VIEN DIA LY VIEN KHOCN VIET KAM KOI DIA LY VTET NAM BAN YE T 41 NGUYEN VI THE CUA DOT BO B \C BO V 4 BAC TRUNG BO Ld Dire An SUiMMARY Discussing about positional resources ofBacbo & Bac Truugbo coasta[.]
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET KAM KOI DIA LY VTET NAM BAN YE T.41 NGUYEN VI THE CUA DOT BO B.\C BO V.4 BAC TRUNG BO Ld Dire An SUiMMARY Discussing about positional resources ofBacbo & Bac Truugbo coastal zone Positional resources is understood us benefits or vuliies thut u terriloiy could exploit for humun needs, tliunks lo the advunlage cf its geogruphicul position These benefits ure in different clomuins: economy, culture, society, militury, politics, und internutionul prestige The udvuiiluge of space position of Bcicbo & Buc Trungho coastal zone includes: diversity of nulurul condition, abimdunce of resources, favourable conditions for exploilion sea resources, for development if varied service economy The gcUeway position for Laos, North-East Thailand, South China is the good opportunity for eco-sociul development of this coastal ureu, but the iinporknit henefls are in the f-onl Coastal islands huve an imporlcml role in border delerininaiion in Bacbo gulf in enlargement of the internal water areus and exclusive eonomic zone, in national defence, unci murine resources and environmenl proteclion I MO DAU Vi thd vd lui nguyen vi thd Id miit khdi niem luong ddi imVi me vd h'[en clura cd mdt djnh ngliTa nao rd rdng vd day du dirge cdng nhdn rdng rdi: cdc cum tir hdu nlur chua xudt hien edc tu di(;ii Chinh vi vdv' cdc ndi dung nghi(=:n ciru vs y\ tin; vd tdi nguyen vj [he a giai doan hien van cdn mang tinh thir nghiem, niur Id cdc de xudt cdn dugc thao kudn rdng rai Bdi so' bd nen len mdt sd khai niijm cd lien quan vd qua dd de cap budc ddu ve nhung ddc dii§m chinh cua tai nguyen vj the ( I N V i ) ddi bd Bde B(3 vd Bdc Trung Bd (BB&BTB) Ddi bd dugc hieu Id mdt khdng gian rlidng nhdl gdm dai ven bien va vimg bien ndng ven bd (coastal 2one)[6], bao gdm ca he tlidiig dao ven bd Theo truyen thdng d Viet Nam ddi ven bien Idy theo cdc liiiven thi xd thdnh phd gidp biiin, thu'dng cd cbicu rdng khodng 20-40km tinh tir b(V blcn iro' vdo, Ddi bd BB&BTB kcio ddi tren I 100km theo dudng bd, tir Qudng Ninh den het Flura lliienHul, II VE MQT SO KHAI NIEM CO LIEN QU-\N Llien cae tdi hcu tieng Vii^t da xudt ban de Ccdp true tiep d£n khai nkiii i,/ the va tdi nguyen v/ the cdn dura nhieu [1.2.6.1 1.12] Nguyen Chu Hdi quan mem: "">, j ihe Id nhfrng Igi the so sdnh v(§ phuong di(pn dja ly khd nang khai thdc cdc gia ui |}hi \at chat va Vcdt chat eiia mdt Idnh thd nhat djnIC [6] Cdn [1 1] cho rang vi the cla dirge thira nhcdn Id mdt dcang tdi nguyen, vd xdc djnh: ""tdi nguyen vj the Id nhfrng gid trj vd lgi ich CO dugc lu vj tri dja ly \'d cdc lluige tinb \e can tnie, hinh the son vdn vd canh quan, ' ) 'ten Diu iv Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn th& - Hd Ndi, 2010 1007 VIEN DIA LY VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIEThtAM sinh thdi cua mdt khdng gian, cd the su dung cho cac muc dich phdt Irien kinh tl- xa h(5i dam bao an ninh- quoc phdng vd chu quyen qudc gia" Ddng thdi ciing xac djnh TNVT dugc ddnh gid theo lieu chi Id gid trj ve vi the dia tu nhien vj thi: dia kinh td vd aid trj vl \ j thi dia chinh tri Trin Dire Thanh cho rang "TNVT bien dugc hieu Id lgi ich cd dugc tir mdt khu vuc, nndt nai d bien hoac ven bien, dugc dat mdi quan he khdng gian ciia khu vuc iy, noi iy'"; vd xdc djnh "TNVT viing bien vd ven bd Viet Nam Id cac thuy he hoac dja he vdi cd ba hgp phan nen dat (hoac ddy), nude vd khdng khi, ndm trons pham \ i cbii quyIn Qudc gia bao gdm cae vimg bd, cdc ddo, cdc thii} virc ven bd \d cdc \iing nude ngodi khai" [12], Chimg tdi hieu TNVT cua he thdng dao ven bd Viet Nam bao gdm nhung lgi ich cd dugc tii' v; tri khong gian eiia edc dao, cum dao, cung nhu cdch sdp xip, phdn bo va tir gia trj hinh the va quy md ciia chung [1 ] Cling cin neu mdt dilu Id danh tu TNVT chua cd mot tu thdng nhcdt tuong duong bdng tilna Anh, cd tdc gid dich Id space resources [12], cdn chimg tdi da dich la positional resources [1,2] Trong mot van lieu eiia Uy ban Chau Au trinh Nghj vien Chdu Au [5] da xdc djnh tdi nguyen thien nhien cd loai: a/ nguyen lieu (nhu: khodng vat sinh khoi): b/ chat lieu mdi trudng (nlur: khdng khi, nude, ddt); e/ tdi nguyen ddng (nhu: gid dja nbiiJl, tluiy trieu vd ndng lugng mat ti'di); va d/ kkdng gian (space), dugc U\ ban coi Id hiien nhien vi Id noi Iri hay san xudl loai tdi nguyen neu tren: nlur su dung ddt cho djnh cu, co sd hii tang, cho cdng nghiep, khai khodng vd ndng Idm nghiep Nhir vcdy khdng giun d ddy (space) hodn loan kbdng cd no'\ dung ndi ve TNVT, \d do theo quan niem ciia Uy ban Chdu Au thi tai nguyen thicn nhien khdng bao hdm ndi dung TNVT Cdn tdi nguyi^n khdng gian hay khdng trung (space resources) thudng dugc hieu bode Id ngudn tdi lieu dimg de gidi thieu hay gidng day vc khdng gian hoac Id cdc dang tdi nguyen phdn bd khdng trung ma ngu'cii cd the phdi khai tbdc tuong lai Cdn khdi ni(;m TNVT (positional resources) lai thudng dimg vdi nghia Id nhfrng lgi the vi tri tirong quan xd hgi, de ddi ung vdi khdi niem ve tdi ngu}en cd nhdn (personal resources, nhu kien thirc, kinh nghiem): hai ngudi cd tdi iigu}en cd nhdn nlur nhau, niurng Idm \ iec d cdc ca quan, doanh nghiep cap bac, ldn nhd kbdc nh, u se cd TNVT kbdc [10] Chimg tdi de nghj md rdng khai niem kNVT nd} tir lanh vuc xa hdi sang lanh vuc tu nhien, tire la ndi ve nhung lgi the vi iri lirong quun Irong khdng giun cua mdt Idnh thd, mdt vimg dat ndo dd Theo cluing tdi vj thi: cd ihe trd thdnh, nhung khdng phdi ludn Id tdi nguyen Vi thd ndi Ic-ii /(// the so sdnh \c vj tri dja ly ciia mdt lanh thd ndo dd, dd bao hdm ed nhung ihdch thirc ma lanh thd dd phdi duong ddu ve kinh tl, hoac chinh trj, bode cd hai Cdn TNVT Id nhirng lgi ich liogc gid Iri md mdl Idnh thd cd the khui thuc dugc de phuc vu xd hdi nhd lgi the ve vi tri diu ly cua minh, bao gdm lgi ich ve kinh te ve ddt dui vd vdn hda chinh Iri quun sir vd uy lin qudc le Trong Irudng hgp ndy gia trj ciia nhfrng tdi nguyen vdn cd ciia lanh thd dd (nhu khodng sdn, cdnh quan, cac he sinh thdi, ) cd Ihe dugc tdng len, vd sir gia tang gia trj dd Id thugc vl TNVT.Tir quan niem nhu Vcdy cd thi cd ddi chiit kbdc biet so \di cdc quan dicm neu triin: - I / ihe chi trd thdnh mdl dcang ciia tdi ngu}cn ngudi nbdn biel dugc lgi the cua nd \ d cd gidi phdp biln cdc Igi thi ibdnh cdc Igi ich phuc \'ii ngirdi (nlur qu} hoach Id chirc khdng gian) 1008 Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn th&S-Hd Ngi 2010 VIEN BIA hit • VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY ^/lET NAM - Bdn ihdn ede thuy he hoac cdc diet he khdng phdi Id TNVT; TNVT chi cd dugc tir cdc khdng gian (lanh thd) dd neu nlur chimg cd mdl lgi the ve vj tri dia ly, vd lgi the dugc nhdn biel de dugc khai thdc llidnli cdc lgi ich - Tdi nguyen vdn ed ciia mdl lanh thd (nlur he sinh thdi rirng nhiiSt ddi tren ddo, be sinh thdi san hd tluiy vuc ven biV) ciing khdng phdi la TNVT Khi lanh thd (dcio, thuy vuc) nhd uu the vi Iri khdng gian eiia minh dugc su dung, thi du cho phdt Iriiin du Ijch sinh ihdi, ihi nhfrng tdi nguyen vdn ed dd se cd tdc dung Idm tdng gid trj TNV r cua nai Hoac cimg nhd uu the vj tri lien lieu ciia minh, lanh thd dd dugc su dung cho qudc phdng, thi nhfrng Idi nguyen vdn cd eiia nd cung si; cd the cd tdc dung tich cue, niurng d mdt hinh tbiic khde, ddi vdi TNVT ciia vimg - Khi ndi vc TNVT bien Vict Nam, chimg tdi nghi ring trudc bet cin phdn tich dugc nhfrng uu the ve vj tri khdng gian eua Bien Ddng vd vj tri tuong quan ciia nd khu vuc, va tiep den Id nluing Igi ich cdc uu the dd cd the mang kai cho Viet Nam, vd cudi cung Id edc de xudt di5 cd the bien edc Igi ich dd thdnh hien tlurc - Theo chimg tdi TNVT khdng thugc vc mdt nhdm tdi nguyen ndo, nd dung d(3e lap vd ngang bang vdi tdi nguyen ihien nhien vd tdi nguyen nhdn van Cdn mdl khdi niem kbdc ciing cd lien quan vdi TNVT: dia chinh tri vu diu kinh le; mdi lien quan giua cdc khai niem dd dugc the hien d chd, TNVT Id mdt yen td quan Irgng, nhung khdng phdi la tdi cd, hinh thdnh tdi nguyen dja chinh trj ciia mdl lanh thd Nhieu nbd phdn lieh dja chinli trj deu cho rang, khdi niem truyen thdng ve dja chinh trj nhu la tdc ddng ciia cdc yeu td dja ly den dudng Idi chinh trj, ngdy khdng cdn thich hgp Dd phai la mdt khdi nif;m ddng bdi cdnh day bien ddng vd loan can hda hien [3,7,9,Wikipedia] Cdn Bdcli khoa thu My theo truyen thdng van coi rang dja chinh trj nghiiSn cuu cdc khia canh dja ly eiia cdc bien tugng chinh trj, nhdn nicanb den nhfrng tdc ddng khdcb quan vd chii quan ciia cdc nhdn td dja ly tir nhien hay nhdn van len ddi sdng chinh trj [4] Trong phan tich idi nguyen dja chinh trj ciia Vict Nam, tdc gid [7] da dan gidi tir nhfrng lgi the ve vj tri dja ly ciia ViiSt Nam (nhu nam true Id xuong sdng ciia kinh tc khu vuc, d vi tri bdn le ciia bien va luc dja, d lain hinh hgc ciia Ddng Nam Chdu A), dc lien tdi khd ndng khai tbdc cdc lgi ich chirc ndng Idm "cira ngd" cho ndi dia Chau A vd lam "ddu can" cho giao thuang tren Bien Ddng Theo chimg Idi, dd hodn todn la mdt phan tich vc TNVT, chi cd dieu cum lir dd chua dugc sir dimg Nhu vay cd the nghT rang, TNVT - ve lu ngfr cd the Id mdi, nhirng ve ndi dung thi khdng phai hodn todn Id mdi, ma da dugc sir dung tdt ca cdc ddnh gid ve dja chinh trj, cd the nbieu it khde Mdi quan be gifra TNVT vdi dja chinh trj theo cluing tdi cd the so' bd tdm tat Hinh I Qua dd mdt cdch khdi qudt ta thdy TNVT la ket qua ciia lgi tlie ve vi tri dja ly ciing vdi kha nang khai thdc bien ede lgi the dd Ihanh cae lgi ich da dang; ddng thdi TNVT cung vdi bdi cdnh chinh tri - kinh te qudc gia, qudc te cd the trd tai nguyen dja chinh trj ciia mdt kdnh thd, mdt qudc gia in KIL\I QUAT VE DOI BO BB&BTB VA NHUNG LOI THE VE VI TRI DL4 LY Ddi bd BB&BTB thugc ve 11 tinh vd thdnh phd, vdi dien tich 21.751km2 va dan so 8.287.735 ngiriTi, chicm 34% ve dien tich vd 47% ve dan sd ciia cd 11 tinh vd thdnh phd dd (Bdng 1) Hgi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn th&S - Hd Ngi, 2010 1009 HOI D | A LY VIET NAM VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM Iftnh Oiian he giua TNVT vd dia chinh tri Lgi the ve vi tri dia I'v + TNVT Qudng Ninh Hai Phong Thai Binh Nam Dinh (khong ke dien tich mat hien) Dai ven bien va cac dao ven bd Todn tinh CO ddi bd Kha nang khai thac lai ich Boi cdnh chinh tri - kinh te Bdng Dien tich vd ddn so dd'l bd BB&BTB Cac tinh + Dien tich* (km-) Dan so** (ngudi) So don vj hanh chinh Dien tich (km-) Dan so (ngudi) Chieu ddi bd (km) 6.099 1.144.302 2Tp ITx 7H 4.356 828.902 250 1.522 1.837.302 7Q,4H 871 1.089.055 125 1.559 1.780.954 2H 488 459.897 52 1.652 1.825.771 3H 720 648.352 72 Ninh Binh 1.389 898.459 IH 207 172.399 18 Thanh Hod 11.135 3.400.239 lTp,lTx,5H 1.277 1.233.920 102 Nghe An 16.499 2.913.055 lTp,lTx,3H 1.383 1.107.470 82 Ha TTnh 6.026 1.227.554 lTp,lTx,5H 2.806 696.730 137 8.065 846.924 lTp,4H 5.492 760.070 116 4.744 597.985 lTp,lTx,5H 2.025 466.180 75 Thira Thien-Hue 5.065 1.087.579 lTp,4H 2.124 824.760 118 Cgng 63.755 17.560.203 STp,5Tx,7Q,43H 21.751 8.287.735 I.I47 Qudng Binh Quang Tri Ghi chu: * Dien tich theo NGTK 2008 fl3]: ** Ddn sd theo sd lieu 1-4-2009; Tp - pho; Tx thi xa: Q - quan; H - huyen Nhirng tinh cd ty le ldn dan sd sdng d ddi bd lan Iugt la: Quang Binh-89,7%; Quang Ti-i-78%; Thira Thien-Hul-75,8%; Quang Ninh-72,4%; Hai Phdng-59,2%; Ha TTnh-56,7%; it nhit la Ninh Binh- 9,1% Theo tai lieu thong ke [13,14] cac tinh ven bien Bac Bd cd GDP binh quan dau ngudi ldn ban dang kl cac tinh Bac Trung Bd 1.50 so vdi 7.53 trieu ddng, Quang Ninh cao nhit-17,25 trieu, va thip nhcdt la Ha TTnh-6,35 trieu ddng (binh quan ca nude la 13,43 trieu ddng, 2007) Nhin chung 11 tinh phd so vdi toan quoc chilm 19,25%) vl dien tich, 20,46% vl dan sd, nhung chi chiem 16,9% vl san lugng luong thuc, 14,1% vl sdn lugng thuy san, 11.9% ve gia in sdn xudt cdng nghiep, 12,3% vl ti5ng muc ban le va doanb thu djch vu, va cd 7,1% ve kim ngach xucdt khau Nhu vay id thip hon nhilu so vdi mii'c binh qudn ca 1010 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn cpid'c ldn th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 VIEH DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET HJ>-J.i HOI B | A LY VIET KAM nude (lheo diu ngudi); dilu dd cd the ggi y ve mdt nhdn xet rang igi the gidp bien ciia cac tinh nd}' chua dirge khai thdc tdt Vay nluing Igi ihl dd Id gi? Cd thi ke nhfrng Igi th(3 chinh: - d vj tri chuyen ticp ddt lien-bien; - vj tri cua ngd cho luc dja; - vj tri tiiiii lieu va lien tieu-bien gidi Vj tri cbiiyien liep ddt lien- bien da tao cho lanh thd cd dugc mdt dieu kien tir nhien da dang, cimg ngudn tdi nguyen thicn nhien phong phii vd ddc thii, ed tiem ndng mang lai nbieu lgi ieh ve kinh tc vd qudc phdng Vj tri cira ngd cho luc dja tao nen nhfrng thuan lgi co' ban cho khai tbdc tai nguyen bien, cho xay dung cdc trung tdm kinh tl bien, cho phdt trien manh cdc nganh kinh te dich vii,va dac biet cho md cira hdi nhap quoc te Vj tri lien lieu kao Igi ich cho bdo ve an ninh dat nude, cho md rdng lanh hai, viing ddc quyen kinh tc; vd chii quyen qudc gia tren bien, cung nhu quan he qudc te IV PHAN TICH NLTUNG LOI ICH CO THE KHAI THAC DUOC TiLT CAC LOT THE CUA VI TRI KHONG GIAN Nhfrng uu the ve vi tri dja ly neu tren ciing nhfrng thude tinh ciia khdng gian vimg vl ciu true dia chdt-dja mao, ve cdnh quan vd ve Ccdc he sinh thai dugc chimg tdi lain ggi la cac yeu tS cua TNVT; cdn cdc lgi ich md TNVT cd the cd la thugc ve mdi trudng tu nhien, vl kinh tl- xa hgi, va ve lanh thd, an ninh qudc phdng vd uy tin qudc te (Hinh 2) Vj tri chuyen tiep dal lien- bien Phdn bd tai noi tap trung nhieu tac nhdn dia ly- dja chat ciia thach quyen, qiiyin, Ihuy quyen vd sinh quyen, ddi bd dd cd dieu kien tu nhien da dang vd tdi ngu}'cn phong phu, dcde thii hon nhieu viing kbdc luc dia - Diu hinh da dgng vdi Ccdc dcang ddi mii, ddng bang ngudn gdc kbdc nhau, cdc dun, bai trilu, cira sdng, dam phd, viing vjnh, ddo ven bd, tao nhieu ky quan, vdi vjnh Ha Long, Bdi Tir Long, Hdi Vdn- Lang Cd, - Da dgng cdc he sinh ihdi, tir cac he sinh thdi (HST) rimg mua nhiet ddi tren mii, din HST ndng nghiep, LIST bai trilu, HST cdc thiiy vuc (bd,cii'a sdng, dam pha, vung vjnh, biln ndng ven bd vdi ed bien, san hd, ), HST ddo - Da dgng vi cdnh quun vdi nhieu thung cdnh, ve mii sdng (Sdng Ma-Ham RdngNiii Nggc, Sdng Lam- Phugng Hodng, Sdng Huong- Niii Ngu), vl bang ddng (hang Diu Gd, ddng TbienCung, ddng Phong Nha), vl deo nui ven bien (deo Ngang, Ly Hda, Hai Van), vl cira sdng (Ba Lat, Leach Bang, Rodn- Cdnh Duong, cira Tung), ve cdnh bai biln ( Bai Chay, Sim Son- Trong Mdi, Cira Ld, Nhat Le, Thuan An, Lang Cd), vl ddo bien (Cd Td, Quan Lan, Cdn Cd, ) - Phong phii cdc dgng tdi nguyen phi sinh vat va sinh vat, vdi da dang cdc loai khodng san, dit dai, ddng thuc vat, ngudn lgi tluiy san (vdi Vudn qudc gia, Khu dir ku' sinh quyIn ihl gidi), tai nguyen du ljch, van hda Nhfrng Igi ich ma cdc yeu to TNVT Ucdy mang lai la ca sd cho trien khai nhieu hinh thirc khai tbdc vd bao ve tu nhien va tdi nguyen tai khdng gian lanh thd nay, gdm: - Phat triln Ccdc gid trj bdo tdn; Hgi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc lan th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 1011 HOI DIA LY VIET NAM VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM - Phat trien ddng diu ndng, lam ngu nghiep, dac biet la nudi kdng \'a die bien hdi san; - Phdt trien cdng nghiep khai khodng sdn xudt xi mang va vat lieu xay dung; - Phdt trien mcinh me giao thdng thiiy sdng- bien, nhdt la cang bien va hdng hdi, ciina cdng nghiep ddng lau vd edc djch vu; - Phdt trien manh du ljch bien ddo, nhat Id du lieh sinh thai, du Ijch van hda- Ijch su - Phdt trien he thdng can cir phdng thii bao ve an ninh qudc gia; - Xdy dung cdc cdng trinh pbdng chdng thien tai bdo ve mdi trudng, dd cd phdt trien rirng ngap man va pbii xanh edc vimg dat trdng Hinh Cdc yen td TNVT vd cdc lgi ich chung mang lgi cua did ven bien vd vung hien ven bd Viet Nam V tr i khong s ian :ua viins, Cac\cu 16 TNVT Cdc Igi ich TNVT Vj tri chuy en tiep idt ' Vj ri cua ngo cua ddt Cac thuoc tinli ciia khdn.o siian viiiig Vi tri lien duyen lien tieubien gidi tu•ong Cau true dia chatdi