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Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe bien T i l (2011) So 2 T r 49 65 T I N H H I N H 6 N H I E M D A U T R O N G NUOTJ D A I V E N B(J V I E T N A M CAO THI THU TRANG, VU THI LUU Vien Tai nguyen va M o i t[.]
Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe bien T i l (2011) So T r 49 - 65 T I N H H I N H N H I E M D A U T R O N G NUOTJ D A I V E N B(J V I E T N A M CAO THI THU TRANG, VU THI LUU Vien Tai nguyen va M o i t r u o n g bien Tom tat: Cdc ket qua quan trac ve ndng dau nude ddi ven bien Viet Nam hern 10 nam qua cho thay nude bien dd bi d nhiem bdi dau vd muc dd d nhiem cdng gia tdng Cdc nguyen nhan gay d nhiem dau nude bao gdm qua trinh khai thdc dau them luc dia, qua trinh che bien dau tai cdc co sd loc dau ven bien, hoat ddng cua he thdng cdng bien vung nude ven bd, cdc su cd trdn dau, tai nan hang hdi Cdc cudc khao sat mdi nhat nam 2009 - 2010 tai khu vuc diem la Hq Long, Tarn Giang - Cau Hai, Viing Tau vd Phu Qudc cung cho thay su gia tdng cua ndng dau nude bien Dieu cho thay cdn thiet phai kiem sodt cdc ngudn thdi dau md tren viing bien nham gdp phdn giu gin chat luang mdi trudng, bao vi ngudn tdi nguyen biin vd da dang sinh hoc I Md DAU Tinh hinh nhiem dau nuoc dai ven bo Viet Nam nhung nam gan day rat dang bao dong va can duoc su canh bao ciia cac nha khoa hoc va cac nha quan ly Co nhieu nguyen nhan gay nhiem dau nuoc vung ven bien nhu qua trinh khai thac dau them luc dia, qua trinh che bien dau tai cac co so loc dau ven bien, hoat dong ciia he thong cang bien viing nuoc ven bo, cac su co tran dau, tai nan hang hai San luong khai thac dau tang len hang nam, neu nhu nam 1996, san luong dau la 8,8 trieu tan thi den nam 2010 la 24,41 trieu tan (theo Petro Viet Nam), tang gan lan so voi nam 1996 Ngoai so luong tau van tai ciing nhu san luong van tai bien thong qua he thong cac cang bien Viet Nam cang gia tang Theo Cue Hang hai Viet Nam, nam 2009 san luong hang hoa thong qua he thong cang bien Viet Nam dat 251,2 trieu tan, tang 17,7% so voi nam 2008, luot tau vao cang tang 9,56% so voi nam 2008 Dieu cho thay, voi su phat trien nhanh chong ciia cac nganh kinh te lien quan, nguy co nhiem dau tren dai ven bo Viet Nam la rat tiem tang Bai bao "Tinh hinh nhiem dau hong nuoc dai ven bo Viet Nam" voi muc dich danh gia hien hang nong dau hong nuoc bien tai mot so khu vuc diem cua Viet Nam de tir co duoc biic hanh tong quan ve su phan bo nong dau nude bien Nguon so lieu tir nam 2009 - 2010 chii yeu trich tir du an "Xdy dung ca sdkhoa hoc, phdp ly cho viec 49 danh gid vd ddi bdi thudng thiet hai nhiem dau gay tren vung bien Viet Nam " Tap the tac gia xin cam on BCN du an da h6 trg tao dieu kien ve so lieu de* thuc hien n PHUTJNG PHAP VA TAI LIEU NGHIEN CUTJ Cac phuong phap nghien cuu sir dung bai bao bao gom: - Phuong phap dieu tra khao sat bien: Cac mau dau nuoc dugc thu bang bathomet tai khu vuc diem nghien cuu cua Viet Nam la Ha Long, Hue, Vung Tau va Phii Quoc (hinh 1) Mau dugc thu dai dien cho hai miia kho va mua cua Viet Nam vao cac nam 2009 va2010 - Phuong phap phan tich mau phong thi nghiem: Mau dau sau thu dugc bao quan va chuyen ve phong thi nghiem de phan tich Dau nude dugc chiet bang nhexan, sau lam khan bang Na2SC>4 khan va xac dinh bang phuong phap so mau [1] SO DO KHAO SAT TRAM T RONG VA RAX SAN HO KHU Vl'C VTNH HA LONG Hinh l a 50 107° 30' SO ©6 KHAO SAT KHU VX/C DAM PHA TAM GIANG - CAU HAI TT L$-1:23MH Fh4CaniOia" a kilom 4_eeters 92 ">* "-^023.3 - •oV? CuaTtraanAn N 32 Biln Dong 16 30' c CHU GIAI 16° 20' • Deim khao sal co bien va ogum t gidng * Diem khio sitbo sung nim 2009 | | Vting bien ^| FMilien Hinh l b Hinh lc MaiQwnMiyTiy SO D6 VI TRi KHAO SAT VUNG Vlts FHU QUOC lta-SO 52 103*55 lWOf - Phuong phap thu thap va danh gia tai lieu: Cac tai lieu ve su phan bo nong dau hong nuoc dai ven bien Viet Nam duoc thu thap va danh gia, bao gom: + So lieu quan trac hang nam cua Tram quan trac va Phan tich moi truong Bien mien Bac [16] + D u an hop tac Viet - Y thuc hien nam 2004 - 2005 cua Vien Tai nguyen va M o i truang Bien thuc hien tai khu vuc dam pha Tarn Giang - Cau Hai [2, 3] + D u an I M O L A (Y) thuc hien nam 2006 - 2007 tai khu vuc dam pha Tarn Giang Cau Hai [7, 12] + Be tai Kiem ke danh gia cac khu vuc, doi tuong co gia tri ky quan thien nhien, di san tu nhien o vung bien va ven ba Thira Thien H u l nam 2008 [4] + Nhiem vu cap co so cua Vien Tai nguyen va M o i truong bien thuc hien nam 2008 tai Vung Tau [13] + Be tai B B S H vinh Ha Long phuc vu cho viec nang cao gia tri ciia di san, nam 2007 - 2008 [14] + Diem trinh dien ran san ho va tham co bien tai Phu Quoc, khuon kho D u an khu vuc (UNEP/GEF/SCS) - Vien T N va M T B i l n thuc hien nam 2007 [18] HI KET QUA NGHIEN CUTJ Tinh hinh nhiem dau diem khao sat 1.1 Khu vuc Ha Long - Cat Bd: Theo cac ket qua dieu tra, nghien cuu, vung nuoc vinh Ha Long dugc danh gia la co muc nhiem dau kha cao Theo do, viing nuoc cang Cai Lan co thai diem nong dau nuac b i l n dat tai l,75mg/l gap 8.75 lan QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT (0,2 mg/l) va gap hang chuc lan tieu chuan ASEAN, co den 1/3 dien tich mat vinh thuong xuyen co nong dau tir d i n 1,73 mg/l (Du an C A N A D A T7/1998 - Vien Tai nguyen va M o i truang B i l n ) [8] Bang mat thuong, co the thay, tai cang tau du lich Bai Chay, au tau Tuan Chau, cac khu neo dau tau du Ijch o cac diem tham quan du lich tren vinh, khu neo dau tau vung Dang, Lan Be, Ben Doan, cang xang dau B12, cang Cai Lan, khu cong nghiep dong tau Gieng Day deu thuong xuyen co vang dau loang rong tren mat nude Viec gia tang mot each nhanh chong cac phuong tien van tai thuy hoat dong thuong xuyen tren vinh Ha Long la mot nhirng nguyen nhan chinh gay nhiem dau cho vjnh 53 Theo ket qua ciia de tai "Nghien ciiu, danh gia cac gia tri da dang sinh hoc vinh Ha Long phuc vu cho viec quan ly, phat huy gia tri da dang sinh hoc ciia cua di san" (Dd Cong Thung vd nnk, 2009) nong dau quan trie thang - 2007 tai 32 tram vinh Ha Long cho thay nong d i u nuoc dao dong h i 0,07 den 2,32 mg/l, trung binh 0,65 mg/l So voi GHCP ddi voi nuoc ven bd theo Q C V N 10: 2008/BTNMT ddi vdi nude cac noi khac (0,20 mg/l), ndng d i u tai 19/32 tram cao hon GHCP tir 1,05 den 11,6 lan Cac ket qua quan trac lap lai vao thang 12/2007 tai 21 ham cho thay ndng dau nude khoang tir 0,07 den 2,01mg/l, trung binh 0,36 mg/l va cd 11/21 tram vuot GHCP tir 1,1 den 10,1 lan Cac ket qua quan trie thang 12 - 2008 tai tram vinh Ha Long cho thay ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,19 d i n 0,59 mg/l, trung binh 0,32 mg/l Cd 6/8 tram vuot GHCP tir 1,1 den 2,95 l i n (hinh 2) Thang 12-2008 GHCP I Cong Do I Cap La I VungVieng Vung Ha LudiLiem GiaGao SoiVan Thien Cung Tram H i n h 2: Ndng dd d i u nude t i n g mat Vinh Ha Long thang 12 - 2008 (Ngudn: Do Cdng Thung vd nnk, 2009 [14]) Ndng dd dau quan h i e thang - 2009 tai 15 ham hen Vinh Ha Long (hinh la) dao ddng tir 0,11 den 3,55 mg/l, trung binh 0,75 mg/l So vdi GHCP ddi vdi nude ven bd theo QCVN 10: 2008/BTNMT ddi vdi nude cac noi khac (0,20 mg/l), ndng d i u tai 10/15 ham cao hon GHCP tir 1,1 den 17,8 lan Ndng d i u quan trie thang - 2010 tai 11 tram dao ddng tir 0,16 den 1,25 mg/l, trung binh 0,51 mg/l, cd 9/11 mau d i u cao hon GHCP tir 1,3 d i n 6,3 l i n Ndng d i u tai cac mat cit II, III, IV, V deu vuot gidi han cho phep (hinh 3) 54 Trong mat cai duoc thiet ke, mat cat I la khu vuc cang Cai Lan, mat cat I I la khu vuc phia ngoai cua Ciia Luc, mat cat I I I va I V la d giua vinh Ha Long, mat cat V la hon vung Vieng - khu vuc co nhieu ran san ho Nong dau nuoc co gia tri cao nhat tai khu vuc giiia vinh Ha Long, tiep den la khu vuc gan ran san ho, phai chang lien quan den su xa thai dau cua cac tau thuyen phuc vu du lich Trong do, nong dau phia cang Cai Lan lai thap hon so vdi cac khu vuc khac Cac k6t qua quan trie bd sung vao thang 11/2010 tai khu vuc tai tram cang Cai Lan va tram d Ciia Luc cung cho ket qua tuong tu, ndng dau trung binh M C I va I I tuong ung la 0,23 va 0,69 mg/l, dd cd su gia tang ndng dp dau nude tai Cira Luc 2.50 2.00 MCI MCII MCIII MCIV MCV EIT9-2009 0T4-2O1O H i n h 3: Ndng dp dau nude tang mat vinh Ha Long nam 2009 - 2010 0.8 0.2 0.1 —^—, , , r— — T7- 2007 T12- 2007 T12-2008 T9-2009 T4-2010 T11-2010 Thd>i gian H i n h 4: Dien bien ndng dp dau trung binh nude Vinh Ha Long theo thdi gian 55 Tinh trung binh, nong dau nuoc vinh Ha Long cac nam tir 2007 den 2010 dao dong tir 0,32 den 0,75 mg/l So voi GHCP d6i v o i nuoc b i l n ven bo theo Q C V N 10: 2008/BTNMT dung cho cac muc dich khac (0,20 mg/l), nong dau trung binh nuoc cao hon GHCP tir 1,6 d i n 3,8 l i n Nong d i u thang - 2009 (0,75 mg/l) cao hon cac nam khac (hinh 4) 1.2 Khu vuc Tarn Giang - Cau Hai He dam pha Tarn Giang - Cau Hai keo dai theo phuong Tay Bac - Dong Nam doc theo bo bien, co chieu dai 68km, tong dien tich mat nuoc 216 km2 va gom dam, pha hop thanh: pha Tam Giang, dam Thuy Tii va dam Cau H a i Cac ket qua khao sat chat luong nuoc cac nam tir 1995 den nam 2006, cho thay theo thdi gian, miic d nhiem dau nude khu vuc dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai tang len Nam 1995, mire d nhiem dau vung kha thap, he sd rui ro bang 0,8, cac khu vuc chi cd cira Thuan A n cd bieu hien bi d nhiem (he sd riii ro dat 1,1) Cac nam tir 1996 den 2001, he sd riii ro dao ddng tir 1,2 den 2,7 va cd xu hudng tang dan Ket qua khao sat thang nam 2004, ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,21 - 0,53 mg/l, 100% sd mau cd ndng dau vuot GHCP (0,20 mg/l) Ndng dau nude toan viing, thang nam 2005 dao ddng tir 0,27 - 0,51 mg/l, sd mau vuot GHCP la 100% Thang 11 nam 2006, ndng dp dau nude dam pha dao ddng tir 0,19 - 0,76 mg/l, sd 21 mau cd tdi 20 mau cd ndng dau vupt GHCP (theo sd lieu tdng hpp tir cac de tai dupe thuc hien tai vung dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai ciia Vien Tai nguyen va M d i trudng Bien) Ket qua khao sat bd sung thang 6/2008 cung cho ket qua ndng dp dau dat 0,87 mg/l tai dam Thuy Tii Ket qua Idn hon GHCP ddi vdi nude nudi trdng thuy san khoang 4,35 lan Trong khudn khd du an I M O L A "Tai nguyen va M d i trudng d i m pha Tam Giang Cau Hai", 21 tram thu mau dau da dupe thiet ke tren khap khu vuc toan d i m pha Cac k i t qua khao sat va phan tich cho thay, ndng dau nude toan khu vuc dao ddng tir 0,185 - 0,822 mg/l, trung binh toan viing 0,402 mg/l Cd 36/42 m l u (chilm 86%) vdi gia tri ndng dp dau hong nude Idn hon GHCP (0,2 mg/l) Cac khu vuc cd ndng dp d i u nude cao la cira Thuan An, dam Cau Hai Su chenh lech nong dp d i u nude giua mua mua nhieu (thang 11) va miia it mua (thang 8) la khdng Idn (hinh 5) Cac ket qua quan trac ndng dp dau mo nude cac khu vuc cd tham cd bien Tam Giang - Cau Hai nam 2009 cho thay ndng dp dau nude kha cao, dao ddng tir 0,37 0,68 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP (0,2 mg/l) tir 1,9 d i n 3,4 l i n Thang 9, ndng d i u nude tang cao hon miia khd (thang 4) trung binh khoang 1,5 l i n Ndng dp d i u tai Ba Cdn cao nhat, tiep den la Cdn Ndi va Cdn Te (hinh 6) 56 0.900 0.800 0.700 0.600 - 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000 s n GHCP Tram • T 8/2006 • T11/2006 H i n h 5: Nong dau nuoc khu vuc dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai nam 2006 (Nguon: IMOLA, 2007) [7] Dau m& 0.8 0.7 0.6 mg/l 0.5 0.4 0.3 QCVN 10:20011 0.2 0.1 Con Te Cdn Noi Ba Cdn • T4 E2 T9 H i n h 6: Ndng dp dau hong nude bien pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai nam 2009 (Ngudn\ Nguyen Huy Yet vd nnk, 2010) [20] Cac k i t qua quan trie mdi nhat ve ndng dp dau nude bien pha Tam Giang Cau Hai khudn khd ciia du an "Xdy dung ca sd khoa hoc, phdp ly cho viec danh gid va ddi bdi thudng thiet hai nhiem dau gay tren vung hien Viet Nam " tai 15 tram khao sat vao thang 10/2009 va thang /2010 (hinh lb) cho thay ndng dp dau nude dao ddng tir 0,16 - 0,79 mg/l, vdi 93% sd m l u vupt GHCP (0,2 mg/l) tir hon den l i n 57 Cac khu vuc co nong dau hong nuoc cao hon v i n la khu vuc ciia Thuan A n , dam Sam va dam Cau Hai s 0.8 0.6 GHCP 0.4 0.2 B4 B5 B6 E13 E14 E15 F16 F17 F18 H22 H23 H24 K31 K32 K33 Trung binh • T3/2010 • T10/2009 Tram H i n h 7: Nong dau nuoc khu vuc dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai nam 2009 2010 (Nguon DdCong Thung va nnk, 2010) [15] Quan trac nong dau mo pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai h i nam 2004 den cho thay co su tang nhe nong dau nuoc bien, dot quan trac thang 12 nam 2006 da bat gap mau co nong dau nuoc kha cao 1.3 Khu vuc Viing Tau Tai cac khu vuc cang bien, tir nam 1999 den 2001 da xac dinh nong dau nuoc dao dong tir 0,14 mg/l den 0,52 mg/l (Nguyen Thanh Hung, 2005) [9] Cac ket qua quan trac vao thang nam 2004 tai v i tri viing bo bien cho thay nong dau nuoc kha cao, khoang 0,3-0,71 mg/l, trung binh 0,48 mg/l Nam 2008, ham luong dau cao hon, tir 0,37 - 1,69 mg/l, trung binh 1.12 mg/l, Ion hon GHCP rat nhilu N6ng dau cao tai vimg bien Vung Tau vao thoi gian la bi anh huong ciia vu chim tau Diic Tri gay Trong khuon kho du an "Xay dung ca sd khoa hoc, phap ly cho viec danh gid va ddi bdi thuong thiet hai nhiem dau gay tren vung bien Viet Nam, [15] 16 mau dau nuoc bien da duoc thu vao thang 5/2009 va thang 10/2009 tai khap vung bien ven bo ciia Vung Tau Cac ket qua phan tich cho t h i y nong dau nuoc ven bien Viing Tau nam khoang tir 0,08 mg/l den 1,07 mg/l, nong d i u trung binh ciia dot thu.mau thang la 0,46mg/l, ciia dot thu mau thang 10 la 0,18mg/l, luong m i u vuot GHCP (0,2mg/l) la 100% vao dot thu mau thang va 38% vao dot thu mau thang 10 (hinh 8) 58 Cang Cat La Cang Dau Cang ca Sao Mai Bai Truac Bai Sau • T5/2009 ET10/2010 H i n h 8: Nong dau trung binh nuoc tai cac khu vuc ven bien Vung Tau nam 2009-2010 1.4 Khu vuc ven dao Phu Qudc Ket qua cho thay, nong dp dau nuoc thang 12/2007 tai vung bien Phu Quoc dao dong khoang 0,19 - 0,26 mg/l, trung binh 0,23 mg/l, cao hon GHCP Nam 2009, 2010, cac dot quan trac chat lupng nuoc dao Phii Quoc da xac dinh nong dp dau nuoc dao Phii Quoc dao dong tir 0,08 den 0,26 mg/l, trung binh 0,15 mg/l Cac chuyen khao sat nong dp dau nuoc vung bien Phii Quoc da dupe thuc hien tap trung vao cac khu vuc cang ciia Phii Quoc va khu vuc co ran san ho dot thang 5/2009 cho ket qua nong dp dau nuoc kha cao, dao dong tir 0,21 den 1,94 mg/l, trung binh 0,69 mg/l, voi so lupng mau vupt GHCP la 100% Dac biet nong dp dau lop nuoc mat tai khu vuc cang Duong Dong dupe la l,94mg/l, gap gan 10 lan GHCP (hinh 9) Dot quan trac thang 10/210 cho thay, nong dp dau nuoc khoang 0,06 den 0,51 mg/l, trung binh tang mat la 0,25 mg/l, trung binh tang day la 0,14 mg/l, so lupng mail vupt GHCP la 33% Ket qua khao sat ciing da xac dinh nong dp dau co xu hudng giam tir ven bd den xa bd (hinh 10) Danh gia chung, ndng dp dau trung binh nude dao Phii Qudc qua cac dot quan trie tir nam 2007 den 2010 dao ddng tir 0,14 den 0,69 mg/l So vdi GHCP doi vdi nude yen bd theo Q C V N 10: 2008/BTNMT ddi vdi nude cac noi khac (0,20 mg/l), nong dp dau thang 12 - 2007 cao hon GHCP 1,2 va ndng dau thang 5/2009 cao hon GHCP 3,5 lan, dd ndng dp cao tap trung tai cac khu vuc cang A n Thdi va Duong Ddng 59 Cang An Thoi Cang An Thoi Duong Dong Duong Dong Cang Duong 1-1 I-2 1-1 II-2 Dong RachVem HonMgt M ED H i n h 9: Nong dau nuoc dao Phii Quoc thang - 2009 (Nguon: Do Cong Thung vd nnk, 2010) [15] 0.6 0.5 0.4 E 0.3 GHCP 0.2 0.1 0;.: 0Cang An Thai I - Cang An Thai I - Bai Ngang Hon Roi Hon Tham Hon Xuang M• D Khu vuc H i n h 10 Nong dau hong nuoc dao Phii Qu6c thang 10-2010 (Nguon: Dd Cdng Thung vd nnk, 2010) [15] 2.Tinh hinh nhiem dau nirffc dai ven bo" Viet Nam Tai Viet Nam, nong dau nuoc bien da dugc quan trie tir nam 1995 khuon kho cac tram quan trac moi truang b i l n Quoc gia d khu vuc mien B i c , mien Trung va mien Nam Ngoai ra, rat nhieu de tai du an co lien quan cung cho ta cac so 60 lieu nong d i u nuoc bien d cac khu vuc nhu Thira Thien Hue, khu vuc Cira Dai, khu vuc dao Cii Lao Cham, Phii Quoc, Quy Nhon Tai khu vuc bien ven bd phia Bac, ndng dau trung binh nude bien tir nam 2004 den 2008 dao ddng tir 0,14 d i n 1,92 mg/l, hau h i t cd gia tri Idn hon GHCP theo QCVN 10:2008 ddi vdi nude bien ven bd (0,2mg/l) Khu vuc Cira Luc cd ndng dau cao hon so vdi cac tram ciia vung bien phia Bac (hinh 11) 2.50 2.00 1.50 E 1.00 0.50 GHCP 0.00 m Tra Co a Ciia Luc Do Son Ba Lat Sam San CCra Ld • Nam 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 Tram H i n h 11: Dien bien ndng dd dau nude vung bien ven bd phia Bac tir nam 2004 - 2008 Tai cac khu vuc cang, theo ket sd lieu cua Cue Hang hai Viet Nam (2010) [5], tai khu vuc cang Cai Lan, ket qua quan trac thang 6/2010 cho thay ndng dau hong nude dao ddng tir 0,45 den 0,9 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP tir 2,2 den 4,5 lan Tai khu vuc cang Dinh Vu, ndng dau dao ddng tir 0,25 den 0,41 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP tir 1,2 den lan Tai khu vuc cang Diem Dien, ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,29 den 0,52 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP tir 1,5 d i n 2,6 l i n Tai khu vuc dam Thi Nai va vinh Quy Nhon, ndng dau quan trie vao thang 4/2008 va thang 11/2009 cd gia tri 0,01 d i n 0,02 mg/l, thip han GHCP Khu vuc Thira Thien Hue, tir nam 2004 den 2010, ndng dau trung binh nude b i l n dao ddng tir 0,32 den 2,04mg/l, vdi gia tri cao nhat dugc vao nam 2006 Hau het cac mau thu dugc deu cd gia tri Idn hon GHCP (0,2 mg/l) Khu vuc b i l n Cira Dai, ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,3 den 1,56 mg/l (tai Duy Nghia) (so lieu nam 2008) (Trdn Due Thanh vd nnk, 2009)[11] So vdi GHCP (0,2 61 2.5 -i 1.5 E ^ ^ j ^ GHCP Cang An Thai Cang An Thai Duong Dong Duong Dong Cang Duong Rach Vem 1-1 I-2 1-1 II-2 Dong HonMot M 0D H i n h 9: Ndng dau nuoc dao Phu Quoc thang - 2009 (Ngudn: Do Cong Thung vd nnk, 2010) [15] GHCP E l Cang An Thdi I - Cang An Thai I - Bai Ngang Hon Roi Hon Tham Hon Xudng M0O Khu vuc H i n h 10 Ndng dp dau nude dao Phii Qudc thang 10-2010 (Ngudn: Do Cong Thung vd nnk, 2010) [15] 2.Tinh hinh nhiem dau nirffc dai ven bo" Viet Nam Tai Viet Nam, ndng dp dau nude bien da duoc quan trac tir nam 1995 khudn khd cac tram quan trac mdi trudng bien Qudc gia d khu vuc mien Bac, mien Trung va mien Nam Ngoai ra, cdn rat nhieu de tai du an cd lien quan cung cho ta cac so 60 lieu nong dau nuoc bien d cac khu vuc nhu Thira Thien Hug, khu vuc Ciia Dai, khu vuc dao Cu Lao Cham, Phii Quoc, Quy Nhon Tai khu vuc bien ven bd phia Bac, ndng dau trung binh nude b i l n tir nam 2004 den 2008 dao dong tir 0,14 d i n 1,92 mg/l, hau h i t cd gia tri Idn hon GHCP theo QCVN 10:2008 ddi vdi nude bien ven bd (0,2mg/l) Khu vuc Ciia Luc cd ndng d i u cao hon so vdi cac tram cua vung bien phia Bac (hinh 11) 2.50 2.00 1.50 en E 1.00 0.50 0.00 GHCP H I Tra Co m i Cua Luc Do Son Ba Lat • Nam 2004 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 i n Sam Son Cua Ld Tram H i n h 11: Dien bien ndng dau nude viing bien ven bd phia Bac tir nam 2004 - 2008 Tai cac khu vuc cang, theo ket sd lieu cua Cue Hang hai Viet Nam (2010) [5], tai khu vuc cang Cai Lan, ket qua quan trac thang 6/2010 cho thay ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,45 d i n 0,9 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP tir 2,2 den 4,5 lan Tai khu vuc cang Dinh Vu, nong d i u dao dong tir 0,25 den 0,41 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP tir 1,2 den lan Tai khu vuc cang Diem Dien, ndng dau hong nude dao ddng tir 0,29 den 0,52 mg/l, Idn hon GHCP tir 1,5 den 2,6 lan Tai khu vuc dam Thi Nai va vinh Quy Nhon, ndng dau quan trie vao thang 4/2008 va thang 11/2009 cd gia tri 0,01 d i n 0,02 mg/l, thip hon GHCP Khu vuc Thira Thien H u l , tir nam 2004 den 2010, ndng dau trung binh nude b i l n dao dong tir 0,32 d i n 2,04mg/l, vdi gia tri cao nhat duoc vao nam 2006 Hau het cac mau thu duoc d i u cd gia tri Idn hon GHCP (0,2 mg/l) Khu vuc b i l n Cira Dai, ndng dau nude dao dong tir 0,3 den 1,56 mg/l (tai Duy Nghia) (sd lieu nam 2008) (Trdn Dire Thanh va nnk, 2009)[11 J So vdi GHCP (0,2 61 mg/l) thi nong dau nuoc khu vuc nghien cuu bi nhiem bdi dau t u 1,5 den 7,8 lan O ndng dau cd the gay chet cac sinh vat phii du (Bui Due Nhuan, 2001) Ngoai ra, vdi ndng dau cd the gay hai vdi cac sinh vat khac nhu ddng vat phii du, chim bien, ca bien Ndng dau nude tang mat vung bien Cu Lao Cham dao dong tir 0,03 den 0,27 mg/l, trung binh 0,15 mg/l (sd lieu nam 2002) So sanh vdi tieu chuan chat luong nude bien (0.2 mg/l) thi mot sd m l u cd bieu hien d nhiem dau Cac ket qua khao sat nam 2008 cho t b i y ndng d i u nude khu vuc dao Cu Lao Cham tai tang mat dao ddng tir 0,4 mg/l d i n 3,82 mg/l, trung binh 2,11 mg/l Tai ting day ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,38mg/l d i n 1,68mg/l, trung binh l,03mg/l Cd su gia tang kha rd net ve ndng dp d i u nude khu vuc vdi gia tri vupt GHCP tir den 19 lan (Dd Cdng Thung va nnk, 2009) Cac khu vuc Cira Dai va Cu Lao Cham cd ndng dp dau kha cao la anh hudng cua su cd tran dau tai dai ven bien mien Trung thang nam 2007 [19] Khu vuc bien Quy Nhon, cac ket qua quan trac vao thang 5/2009 tai Nhon Ly cho thay ndng dau nude dao ddng tir 0,19 den 0,57 mg/l, trung binh 0,31 mg/l, hau het cac mau cd ndng dp vupt GHCP Khu vuc bien Vung Tau, ndng dau trung binh nude dao ddng tir 0,32 den 1,12 mg/l, vupt GHCP Gia tri cao thu dupe vao dot thu mau nam 2008 1.2 GHCP Tra Co Ciia Luc Ha Long E)dSon BaLat Sam CuaLo TG-CH Cua Dai Cu Lao Quy Vung Phu Son Cham Nhon Tau Quoc Khu vi/c H i n h 12: Ndng dp trung binh ciia dau nude vung ven b i l n Viet Nam nam 2008 -2010 62 Khu vuc b i l n Phu Qudc, cac ket qua quan trac h i nam 2007 den 2010 cho thay nong dau nuoc bien dao dong h i 0,17 den 0,69 mg/l, cac gia tri cao bat gap vao dot quan trac thang 5/2009 Nhin chung, tren toan dai ven bien Viet Nam, nong dau nuoc bien da vuot GHCP doi voi nuoc bien ven bd Tuy nhien, cd the chia la miic do: d nhiem nhe, d nhiem trung binh va d nhiem nang Hinh 12 cho thay cac khu vuc cd bieu hien d nhiem nhe bdi dau la Tra Cd, Ba Lat Cac khu vuc cd bieu hien d nhiem trung binh la Vinh Ha Long, Dd Son, Tam Giang - Cau Hai, Quy Nhon, Vung Tau va Phii Qudc Mot sd khu vuc cd dau hieu d nhiem dau md cao nude la Ciia Luc, Cira Ld, Ciia Dai va ven dao Cu Lao Cham Tuy nhien cac danh gia, so sanh tren chi mang tinh tuong ddi thdi diem thu mau khac nhau, song cung phan nao phan anh biic tranh ve tinh hinh d nhiem dau hen toan dai ven bien Viet Nam IV KET LUAN Cac ket qua thu thap tai lieu va dieu tra khao sat ve tinh hinh d nhiem dau nude bien vung ven bd Viet Nam cho thay nude bien Viet Nam da bi d nhiem bdi dau md so sanh vdi Q C V N 10: 2008 ddi vdi nude bien ven bd dung cho cac muc dich khac (0,2 mg/l) Mac du sd lieu khdng ddng bd ve thdi gian quan trac, song cd the thay rang cac khu vuc cd bieu hien d nhiem nhe bdi dau la Tra Cd, Ba Lat Cac khu vuc cd bieu hien d nhiem trung binh la vinh Ha Long, Dd Son, Tam Giang - Cau Hai, Quy Nhon, Vung Tau va Phii Qudc Mot sd khu vuc cd dau hieu d nhiem dau mo cao nude la Cira Luc, Cira Ld, Cira Dai va ven dao Cii Lao Cham Tuy cac danh gia, so sanh tren chi mang tinh tuong doi thdi d i l m thu mau khac nhau, song cung phan nao phan anh biic tranh ve tinh hinh d n h i l m dau tren toan dai ven bien Viet Nam Nguy co gia tang ndng d i u nude bien cd the duoc nhin thay cac hoat dong kinh t l lien quan cang gia tang nhu viec day manh khai thac dau tren them luc dia, viec dua vao sir dung nha may loc d i u Dung Quat, su gia tang san luong hang hda qua cac cang b i l n cung vdi su gia tang sd luong tau thuyen vao cang X u the gia tang ham luong d i u nude da duoc quan sat tir nam 2004 d i n 2010 tai cac diem khao sat dac biet la Vinh Ha Long, Tam Giang - C i u Hai, Phii Qudc va mdt sd khu vuc bien ven bd phia Bac D i l u cho thiy, viec k i l m soat cac ngudn thai dau mo tren viing bien la het siic c i n thiet d l gdp p h i n giu gin chit luong mdi trudng, bao ve ngudn tai nguyen bien va da dang sinh hoc 63 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO A P H A , 2002 Standard Methods for the Examination o f Water and Wastewate, 20th ed Wasington, DC 20005, 2002 N g u y l n H u u C u , 2005 Tdng quan moi truong d i m pha ven bd mien trung Viet Nam Bao cao chuyen d i thudc dd tai d i m pha 14EE5 Luu tai Vien Tai nguyen va M d i trudng Bien N g u y l n H u u C u , 2006 Nghien cuu ddng thai mdi trudng d i m pha ven bd mien Trung Viet Nam lam co sd lua chon phuong an quan ly D u an hop tac Viet Nam Italia theo Nghi dinh thu N g u y l n H u u C u , T r a n Due Thanh, Nguyen T h i K i m A n h , 2008 Kiem ke danh gia cac khu vuc, ddi tuong cd gia tri ky quan thien nhien, di san tu nhien d vung bien va ven bd tinh Thira Thien Hue Cue Hang hai Viet Nam, 2010 D u thao bao cao "Tinh hinh tac ddng mdi trudng ITnh vuc hang hai giai doan 2006 - 2010 va xay dung ke hoach giam thieu d nhiem giai doan 2011 -2020 L u u Van Dieu, 2002 Dau tran tren bien K y yeu hoi thao "Quan ly mdi trudng cang tai Viet Nam", bien tap Luc Hens, Tran Dinh Lan D u an I M O L A Hue GCP/VIE/029/ITA, 2007 Tai nguyen va M d i trudng d i m pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai Nguyen Chu H o i , 1998 De an hop tac ASEAN-Canada ve khoa hoc bien giai doan I I - CPMS-II Viet Nam, thang 6/1998 Tai lieu luu tru tai Vien Tai nguyen va M d i trudng Bien Nguyen Thanh Hung, 2005 Bao cao kiem ke cang Vung Tau Bao cao cdng viec khudn khd du an V N / A S I A Pro Eco/01 (91168) Thiet lap co sd khoa hoc hd tro quan ly mdi trudng cang d Viet Nam va Campuchia 10 B u i Due Nhuan, 2001 Ve quy hoach tdng the phat trien he thdng cang bien den nam 2010 Tap chi bien NO 3-2001 11 T r a n Due Thanh, Do Cong Thung va nnk, 2008 Dieu tra, khao sat, danh gia thiet hai ve kinh te, mdi trudng va anh hudng den cac he sinh thai bien, de xuat bien phap trudc mat va lau dai de phuc hdi mdi trudng cac khu vuc bj d nhiem dau tai Cu Lao Cham va Cira Dai (tinh Quang Nam) 12 64 Do Cong Thung, 2005 Sir dung ben vung va bao tdn da dang sinh hoc d i m pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai Hoi thao Qu6c gia v l d i m pha Thua Thien H u l 13 D6 Cong Thung, 2005 Danh gia anh huong tran diu tai Vung Tau De tai cip co so nam 2008 14 Do Cong Thung, 2009 Nghien cuu, danh gia cac gia tri da dang sinh hoc vinh Ha Long phuc vu cho viec quan ly, phat huy gia tri da dang sinh hoc ciia ciia di san 15 D6 Cong Thung, 2010 Xay dung co so khoa hoc, phap ly cho viec danh gia va doi boi thuong thiet hai nhiem dau gay tren viing b i l n Viet Nam De" tai doc lap cap Nha nuoc giai doan 2009 - 2010 16 Tram Quan trac va Phan tich moi truong Biln miln Bac, 2004 - 2010 Tap bao cao quy va bao cao tong ket hang nam Tai lieu luu giu tai Vien Tai nguyen va M o i truong Bien 17 Nguyln Van Tien, 2007 Dilu nguon loi san ho va tham co biln Phii Qu6c 2005 - 2007 18 Nguyen Van Tien, 2007 Diem trinh diln ran san ho va tham co biln tai Phii Qu6c khuon kho D u an khu vuc (UNEP/GEF/SCS): "Ngan ngira xu huong suy thoai moi truong Bien Dong va vinh Thai Lan" 19 vietnamnet.vn Nhieu vet dau loang ven bien mien Trung Cap nhat 2/2/2007 20 Nguyen Huy Yet, Nguyen Thi Thu va nnk, 2010 Danh gia miic suy thoai cac he sinh thai ven bo bien Viet Nam va de xuat cac giai phap quan ly ben vung De tai cap Nha nuoc giai doan 2009 - 2010 OIL POLLUTION IN COASTAL WATER OF VIETNAM CAO THI THU TRANG, VU THI LUU Summary: The survey data of oil concentration in coastal water of Viet Nam in last ten years shown that the water is polluted by oil and grease and the pollution is more increased day by day The oil pollution is caused by the exploitation of oil in continental shelf, the processes of refined oil factories, activities of seaport system in the coastal water, oil spill and maritime accidents The latest surveys in 2009 - 2010 at major points Ha Long Bay, Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, Vung Tau and Phu Quoc show the increasing of oil content in sea water It indicates that the control of oil wastes is very necessary in order to improve environmental quality, protect marine resources and biodiversity Ngay nhan bai: 24 - - 2011 Ngudi nhan xet: PGS TS D6 Cong Thung 65 ... nirffc dai ven bo" Viet Nam Tai Viet Nam, nong dau nuoc bien da dugc quan trie tir nam 1995 khuon kho cac tram quan trac moi truang b i l n Quoc gia d khu vuc mien B i c , mien Trung va mien Nam Ngoai... nirffc dai ven bo" Viet Nam Tai Viet Nam, ndng dp dau nude bien da duoc quan trac tir nam 1995 khudn khd cac tram quan trac mdi trudng bien Qudc gia d khu vuc mien Bac, mien Trung va mien Nam Ngoai... • Nam 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 Tram H i n h 11: Dien bien ndng dd dau nude vung bien ven bd phia Bac tir nam 2004 - 2008 Tai cac khu vuc cang, theo ket sd lieu cua Cue Hang hai Viet Nam