Part 1 of ebook Medical disorders in pregnancy provide readers with content about: maternal mortality in the twenty-first century; cancer in pregnancy; opioid use disorders and pregnancy; pregnancy in women with obesity; management of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy; maternal genetic disorders in pregnancy; maternal congenital heart disease in pregnancy;... Please refer to the part 1 of ebook for details!
Medical Disorders in Pregnancy Editors ERIKA PETERSON JUDITH U HIBBARD OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA www.obgyn.theclinics.com Consulting Editor WILLIAM F RAYBURN June 2018 • Volume 45 • Number ELSEVIER 1600 John F Kennedy Boulevard Suite 1800 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19103-2899 http://www.theclinics.com OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Volume 45, Number June 2018 ISSN 0889-8545, ISBN-13: 978-0-323-58407-4 Editor: Kerry Holland Developmental Editor: Kristen Helm ª 2018 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved This periodical and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Elsevier, and the following terms and conditions apply to their use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use For information on how to seek permission visit www.elsevier.com/permissions or call: (+44) 1865 843830 (UK)/(+1) 215 239 3804 (USA) Derivative Works Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult www.elsevier.com/permissions) Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this periodical, including any article or part of an article (please consult www.elsevier.com/permissions) Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics (ISSN 0889-8545) is published quarterly by Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710 Months of issue are March, June, September, and December Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices Subscription price per year is $313.00 (US individuals), $652.00 (US institutions), $100.00 (US students), $393.00 (Canadian individuals), $823.00 (Canadian institutions), $225.00 (Canadian students), $459.00 (international individuals), $823.00 (international institutions), and $225.00 (international students) To receive student/resident rate, orders must be accompanied by name of affiliated institution, date of term, and the signature of program/residency coordinator on institution letterhead Orders will be billed at individual rate until proof of status is received Foreign air speed delivery is included in all Clinics subscription prices All prices are subject to change without notice POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, Elsevier Health Sciences Division, Subscription Customer Service, 3251 Riverport Lane, Maryland Heights, MO 63043 Customer Service: Telephone: 1-800-654-2452 (U.S and Canada); 314-447-8871 (outside U.S and Canada) Fax: 314-447-8029 E-mail: journalscustomerservice-usa@elsevier.com (for print support); journalsonlinesupport-usa@elsevier com (for online support) Reprints For copies of 100 or more of articles in this publication, please contact the Commercial Reprints Department, Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010-1710 Tel.: 212-633-3874; Fax: 212-633-3820; E-mail: reprints@elsevier.com Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America is also published in Spanish by McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores S.A., P.O Box 5-237, 06500, Mexico; in Portuguese by Reichmann and Affonso Editores, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and in Greek by Paschalidis Medical Publications, Athens, Greece Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America is covered in MEDLINE/PubMed (Index Medicus), Excerpta Medica, Current Concepts/Clinical Medicine, Science Citation Index, BIOSIS, CINAHL, and ISI/BIOMED Printed in the United States of America Medical Disorders in Pregnancy Contributors CONSULTING EDITOR WILLIAM F RAYBURN, MD, MBA Associate Dean, Continuing Medical Education and Professional Development, Distinguished Professor and Emeritus Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico EDITORS ERIKA PETERSON, MD Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Co-Director Fetal Concerns Center of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin JUDITH U HIBBARD, MD Professor Emeritus, Professor, Vice Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin AUTHORS KASSIE J BOLLIG, MD Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri JOAN BRILLER, MD Professor of Medicine, Director of the Heart Disease in Women Program, Division of Cardiology, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois SABRINA CRAIGO, MD Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts MEREDITH O CRUZ, MD, MPH, MBA Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin JEFFREY M DENNEY, MD, MS, FACOG Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina CARA D DOLIN, MD Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York iv Contributors JENNIFER E DOMINGUEZ, MD, MHS Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Women’s Anesthesia, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina MAURICE DRUZIN, MD Professor of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California MEGAN E FOELLER, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellow, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California TIMOTHY M FOELLER, MD Clinical Instructor, Internal Medicine, Stanford Health Care–Valleycare, Pleasanton, California KIMBERLY B FORTNER, MD Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee LORIE M HARPER, MD, MSCI Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Women and Infants Center, Birmingham, Alabama SARAH HARRIS, MS University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina JUDITH U HIBBARD, MD Professor Emeritus, Professor, Vice Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin DANIEL L JACKSON, MD, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri AMANDA J JOHNSON, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin CRESTA W JONES, MD Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota SARAH J KILPATRICK, MD, PhD Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California DIANA KOLETTIS, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellow, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts MICHELLE A KOMINIAREK, MD, MS Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois Contributors JUDETTE LOUIS, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, MFM Division Chief, Fellowship Director, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida ANNA MCCORMICK, DO Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin CLAUDIA NIEUWOUDT, MD Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee JOHN A OZIMEK, DO, MS Staff Physician I, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California ERIKA PETERSON, MD Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Co-Director Fetal Concerns Center of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin KRISTEN H QUINN, MD, MS, FACOG Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina CALLIE F REEDER, MD Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee LINDA STREET, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia RONAN SUGRUE, MD, MPH Clinical Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts AMELIA L.M SUTTON, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Women and Infants Center, Birmingham, Alabama GEETA K SWAMY, MD Senior Associate Dean Clinical Research, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director, Obstetrics Clinical Research, Duke University Medical System, Durham, North Carolina ALAN T.N TITA, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Women and Infants Center, Birmingham, Alabama v vi Contributors NEETA L VORA, MD Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina CHLOE ZERA, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Medical Disorders in Pregnancy Contents Foreword: Team-Based Care of Pregnant Women with Challenging Medical Disorders xiii William F Rayburn Preface: Medical Disorders in Pregnancy xv Erika Peterson and Judith U Hibbard Maternal Mortality in the Twenty-First Century 175 John A Ozimek and Sarah J Kilpatrick Maternal mortality plagues much of the world There were 303,000 maternal deaths in 2015 representing an overall global maternal mortality ratio of 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births In the United States, the maternal mortality ratio had been decreasing until 1987, remained stable until 1999, and then began to increase Racial disparities exist in the rates of maternal mortality in the United States, with maternal death affecting a higher proportion of black women compared with white women To reduce maternal mortality, national organizations in the United States have called for standardized review of cases of maternal morbidity and mortality Cancer in Pregnancy 187 Anna McCormick and Erika Peterson This article reviews some of the more common types of cancer that may be encountered during pregnancy It reviews the unique challenges with the diagnosis and treatment of breast, cervical, hematologic, and colon cancers in pregnant patients Opioid Use Disorders and Pregnancy 201 Amanda J Johnson and Cresta W Jones Opioid use disorder presents an increased risk of complications in pregnancy, particularly when untreated To optimize outcomes, medicationassisted treatment using methadone or buprenorphine as a part of a comprehensive care model is recommended Neonatal abstinence syndrome and poor fetal growth remain significant complications of this disorder despite maternal treatment Pregnancy in Women with Obesity Cara D Dolin and Michelle A Kominiarek Pregnancy in women with obesity is an important public health problem with short- and long-term implications for maternal and child health Obesity complicates almost all aspects of pregnancy Given the growing prevalence of obesity in women, obstetric providers need to understand the risks associated with obesity in pregnancy and the unique aspects of management for 217 viii Contents women with obesity Empathic and patient-centered care, along with knowledge, can optimize outcomes for women and children Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy 233 Jennifer E Dominguez, Linda Street, and Judette Louis The spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) ranges from mild snoring to obstructive sleep apnea, the most severe form of SDB Current recommendations are to treat these women with continuous positive airway pressure despite limited data SDB in early and mid pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes Pregnant women with a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea at delivery were at significantly increased risk of having cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and in-hospital death These effects were exacerbated in the presence of obesity Postpartum, these women are at risk for respiratory suppression and should be monitored Maternal Genetic Disorders in Pregnancy 249 Sarah Harris and Neeta L Vora The life expectancy and quality of life of women with genetic disorders continues to improve, resulting in more women reaching reproductive age and desiring fertility It is becoming increasingly important that obstetricians become familiar with common genetic disorders and their associated risks in pregnancy The authors review pregnancy in women with various genetic disorders, including review of pregnancy outcomes, management recommendations, and genetic risk assessment Most data on pregnancies in women with genetic conditions are based on case reports and literature reviews Additional studies, including pregnancy registries, are needed to improve our understanding and care of this patient population Maternal Congenital Heart Disease in Pregnancy 267 Megan E Foeller, Timothy M Foeller, and Maurice Druzin Congenital heart disease comprises most maternal cardiac diseases in pregnancy and is an important cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide Pregnancy is often considered a highrisk state for individuals with structural heart disease as a consequence of a limited ability to adapt to the major hemodynamic changes associated with pregnancy Preconception counseling and evaluation are of utmost importance, as pregnancy is contraindicated in certain cardiac conditions Pregnancy can be safely accomplished in most individuals with careful risk assessment before conception and multidisciplinary care throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period New Insights in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Meredith O Cruz, Joan Briller, and Judith U Hibbard Significant progress in understanding the pathophysiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy, especially hormonal and genetic mechanisms, has been made Specific criteria should be used for diagnosis, but the disease 281 Contents remains a diagnosis of exclusion Both long-term and recurrent pregnancy prognoses depend on recovery of cardiac function Data from large registries and randomized controlled trials of evidence-based therapeutics hold promise for future improved clinical outcomes Gestational Diabetes: Underpinning Principles, Surveillance, and Management 299 Jeffrey M Denney and Kristen H Quinn Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia with onset during pregnancy This article provides clinicians with a working framework to minimize maternal and neonatal morbidity Landmark historical and recent data are reviewed and presented to provide clinicians with a quick, easy reference for recognition and management of GDM Data presented tie in insights with underlying pathophysiologic processes leading to GDM Screening and diagnostic thresholds are discussed along with management upon diagnosis Good clinical practice regarding screening, diagnosis, and management of GDM effectively reduces risk and improves outcomes of women and fetuses in affected pregnancies Pregestational Diabetes in Pregnancy 315 Ronan Sugrue and Chloe Zera Diabetes is a common chronic condition in women of reproductive age Preconception care is crucial to reducing the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, such as hypertensive disorders, abnormal fetal growth, traumatic delivery, and stillbirth, associated with poor glycemic control Insulin is the preferred medication to optimize glucose control in women with pregestational diabetes Frequent dose adjustments are needed during pregnancy to achieve glycemic goals, and team-based multidisciplinary care may help Postpartum care should include lactation support, counseling on contraceptive options, and transition to primary care Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy 333 Amelia L.M Sutton, Lorie M Harper, and Alan T.N Tita Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a heterogeneous group of conditions that include chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension These disorders account for a significant proportion of perinatal morbidity and mortality and nearly 10% of all maternal deaths in the United States Given the substantial health burden of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, there is increasing interest in optimizing management of these conditions This article summarizes the diagnosis and management of each of the disorders in the spectrum of hypertension in pregnancy and highlights recent updates in the field Seizures in Pregnancy Kassie J Bollig and Daniel L Jackson Seizures are among the most serious neurologic complications encountered in pregnancy This article provides a foundation for the initial 349 ix ... Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 45 (2 018 ) 17 5? ?18 6 https://doi.org /10 .10 16/j.ogc.2 018 . 01. 004 0889-8545 /18 /ª 2 018 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved obgyn.theclinics.com 17 6 Ozimek & Kilpatrick boards took... School of Medicine MSC10 5580 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 8 713 1-00 01, USA E-mail address: wrayburn@salud.unm.edu Medical Disorders in Pregnancy Preface Medical Disorders in Pregnancy... 10 0 or more of articles in this publication, please contact the Commercial Reprints Department, Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10 010 -17 10 Tel.: 212 -633-3874; Fax: 212 -633-3820;