu de giam chi phi nhien hdu; Nghidn crfu dp dung che dd dd't hdn hdp than/dlu; Day manh nghien crfu thi nghidm ky thuat nhiet Id hdi vd eae tinh nhiet cin thid't; Cai tid'n he thd'ng vdi phun dian; Can ed bidn phap kiem soat thai ddi vdi eac td may sff dung budng Iffa phun kidu xoay; Cdi tid'n va Idp dat bd phan loc bui tinh didn; Can lap dat cae thiet bi hdm nrfdc, bp sa'y khdng khi; Can lap dat va xdy drfng he thdng thu gom, tram thai tro; Lap dat thie't bi tdn dung nhidt khdi thai; Lap dat cae thiet hi khii thai Nox va SO2 Tai sii dung nrfde sau lam mat 1.3.4 Giai phdp thu hdi vd Irfu giff CO2 Khd khan ttong vide tiiu giff CO, phan ldn lien quan dd'n thrfc td fa nong ndy khd thd'p U-ong khdi thai Ve vd'n de cat giam phat tiiai nhd kinh bang phrfdng phdp thu giff cacbonic da xua't hien nhrfhg Enh vrfe mdi sii" dung eong nghe ting sdi man hoan dd tach CO2, thi du dd't ttong mdi trrfdng oxy vdi lai tuan hoan CO2 va dd't theo ehu tnnh hda hpc nhrfng ehi phi cao chrfa phu hdp vdi dieu kien eua Vidt Nam 1.3.5 Gidi phdp qudn ly Ra sodt ddnh gia phan loai tnnh dp eong nghd giam thidu KNK Day manh dp dung tid't kidm nang Irfdng Thue dd'y tridn khai thrfc hidn kiem loan nang Irfdng tai doanh nghidp Thiic da'y nghidn erfu ffng dung thid't bi edng nghe moi trrfdng Ra soat va hoan thien tidu chua'n ve phdt thai Quan ly vd tdn dung tro xi than tiJf cdc nhd may nang Irfdng Khuye'n khieh nghidn ciiu, chuyen ddi sang nhidn lidu sinh hpe Day manh hdp lae qudc Id' Lmh vrfc san xuS't cong nghidp, dd thi va giao thdng van tai 2.1 Link vuc sdn xudt cong nghiip Cac chuydn nganh dd, dang va se phdt trien vdi quy md Idn trdn dia ban cae KKT ven bien Viet Nam bao gdm: - Cdng nghiep luydn thep: Nghi Sdn, Vung Ang, Hdn La, Dung Qual Cdng nghidp hda ehd't: Dinh v a - Cdt Hai, Ddng Nam Thai Binh, Nghi Sdn, Dung Qua't, Nam Phti Ydn, Binh Dinh vdi cae san pha'm: phan bdn DAP, Id'p d td, cac san pham cao su, Sdi polyester, nitrat amon, san phgm Ipe, hda dau, san pham nhrfa, gas - Cd che tao: san xua't phu " § ' ^-^ nang, ddng mdi va su'a ehffa tau, thuyen, ehe' tao may ndng nghiep, kd't ea'u thep, - Cdng nghiep del may, da gi^y - Che bie'n ndng lam thuy san: chd'bie'n gd, ehd'bie'n nrfdc mdm, bdt ca, ddng lanh, - San xua't vat lieu xay drfng: xi mang, gach xay, ngdi, gach dp lat, bd tdng diic sdn, khai thac cdt, da, - San xua't gd'm srf, thiiy tinh cdng nghiep vd dan dung - Cdng nghiep dien iff Theo so' lidu khao sat, da sd' cac nganh nghe da, dang va se phdt tridn tai cac KKT ven bien Viet Nam deu la nha may mdi xay drfng ttdn nen cdng nghd tidn tien, mrfc dp trf dpng hda eao, tieu hao nang Irfdng it vd mrfc dd phat thai KNK thap Ddi vdi cac cd sd san xua't quy md nho hien cd edng nghd lac hau, dac biet la cd mot sd'cd sd san xuat gach nung quy md nho, sff dung Id nung drfng hien dang gay d nhidm mdi trrfdng nghiem irong Dac diem eong nghd hien lai va cac giai phap edng nghe giam phal thai KNK eho boat ddng san xua't edng nghidp tai cac KKT ven bien Vidl Nam Dgc diem cdng nghe va cac giai phap dd xuS't n h a m giam thidu KNK tiJf hogt ddng san xudft cdng nghidp t a i cac KKT ven bidn Viet Nam Chuyen ngdnh Cong nghiep luydn thep Quy mo vd dgc diem cong ngh? - Cdng nghe da dany '!• quy md va ngudn n" dau vao - Hauhe't eae v Idn deu su" dn-" Idn, hien d - 02 V ^-^nS ^^ F,5 Nghien CLIU - Trao d o i san xua't phdi thep su" dung 16 cdng suat nhd, tidu hao nhieu than cde, hidu qua kinh te Ihd'p Gidi phdp cong ngh$ gidm phdt thdi KNK - Ap dung chrfdng trinh su" dung nang Irfdng tid't kidm va hieu qua dd'i vdi cac nha may quy md ldn - Kien nghi ngimg san xua't ddi vdi edc nha may luyen gang vd sdn xuat phdi Ihep hidn dang sff dung Id eao, edng sua't nhd, hidu qua kinh te tha'p Chuyen ngdnh San xua't hda chat: Axit Sulfuric, Axit Photphoric, phan bdn (DAP), Nitrat amon, LAS edng nghiep, xd sdi Polyester, Id'p eao su, dau nhdn, san pham loc, hda diu, san ph^m nhrfa va mdt so san pham hda chat khac Quy mo vd dgc diem cong nghe - Da so quy md ldn, mdi xay drfng - Cdng nghe san xua'ttidntid'n; nhdp khau Iff My, Bi, Tdy Ban Nha, Cdng hda Lidn bang Drfc Gidi phdp cong nghf gidm phdt thdi KNK • Ap dung ehrfdng trinh su" dung nang Irfdng lie'l kidm va hidu qua - Van hdnh diing quy trinh edng nghd de giam phat thai - Tang crfdng nghien cdu, cdi tid'n quy trinh cdng nghd - Chu dau trf cdc edng nghd tien tid'n cd mrfc phat thai cae-bon thd'p Chuyen ngdnh - San xua't xi mang - San xuat vat lieu xdy drfng: gach ngdi nung, gach dp ldl, bd tdng diic san, khai thdc cdt, da Cd khi; san xua't phu tiing, cd nang, ddng mdi vd sffa ehffa tau thuyen, che' tao may ndng 56 Chd' hien ndng, lam thiiy sdn: nghidp, kd't cdu thep Quy md vd ddc diem cong ngh^ chu yd'u la ehd' bie'n hai san, nrfde - Cae nha may ed quy md ldn, mam, bdt cd, ddng lanh Quy mo vd dgc diem cdng cdng nghd Id quay - Cdc nha may quy md ldn sff nghf - Chi ed eac nha may che dung Id tuynen hidn dai - Cae ed sd san xua't quy md bien ddng lanh tieu thu ndng nhd sff dung Id nung kieu drfng Irfdng Idn gay d nhidm mdi trrfdng - Cde nha may deu ap dung - Nhidn lieu sff dung ehii yd'u cdng nghd ea'p ddng tidn tien eiia la than cac nrfdc phdt trien Gidi phdp cong nghf gidm Gidi phdp cong ngh§ gidm phdt thdi KNK phdt thdi KNK - DIU trf may phat dien sff dung Ap dung chrfdng trinh sff nhidt drf san xua't xi mang dung ndng Irfdng tid't kidm va Thay the dan gach nung hidu qua bang gach khdng nung xdy - Nghidn cffu chuyen doi Id hdi drfng ddn dung va cdng nghidp dd't than, dot diu DO sang sff - Xda bd Id gach thii edng va dung thien nhidn hoac hda 16 eai tien Idng thay the' - Khdng xdy drfng them cae Chuyen ngdnh nha mdy gach nung San xud't gdm, srf, thiiy tinh sff Chuyen ngdnh dung edng nghiep va dan Cd khi: sdn xua't phu tung, cd dung nang, ddng mdi va sffa chffa Qi^ mo vd dgc diem cong ngh^ lau thuydn, ehe tao may ndng - Hidn chi cd mdt sd nha mdy nghiep, kd't ea'u thep quy md vffa, sff dung Id nung dot Quy md vd dgc diem cdng Iff nhidn tff md Tien Hai, nghf mffe dp phat thai KNK thap - Da sd cac cd sd gay phat thai Chuyen ngdnh KNK it Cdng nghidp may, da gily - Mdt vdi cd sd due, ban tidu Quy md va dgc diem cong nghp thu dien nhidu hdn - La ngdnh edng nghiep dang Gidi phdp cong nghf gidm phat tridn manh tai cae KKT ven phdt thdi KNK bien khu vrfc Bac bd - Lidn ket, hdp tac dd tdp trung - Cae nhd may hau het deu san xudl quy md Idn theo hrfdng mdi dau trf, cdng nghd san xud^l chuyen mdn hda de nang cao kha tidn tie'n nang sud't, ehat Irfdng vd gidm Gidi phdp cong nghf gidm tidu hao didn cho mpt ddn vi sdn phdt thdi KNK pha'm Ap dung chrfdng trinh sii - Thay the cdc Id didn quy md dung nang Irfdng del kidm vd qua nho, cdng nghe eu bang eac hidu qua Id quy md ldn, hidn dai - Nghien cffu chuydn ddi edc - Thay thd' cdc may nang Id hdi dd't than, ddt dau DO sang ehay dau diesel nha xrfdng sff dung thidn nhien hodc bang mdy chay ac quy hda long Chuyen ngdnh 2.2 Khu vuc thi Nghien cCfu - Trao d d i Cd thd khai quat cac ngudn phdt thai KNK cac dd thi nam cae KKT ven bien Viet Nam gom: Sff dung didn sinh boat, tiirfdng mai va chieu sang cdng edng - Ddi vdi eae hd gia dinh, didn sff dung nhidu nha't dd chay eac thidt bi sinh boat nhff bdm nffdc, may giat, tu lanh, tivi, may dieu hda nhiet dp, dun nrfdc ndng, nlTu an, quat may va ehid'u sang - Dd'i vdi edc Ida nhd van phdng, thrfdng mai Ihi dien drfdc sff dung nhieu vdn hdnh may mdc, thiel hi, dieu hda nhidt dp, thdng gid vd chidu sang - Cap didn eho he thong ehid'u sang va trang tri dd thi - Sff dung gas, than, ciii ttong dun nau: Than va eul hidn drfdc dung khd phd bie'n cho muc dich dun nau ho gia dinh thu nhdp cua ddn crf ti^ong khu vrfe nghidn cffu hidn cdn thap, ty Id thi hda ehrfa eao ndn ngudn cui edn ddi dao Gas drfde sff dung chii yd'u eho dun nau cdc nhd hdng, khach san vd cdc hd gia dinh cd Ihu nhdp khd trd ldn (Bang 3) 2.3 Linh vuc giao thong van tai Vdi ddc didm chung ciia KKT ven bidn, cac ngudn phdt thai KNK Iff boat ddng giao thdng van tai lai ddy bao gdm phat thai tff cac loai xe van tai hang hda, van lai bien, vdn ehuyen hdnh khdch drfdng dai vd ndi tinh va eac loai xe phuc vu ca nhan Cae giai phdp cdng nghd giam phdi thai KNK tff ede boat ddng drfdc de xuat va tdng hdp ttong bdng T6m lgi: LTnh vrfc ndng Irfdng, san xuat cdng nghiep, dd tiii vd Bdng Tong hcJp cdc gidi phap d4 xudt de gidm thi^u phat thdi KNK khu vac d6 thi Gidi phdp quy hogch, thiit ki xdy dung Gidiphdp sit dung ndng Gidiphdp sddung ndng lugng tiit kiim vd hi$u qud Phdt trien cdc dd thi xanh, than ihien mdi trUdng vdi luOng phal thdi thdp Xay dung vd dp dung cdc tieu chudn tiSn tiin vi chiiu sdng thi, diiu hda khong khi, sd dung cdc vgt li^u cdch nhi$t Khuyin khich lap dat, si dung ddn dun nudc ndng ndng lugng mat trdi ddi vdi cdc hg ddn, khdch san, nhd hdng Lap ddt he thdng chiiu sdng cdng cong sH dung pin mat trdi vd dien gio Khuyen khich cdc hd ddn vUng ngoqi xdy dung hdm biotas phuc vu dun ndu chay mdy va phdt dien Tuyin truyen, vdn dpng nhdn ddn svt dung di^n tiit kifm Ddy manh nghiin ciiu, chi tgo hip than, bip cui cii tiin vd xdy dung chinh sdch khuyin khich si dung Vgn ddng nhdm gidm ddn va loai bo svcdung bip than, bip cii truyin thdng cdc khu dd thi tdp trung Bang Cdc gidi phdp cdng nghe gidm thieu KNK ITnh VLfc giao thong vdn tdi tqi cdc KKT ven bien Kiem sodt chat lugng phuang tien Chuyen doi, thay thenhiin lieu TochUc giao thdng hgp ly Yeu cau kiem tra, bdo dudng vd sia chQa dinh ky, ddm bdo tieu chudn phdt thdi thdng qua kiem dinh Khuyin khich, tiin tdi bdt bupc sH dying nhien lieu sinh hoc ddi vdi cdc loai xe van tdi, xe khdch dudng ddi vd xe taxL Chuyen doi tUchgy dau sang chay gas cho cdc logixe buyt Dau tUxe chay dien phuc vu tham quan cdc khu du Ifck Nghien cliu phdn luong, to chiic giao thong hap ly hogt dpng van tai hdnh khdch cdng cpng, hgn chixe cd nhdn Khuyin khich sH dung xe dap thdnh phd giao thdng van tai la nhffng ITnh vrfc phat thai KNK Idn nha't va eung la nhffng linh vrfe eo tiem nang giam phat thai eao Cdc giai phap cdng nghd de xud't nhrf ttdn ed lac ddng manh nhat de'n giam phal thdi va la cac dd xuS't de cde cd quan quan Iy nha nrfde ndi chung vd cd quan quan Iy tai cac KKT tham khdo de drfa cdc chinh sach thiic day phat trien nen kinh te Iheo hrfdng cdc-bon tha'p, gdp phan xdy drfng nen cdng nghidp xanh d Viet Nam" 57 ... chay ac quy hda long Chuyen ngdnh 2.2 Khu vuc thi Nghien cCfu - Trao d d i Cd thd khai quat cac ngudn phdt thai KNK cac dd thi nam cae KKT ven bien Viet Nam gom: Sff dung didn sinh boat, tiirfdng... Dac diem eong nghd hien lai va cac giai phap edng nghe giam phal thai KNK eho boat ddng san xua''t edng nghidp tai cac KKT ven bien Vidl Nam Dgc diem cdng nghe va cac giai phap dd xuS''t n h a m...Nghien cCfu - Trao doi Cac giai phap cdng nghe giam phat thai KNK Koh vrfc nang Irfdng l.L Cdc nhd mdy nhiet dien than cdc khu kinh te Trdn dia ban cae KKT ven bien Viet Nam hidn dang hinh va