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KY YEU "CAC B£ TAl NGHIEN CUU KHDA HOC CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002 2006° BE TAI N G H I E N CLFU, X A Y D U N G H E T H O N G T H O N G T I N P H U C V U Q U A N L Y M O I[.]
KY YEU "CAC B£ TAl NGHIEN CUU BE TAI: KHDA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006° N G H I E N CLFU, X A Y D U N G H E T H O N G T H O N G T I N P H U C V U QUAN LY MOI TRUONG LUU VUC SONG Ca quan chu tri: Cue Bao ve moi trudng C h u n h i e m de t a i : TS Hoang Duong Tung - Cue Bao ve mdi trudng C a n bp t h a m gia nghien curu : GS.TS Tran Hieu Nhue PGS TS Trinh Thi Thanh KS Nguyin Van Thuy CN Nguyin Nguyet anh ThS Le Minh Toan KS Hda Chien Thing ThS Luong Hoang Tung ThS Le Hai Ha Dai hoc X&y dung Ha Ndi Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi uudng Cue Bao ve mdi Uudng Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha npi Muc tieu cua de tai: Lua chon cac chi tieu phuc vu quan l y , giam sat hien trang m o i trucmg luu vuc song; Nghien cuu, xay dung khung he thong thong tin phuc vu quan l y m o i trucmg cac luu vuc song (chon luu vuc song Nhud-Day lam t h i diem) Noi dung nghien curu bao gom: - Nghien cuu va tong hop nhung van de co ban cua quan l y m o i trudng luu vuc song - Khao sat, danh gia va xac dinh cac nhu cdu chinh ve thong t i n , d u lieu quan ly moi trudng luu vuc song - Lua chon cac chi tieu phuc vu quan l y m o i trudng luu vuc song - Nghien cuu, thiet ke khung he thdng thong tin quan l y m d i trudng luu vuc sdng Nhue - Day - Thiet ke cau true co sd d u lieu cua he thdng thdng t i n - De xuat co che va quy trinh thu thap thdng t i n cho he thd'ng thdng t i n Tom tat ket qua nghien cdu: Bao cao kd't qua nghien cuu de tai dupe trinh bay theo chuang va 20 van lieu tham khao CHUONG I: DAT VAN Dc I.l.GIOI THIEU CHUNG Viet Nam cd he thd'ng sdng ngoi day dac vdi luu vuc sdng (LVS) ldn Trong nhung nam gan day, dudi tac dpng cua cac yd'u to t u nhien va hoat dpng cua ngudi, mdi trudng d mdt so L V S nude ta da sinh hang loat cac van de d nhidm, dac biet la d nhidm ngudn nude Cho den nay, tai Viet N a m chua cd to chdc chuydn trach nao quan l y 581 KY YEU 'CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 m o i trucmg cap dp l u u vuc, phuong phap tiep can nham bao ve m o i trudng L V S chua dupe xac dinh r5 rang, he thong chinh sach, van ban quy pham phap luat lien quan den bao ve m o i trucmg L V S thieu va chua ddng bp, nguon k i n h p h i dam bao cho cac hoat dpng bao ve m o i trucmg L V S chua dap ung dupe yeu cau thuc te; chua co he thong du lieu - thong tin phuc vu quan l y m o i trucmg L V S 1.2 LOI ICH CUA QUAN LY LUU VUC SONG Cac chuong trinh quan l y tong hop L V S co the tac dpng toan dien den cac mat kinh te, xa hpi va dem lai nhieu l p i ich cho luu vuc nhu: ca'p nude, k i e m soat l u , k i e m soat boi lang, giao thong thuy, phat trien k i n h te vdi cac cong trinh thuy dien-thuy l p i , bao ton sinh canh, giai tri-du lich Cac co quan co vai tro khac thi cung co muc dich khac lien quan den tai nguyen nude Do vay, hiem k h i co the thoa man dupe l p i ich cua tat ca cac ben lien quan Trudc thuc trang phdc tap va cap thiet cua viec quan l y m d i trudng L V S , cac nude tren the gidi thudng su dung phuong phap quan l y thdng nha't va tong hop de tiep can van de Phuong phap da dupe dng dung cong tai nhieu nude phat tridn va dang phat trien viec giai quyet nhung va'n de m o i trudng ldn tai cac L V S V d i phuong phap nay, He t h d n g t h o n g t i n ( H T T T ) ve m o i t r u d n g L V S la nhan to rat quan trpng va can thiet cho m p i tac nghiep co lien quan CHUONG II: NHLJMG VAN BE CO BAN CUA QUAN LY MOI TRUCJNG LUU V U C S O N G I I V A I TRO CUA CAC L U U VUC SONG Cac luu vuc song thudng co dieu kien t u nhien, m o i trudng phong phu, da dang, co vi the dac biet quan trpng chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cua dat nude Trong nhung nam qua, d tat ca cac luu vuc song da didn qua trinh phat trien nhieu nganh kinh te dua tren viec su dung ngudn nude cua luu vuc nhu thuy didn, giao thdng, du lich, nudi trdng thuy san, tudi tieu, cap nude sinh hoat va san xuat D o n g thdi, vdi uu the dia l y thuan l p i , luu vuc ciing la noi phat trien manh me cac khu dd t h i , k h u dan cu, khu cdng nghiep va cac lang nghd II.2 QUAN LY TONG HOP LUU VUC SONG Cd nhieu each dinh nghia ve quan l y L V S , nhung cung cd thd hidu day la mdt khai niem rdng gan vdi ke hoach, chinh sach va hoat dpng nham k i d m soat ngudn nude, tai nguyen va mPi trudng ciing nhu cac qua trinh lien quan m p t l u u vuc nha't dinh Tuy nhien, each tiep can cd mdt so didm chung la: * Nham muc dich hai hoa cac muc tieu cua cac co quan dia phuong va Trung uong luu vuc, giup hp cd dupe chien lupc quan l y hop l y * Qua trinh quyet dinh thudng cd gang bao ham ddy du cac linh vuc lien quan va su dung k y nang " t i m tieng ndi chung" dd xay dung dupe ke hoach dap dng yeu cau cua cac ben lien quan * Su dung thdng t i n khoa hoc va logic dd phan tich cac yd'u to anh hudng dd'n he sinh thai thuy sinh, he sinh thai tren can, sdc khoe ngudi, va cdc didu kien kinh te luu vuc 582 KY YEU -CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" * Su dung cac bien phap tai chinh phu hop de chi phi dugc phan bo cho cac du an tuong ung vdi l a i ich thu dugc cua chung * C d gang tao khung thoa thuan lien nganh nham dam bao cac ke hoach se dugc thuc hien dua vao each tiep can va mong mudn cua cac ben lien quan chu khdng phai dua vao cac luat le hay quy dinh * Xay dung cac bien phap va tieu chudn rd rang dd k i e m tra va danh gia hieu qua cua vide quan l y L V S II.3 QUAN LY MOI TRUONG LUU VUC SONG Cac ndi dung chinh cua quan l y m d i trudng l u u vuc sdng: - Xay dung co che, chinh sach, td chdc quan l y tdng hgp va B V M T L V S - Quy hoach m d i trudng - Khai thac, sd dung hop l y va bao ve cac he sinh thai K h a i thac, su dung hgp l y va bao ve cac phan tai nguyen va m d i trudng cua L V S - Ngan ngda, k i d m soat va x d l y d nhidm, suy thoai ngudn nude - Xay dung he thd'ng quan trdc, giam sat m d i trudng - Xay dung he thd'ng thdng t i n d u lieu phuc vu quan l y va B V M T L V S - Nghien cuu, dp dung khoa hoc k y thuat - Dau tu cho B V M T L V S - Nang cao nhan thdc ve B V M T L V S - Tang cudng hgp tac qudc te 11.4 KINH NGHIEM TREN THE GlQl VE QUAN LY MOI TRUONG LUU VUC SONG M y , dd quan l y cha't lugng nude sdng (luv vuc song Minnesota) cac nha quan l y cho rdng: van dd d nhidm nude cua l u u vuc sdng Minnesota khdng thd giai quyet triet dd neu chi quan tam den viec k i d m soat ngudn thai tap trung ma bd qua ngudn thai phan tdn Tai Brazil, dd phuc hdi chat lugng nude Sdng Tiete, thang 9/1991 chinh phu Brazil da tridn khai D u an nham lam sach sdng, hd chda l u u vuc sdng M d t nhung nhiem vu quan la k i d m soat phat thai t d hoat ddng cdng nghidp Tai Trung Qudc, vai nam t r d lai day, cang cd nhidu da'u hidu cho thdy su khdng ben vung su dung tai nguyen nude va cdc he sinh thai tai cac luu vuc sdng Nhan thdc dugc van dd nay, Uy ban H g p tac Qudc te ve M d i trudng va Phat tridn Trung Qudc (CCICED) da dd xudt ap dung quan l y tdng hop luu vuc sdng tai Trung Qudc dua tren each tiep can hd sinh thai II.5 HIEN TRANG CONG TAC QUAN LY MOI TRUONG LUU VUC SONG NUOC TA The che chinh sach Hidn da cd nhieu cdc van ban, quy dinh, quy trinh lien quan la nhung cdng cu phap ly rat quan va cdn thiet, la co sd dd cac ca'p, cac nganh va tung dia phuong tridn khai cac nhiem vu bao ve m d i trudng pham v i chuydn m d n va dia ban cua minh T u y nhien, thuc te la nhung van ban quy pham phap ludt vd bao ve m d i trudng hidn vdn thieu, chua ddng bd va tham c h i chua phu hop v d i dieu kien thuc te, dac biet cac van ban cd lien quan dd'n bao ve m d i trudng l u u vuc sdng 583 KY YEU "CAC B£ TAI NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 To chdc quan ly Chua co mot chien luge tong the hay mot ke hoach hanh dong chung cho nganh nude, ca d cap qudc gia va cap luu vuc song Thieu su thdng nha't va phan cong trach nhiem ro rang giua cac co quan quan l y : cap Trung uong va dia phuong Nghien cuu, diiu tra Cong tac dieu tra, nghien cuu, danh gia ve m d i trudng luu vuc sdng dugc thuc hien rieng le theo he thd'ng quan l y hanh chinh cua nha nude da gay nen su chdng cheo giua cac co quan, giua trung uong va dia phuong Giao due nang cao nhan thdc Thuc te cho tha'y, y thdc ve bao ve m d i trudng, bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien chua dugc quan tam dung muc khdng chi ddi vdi dai bd phan dan c u viing ma cac ca'p chinh quyen dia phuang, ca lanh dao cac nganh cung chua thuc su quan triet day du Thong tin dulieu Chua xay dung dugc ca sd du lieu, he thd'ng thdng tin m d i trudng l u u vuc lam ca sd xay dung va hoach dinh cac chinh sach bao vd m d i trudng cung n h u d u bao didn bien cha't lugng m d i trudng va de xua't cac giai phap k y thuat, quan l y nham khac phuc cac van 6i mdi trudng sinh; chua chia se dugc thdng tin giua cac cap cung nhu chua cung cap thdng tin mdt each thudng xuyen, lien tuc dd'n vdi cdng ddng CHlfONG III: KHAO SAT VA XAC DINH CAC YEU CAU CHINH VE THONG TIN, DQ LIEU T R O N G Q U A N LY MOI T R U I N G L U U V U G S O N G III VAI TRO CUA THONG TIN, DLT LIEU TRONG QUAN LY MOI TRUONG LUU VUC SONG Trong dieu kien cu thd d nude ta, nhidm vu trudc mat cua thdng tin phuc vu quan ly mdi trudng la cung ca'p dugc cho can bd lanh dao cac cap nhung thdng t i n can thiet vd mdi trudng mdt each k i p thdi, chinh xac va nha't quan ca nude, ddng thdi nghien cdu kha nang x u l y , phan tich du lieu nham dua cac danh gia, d u bao; cac kien nghi kip thdi ve bao ve m d i trudng Nhung d u lidu dua vao dd x u l y cd rat nhidu du lieu bien d o i tdc thdi D o dd, viec cap nhat he thd'ng tin tuc td co sd la khdng thd thieu dugc quan l y luu vuc sdng Vide giam sat, danh gia va bao dam cha't lugng cua cac thdng t i n , d u lidu phai dugc tri ben vung ve mat thd che Vide tiep can cac thdng t i n ro rang, m i n h bach va t i n cay III.2 CAC N H U C A U T H O N G T I N , D L I E U TRONG Q U A N L Y M O I TRUONG LUU VUC SONG Dd phuc vu cdng tac quan l y m d i trudng L V S can ndm cac thdng t i n : - Thdng t i n ve cac didu kien t u nhien va k i n h te xa hdi - Thdng tin ve cac nguyen nhan true tiep gay ap luc ldn cac nhan t d m d i trudng - Thdng t i n ve thuc trang va x u the didn bidn m d i trudng Thdng tin ve nhung anh hudng - Thdng t i n ve each ung x u ciia ngudi vdi m d i trudng 584 KY YEU "CAC S£ TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" III.3 DANH GIA HIEN TRANG CAC SO LIEU, THONG TIN QUAN LY MOI TRUONG LUU VUC SONG NUOC T A Qua phan tich tinh hinh thu thap va x u l y thong t i n tai cac co quan, cac Bo/nganh va cac dia phuang co thd rut dac diem cua cong tac thong t i n m o i trudng hien co la: - Pham v i bao quat cua thong t i n chi han che mot vai kieu d u lieu, hay i l n h vuc, chi thi dac trung - Co che thu thap thong t i n rat khac Cong tac xay dung he thdng thong t i n h6 trp quyet dinh hau nhu chua dupe dat nhu la mpt nhiem v u thuc su, hoac neu co t h i mdi chi dap dng d mdc dp han che - Thieu su lien ket trao ddi thong t i n m o i trudng giua cac co quan chua co mpt co che phu hop - Hieu qua phuc vu thudng chi dung d mdc dap dng cong viec trudc mdt, chua dat mdc phan tich, danh gia, d u bao - Cong nghe GIS chu yeu m d i dupe dp dung mpt sd nganh nhu ndng, lam nghiep, dia chdt, chi co mpt sd dia phuang xay dung dupe dinh hudng cu thd su dung cPng nghe GIS viec xdy dung ca sd du lieu m o i trudng * Hien trang sd lieu: Cac sd lieu thdng tin hidn cdn thieu vd khdng dupe cap nhat thudng xuyen, dac biet la cac thdng tin lien quan ve dieu kien t u nhien va k i n h te xa hdi Thieu lien ket, phoi hop va chia se thdng t i n giua cdc co quan ddng quan l y , giua cac dia phuong 111.4 K H A O SAT, D A N H GIA N H U C A U THONG T I N DU"LIEU TRONG Q U A N L Y M O I TRUONG LUU VUC SONG N H U E - D A Y Hien sdng Nhue - sdng Day dang chiu dp luc manh me cua su gia tang dan sd, qua trinh dd thi hoa qua nhanh, cac hoat ddng K T - X H , dac biet la cua cac khu cdng nghiep, khu khai thac va che bien Trong hoat dpng quan l y m d i trudng L V S Nhud-Day bpc IP mdt sd vdn dd: - Thd che, chinh sach quan l y luu vuc sdng Nhue - Day la nen tang cho cac hoat ddng B V M T cdn yd'u va thieu so v d i ddi hdi cua dieu kidn thuc te - Thieu su quan l y thd'ng nha't va tdng hop vd mat hanh chinh, nhidu Bp/ nganh hien dang cung tham gia B V M T L V S Nhud-Day nhung trach nhiem chong cheo lam kem hidu qua va giam tinh hidu luc quan l y - Trach nhidm va quyen han cua Ban quan l y tdng hop m d i trudng L V S Nhud-Day chua dap dng v d i yeu cdu thuc te - Phuang phap tiep can hanh dpng nham B V M T L V S Nhud-Day la quan l y tdng hop tai nguyen nude chua dupe xac dinh ro rang - Chat lupng nude sdng Nhud-Day dang bi d nhidm va suy thoai cue bp IIL4.1 Nhu cau ve thdng tin sd lieu phuc vu quan ly mdi trudng luu vuc song Nhue - Day Dieu kien tir nhien: He thd'ng sdng va che dp ddng chay; Dac didm dia cha't thuy van; Dac didm k h i hau; Dac didm dia chat 585 KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 Dieu kien kinh te- xa hpi: Dac diem kinh te; Hoat dpng cong nghiep; He thong cac lang nghe liru vuc; Cac hoat dpng xay dung co so tang nhu; T i n h hinh xa hpi pham v i luu vuc; Cac thdng tin so lieu moi trudng: M a n g ludi quan trdc; Cac so' lieu quan trdc; Dien bien chat lupng m o i trudng; Thong t i n ve cac vdn de m o i trudng hoac cdc hien tupng thien tai bat thudng: chay rdng, sat l d , l u quet, tran ddu hoac hod chdt Cac chinh sach va van ban quy pham phap luM; Cac de tai nghien cdu, de an HL4.2 Hien trang thong tin dd lieu tai nguyen thien nhien va moi trudng luu vuc song Nhue - Day Hien nay, thong t i n , so lieu ve tai nguyen thien nhien vd m o i trudng luu vuc song Nhue - Day ndm rai rac d nhieu cac co quan trung uong, dia phuang vd cdc vien nghien cdu - Cap Trung uong: Bp T N & M T ; Bp N N & P T N N ; Bp Cong nghiep; Bp Xay dung; Tong cue Thdng ke - Ca'p dia phuang: cdc Sd ban nganh cua dia phuang Thong tin d u lieu m o i trudng L V S co d cac ca quan nghien cuu, trudng dai hoc, du an HL4.3 Danh gia ve hien trang thong tin so lieu phuc vu quan ly moi trudng luu vuc song Nhue - Day Cac thong tin sd lieu ve tai nguyen va m o i trudng L V S Nhud-Day tuong ddi phong phii va da dang cdc co quan quan l y , cdc co quan nghien cuu thupc cac Bp, nganh, cac vien nghien cuu, trudng dai hoc thu thap, xay dung va quan l y Tuy nhien, sd lieu ve tai nguyen m d i trudng L V S dupe nghien cuu, thu thap d nhieu thdi diem khac nhau, cho nhung muc tieu khac nen ddi k h i cd su thieu nhat quan va tinh he thdng Trong cdng tac dac, quan trdc thuy van, quan trdc m d i trudng m d i chi tie'n hanh cd he thd'ng tren cdc sdng chinh; mang ludi nghien cuu, danh gia, quan trdc thua, mdt so sdng khdng cd so lieu quan trdc he thd'ng, chat l u p n g d u l i e u chua cao CHUONG IV: LUA CHON CAC CHI THI PHUC VU QUAN LY MOI TRUCJNG LUU V U C S O N G (LAY LVS N H U E - D A Y L A M T H I D I E M ) IV.l DINH NGHIA, PHAN LOAI VA QUY TRINH XAY DUNG CAC CHi THI M O I TRUONG IV.1.1 Dinh nghia: "la thudc dd tong hop cac thdng tin phu hop lien quan den mdt hien nhat dinh, hay mdt yeu to'thay 586 the hop ly cho thudc do" tupng KY YEU "CAC OE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006• IV.1.2 K h u o n mau chi t h i A Chi so MLfc