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MOI TRirOTNG VAN DE MOI TRUfOfNG NOI BAT CUA CAC NlTOfC DONG BAC A VA Hl/QTNG GIAI QUYET PHAM THj XUAN MM'''' Tom tat Khu vice Dong Bac A hien nay co toe do tdng truang kinh te cao nhdt the gidi nhung vd[.]
MOI TRirOTNG VAN DE MOI TRUfOfNG NOI BAT CUA CAC NlTOfC DONG BAC A VA Hl/QTNG GIAI QUYET PHAM THj XUAN MM' Tom tat: Khu vice Dong Bac A hien co toe tdng truang kinh te cao nhdt the gidi nhung vdn cdn ton tgi nhimg vd'n de mdi tndmg nghiem trgng nhie d nhiim khdng khi, d nhiem nuac De ddi phd vai tinh trgng ndy, mdi nuac khu vice deu dua chien luac phdt trien rieng nhung tdt cd deu hudng tai stc phdt trien ben vieng Md hinh tdng truang mai truac het chu den viec sie dung ndng Iuang tiet kiem hieu qud, ndng cao ti le ciia ndng Iuang tdi tao, xdy dung mdt xd hdi cd lugng phdt thdi nhd kinh thdp Ngodi chien luac phdt trien rieng ciia mdi nuac, khu vtec ndy ciing dang ddi hdi cd su hap tdc chat che han de giai quyet nhitng vdn de mdi truang xuyen qudc gia Tif khoa: Mdi trudng, O nhiem, Phat trien bin virng, Ddng Bac A JTWien khu vyc Ddng Bac A la khu JL JL vyc nang ddng nhat nen kinh te the gidi, dac biet vdi sy ndi len eiia Trung Qudc nhu la mdt sieu cudng kinh te cd tdc tang trudng cao may thap ky qua Tuy nhien sy phat trien nhanh chdng ciia khu vyc ciing da phai tra gia nhirng van de ve mdi trudng d day cang trd nen nghiem trgng nhilm khdng khi, d nhiem nudc hien dang la nhirng van de mdi trudng ndi bat cua khu vyc Bai viet se tap trung phan tich nhirng net ndi bat va xu hudng giai quylt chinh vin de mdi trudng ciia khu vyc Ddng Bic A vdi viec di sau phan tich tinh hinh mdi trudng d nudc Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc ' TS, Vi?n Nghien cuu Dong BSc A NGHIEN Cdru OdNG B^C ^, sd 8(126) 8-2011 Van de mdi trudng ciia khu vuc Ddng Bac A Khu vuc Ddng Bae A bao gdm qude gia va viing lanh thd: Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, CHDCND Trieu Tien, Mdng Cd, viing Vien Ddng cua Nga va lanh thd Dai Loan Khu vyc hien dang cd su tang trudng kinh te nhanh nhat th6' gidi vdi sy ddng gdp ehu yeu eua Trung Qude Trong giai doan khiing hoang tai chinh toan cau mdi day, tang trudng kinh te cua Trung Qude van d miic 9,6% nam 2008; 8,7% nam 2009 va 10,3% nam 2010' Trung Qudc da nhanh chdng vugt qua Nhat Ban va trd nen kinh te ldn thii hai eiia the gidi nam qua Cac nIn kinh i6 khu vyc cd su each biet Idn ve trinh phat tri^n nhung ' http://laodong.com.vn/Tin-Tuc/Nam-2010-Trung-Quocdat-tang-truong-soc-103/30106 27 Nghien citu khoa hpc chiing lai mang tfnh bo sung cho nhau, tao trieu ngudi bi chet sdm mdi nam cae dieu kien thuan Igi cho phat tri^n thuong mai benh ve dudng hd hap giira cac nudc Di kem vdi tde tang Than dugc sir dung nhieu d khu vyc Ddng trudng kinh te va thuang mai cao, khu vyc Bic A, chilm tdi 85% ngudn nhien lieu d ciing ed nhieu van de ve mdi trudng, dac Bic Trilu Tien, 80% d Mdng ed, va 77% d biet la d nhiem mdi trudng khdng va mdi Trung Qudc Ngay ca Han Qudc, noi cd sy trudng nude thay the nhien lieu tuang ddi rdng rai thi 1.1 O nhiem mdi tru&ng khdng ciing sir dung tdi 20% nhien lieu la than Vdi O nhiem khdng duge bang ndng nhieu nudc, than chi dung eac nha may ciia cae loai va sd lugng cac hat byi dien nen phat thai dl kiem soat (II Ddng Nhirng hat byi lo Iiing - TSP (Total Bic A, tinh hinh phiic tap han than dugc Suspended Particulates) la khai niem dugc sii dung tdi 45% eae nganh cdng dimg de chi nhirng hat byi rat nhd trdi ndi nghiep va 16% d khu vyc dan cu Do than khdng va day eung la phin dung cho ca chay may hai nudc va sudi am chu yeu gay d nhiem khdng nen thudng ed qui md nhd va phan tan"* Sii Theo nghien ciiu cua cae nha khoa hgc, dung than d khu vyc cd hieu qua thap, nhimg hat cd dudng kinh be hon 10 gay anh hudng tieu eye den mdi trudng, va micromet la nhiing hat cd the bi ngudi sir dung rai rac nen rat khd kiem soat d hit vao thd, chiing se tich tu tren phdi, nhiem gay nguy hai cho siie khde eon ngudi Bang cho chiing ta thay, than la ngudn Nhirng hat cd dudng kinh be hon 2,5 eung cap nang lugng chinh cho cae nudc micromet la nhirng hat dac biet nguy hiem Ddng Bac A ehiem tdi 46,4% tdng lugng bdi vi chiing xam nhap tryc tiep vao cac tiii than sir dyng ciia the gidi nam 2006, dau chi phdi Vi vay, cac nha khoa hgc dung chi sd ehiem 19,7% va ga la 6,7% Trung Qudc PM 2.5 de bieu thj ham lugng tieu chuan ciia ehiem tdi hon 80% lugng than sii dung d cac hat trdi ndi mdt met khdi khdng khu vyc (1.119/1.435 trieu tin) Nhu eiu sir Chi sd cang cao ciing cd nghTa la sy dung nang lugng ciia cae nude khu d nhiem khdng d noi dd cang nghiem vyc se khdng ngirng tang tuong lai va trgng^ Mdt bao cao dugc cdng bd vao nam dy doan se tang gip ddi vdng 25 nam, 2010 cho thay d nhilm khdng tai cac tir 110 ty Giga jun nam 2005 len 210 ty vao qudc gia Chau A la nguyen nhan khien 1,3 r ^ Mi6n Bac nhilm gSp hai ISn cho phep Vietnamnet ngiy 29/9/2010 http://www.vietnamnet.vn/khoahoc/20 1009 /Khong-khi-mien-Bac-o-nhiem-gap-2-Ian-cho-phep938290/ 28 f ^ Tinh trang nhiem khong tai Trung Quoc cang nghiem trpng C6ng thong tin dien tu Bo nong nghiep vi phat triln nong thon, 5/8/2010 http://\vww.agroviet.go v.vn/Pages/news_detail.aspx?NewsId= 12820 •* Atsushi Fukushima 2004 Coal and Environmental Issues in Northeast Asia http://enecken.ieej.or.Jp/en/d ata/ pdf/242.pdf NGHIEN Cdru OdNG BflC ft SO 8(126) 8-2011 Nghien citu khoa hoc nam 2030 Nhien lieu hda thach se vin la ngudn nang lugng chinh cho din nhirng nam 2030 Tuy nhien ti le cua than tdng ngudn eung cip nang lugng se giam bdt, diu va ga se cd xu hudng tang Dac biet kinh tl tang trudng nhanh, ddi sdng nhan dan dugc cai thien thi sd lugng d td dua vao su dyng ciing tang len nhanh chdng Nhu vay viec thai cac gay d nhilm d khu vyc vin tilp tue gia tang Bang 1: Su dung nang luong cua viing DBA va thi gidi nam 2006 Sv dung nang Ivong cua viing DBA va the gioi (Dan vi: Trieu tdn qui ddu) Ntfofc/ vung lanh tho D4U Trung Quoc Nhat Ban Han Quoc Dai Loan Mong CO Trieu Tien Vien Dong Nga Toan DBA DBA toan the gioi Phan lai cua the giai Toan the gioi 349,8 235,0 105,3 52,5 0,6 1,0 10,6 768 Gas 50,0 76,1 30, 10,7 ~ — 2,9 173 Than Nig ntu" 1.191,3 119,1 54,8 39,5 1,5 9,7 11,5 1.435 12,3 68,6 33,7 9,0 ~ Thuy dien Tong cong ~ 124 94,3 21,5 1,2 1,8 ~ 0,8 1,1 121 1.697,8 520,3 225,8 113,6 2,0 11,4 27,0 2.621 19,7% 6,7% 46,4% 19,4% 17,5% 24,1% 3.122 2.402 1.655 512 567 8.258 3.890 2.575 3.090 636 688 10.878 Til? DBA 64,8% 19,9% 8,6% 4,3% 0,1% 0,4% 1,0% 100% &the gioi 15,6% 6,1% 2,6% 1,3% 0% 0,1% 0,3% 24,1% 75,9% 100% Ngudn: David F Von Hippel and Peter Hayes, 2008 Su dung nhien lieu hda thach ngoai viec tao SO2 va NO2, bui lo liing, cdn thai cac nha kinh (KNK) Viec phat thai CO2 la nguyen nhan chii y6'u gSy hi6u iing nha kfnh va su ndng len cua trai dat Ngan hang Thi gidi (WB) nam 2010 da cdng bd danh sach 10 nudc cd khdi lugng phat thai nha kinh Idn nhat thi gidi, dd cd nudc Ddng Bic A la Trung Qudc, Nga, Nhat Ban va Han Qudc vdi vj tri Ian lugt la sd I, sd 3, sd va sd Vj tri da thay ddi nhilu so vdi nam 1998 Trung Qudc, Nga, Nhat Ban la nhffng nudc diing b vi tri thir hai, thii ba, thii tu tr6n the gidi viec NGHIEN cdru OdNG B^C ft %6 8(126) 8-2011 thai CO2 Neu tinh them ca Han Qudc thi nude da ehiem tdi 27% tdng lugng thai C02 ciia the' gidi ^ Cac nha khoa hgc dy doan muc phat thai nha kinh ciia khii vyc Ddng Bac A se tiep tue tang cho den nam 2030 (bilu dd I) Nam 1990, lugng phat thai CO2 cua cac nudc Ddng Bac A mdi ehi chilm 20% tdng lugng phat thai cua thi gidi, nam 2005 tang len 27% va dy doan se tang len 34% vao nam 2030 ' Environmental Inform mation Network in Northeast Asia Region, Environmental Problems in the Norhtwest Pacific Region, http://vvww.npec.or.jp/northeast_asia/en /environmental/pageOS.html 29 Nghien citu khoa hpc Bilu 1: Cac nudc DBA tong luong phat thai CO2 cua the gidi 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1990 1995 2000 2005 Hien khu vuc d Ddng Bic A mua a xit da xuat hien d nhieu nai Day la hau qua ciia qua trinh phat trien san xuat eiia ngudi vdi viec tieu thu nhieu nhien lieu hda thach Trong phan cac chat ddt ty nhien nhu than da, dau md cd chira mdt lugng ldn luu huynh, cdn khdng lai chua nhieu ni to Qua trinh dot san sinh cac ddc hai nhu dioxit luu huynh (SO2), dioxit nito (NO2) Cac hda tan vdi hoi nudc tao a xit sulfuric H2SO4 va a xit nitric (HNO3) Khi trdi mua cae hat a xit tan lan vao nudc mua, lam pH eiia nude mua giam Mua a xit la hien tugng nudc mua cd pH dudi 5,6 Do cd chua kha ldn, nudc mua cd the hda tan dugc mdt sd bui kim loai va d xit kim loai cd khdng nhu d xit chi, lam nudc mua trd nen ddc han nira ddi vdi cay edi, vat nudi va ngudi, anh hudng tdi cac cdng trinh xay dyng bang vat lieu nhu da vdi, da hoa cuang, be tdng 30 2015 2020 2030 Trung Qudc la nudc xuat khau ehii yeu ngudn SO2 va NO2 khu vyc va ciing dang phai ddi mat vdi van de mua a xit d nudc Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua Trung Qudc, phat thai SO2 nam 1990 la 14,95 trieu tan da tang len 22,5 trieu tan nam 2004 Trung Qudc la nudc phat thai SO2 ldn thu ba tren the gidi, sau My va Lien bang xd viet trude day, ed kha nang trung Qudc se trd nudc phat thai SO2 ldn nhat the gidi vao nam 2025 Mot van de d nhiem khdng nghiem trgng nira khu vuc Ddng Bic A la d nhilm cat bui Tir cudi nhiing nam 1990, gid lanh.tur viing Siberia ciia Nga thoi thdi gian tit thang den thang da cudn theo mot lugng cat vang khong 16 ciia sa mac Gdbi (nim tren lanh thd Kazakhstan, Mdng Cd, mien bic Trung Qudc) tdi ban dao Trilu Tien va Nhat Ban Thd'ng ke cho biet nam 2000 cd 12 tran'bao cat, nam 2001 tang len 32 tran Cat bui Ian tran cdn la he qua cua NGHIEN cdru OdNG B^C ft SO 8(126) 8-2011 Nghien citu khoa hoc viec khai thac, van chuyin nguyen vat lieu cho cae edng trinh xay dyng, eua sy phun trao niii liia cung nhu cac hoat ddng khae ciia ngudi Sy phat trien qua ndng ciia Trung Qude thdi gian qua da lam cho nudc cd mure d nhilm khdng nghiem trgng nhit khu vyc Theo mdt nghien cuu ciia WB, Trung Qudc cd 16 sd 20 phd cd chit lugng khdng tdi nhit thi gidi Chit lugng khdng d Bic Kinh kem New York 16 lin Chi cd 1% sd 560 trieu cu dan sdng d thi dugc hit thd khdng sach theo tieu chuan eiia Lien minh Chau Au^ Sd lugng ed khdng dat chit lugng tdt tai 113 phd chinh tren toan dit nudc Trung Qudc thang dau nam 2010 giam 0,3% so vdi cung ky nam 2009 Theo danh gia ciia dng Frederick Palmer, phd chu tich tap doan Peabody Energy, tap doan than ldn nhat ciia My thi viec siir dyng than cua Trung Qudc se tang hon 30% nam tdi vdi muc tieu dimg hien la 3,3 ty tan Nhu vay tinh trang d nhiem khdng va viec thai nha kinh khd cd the kiem soat duge' mat ciia cdng nghiep, xay dyng va sy gia tang sd lugng d td Sau 30 nam edng nghiep hda, hau qua la nhirng thiet hai vl mdi trudng mdt nhilu hon Ciing vdi d nhiem khdng la sy gia tang ciia nha kinh, Trung Qude hien da vugt qua My dh trd nudc xa thai CO2 ldn nhit the gidi** Khac vdi Trung Qudc, van de khdi bui ciia Han Qudc da giam tuong ddi nhung lugng thai gay hieu ung nha kinh van tang nhanh nhiing nam qua Nam 1990 lugng CO2 thai ciia Han Qudc la 310 trieu tan, den nam 2004 da tang len 590 trieu tan, tuong duong vdi 1,8% lugng thai CO2 toan cau Cac nganh cdng nghiep nang va che bien tieu thu 30% nang lugng ciia Han Qudc, nhieu hon so vdi ti le 20% eiia Nhat Ban, 14% cua My Theo dy tinh ciia cac nha khoa hgc Han Qudc lugng thai CO2 dy doan se tang len 790 trieu tan vao nam 2030 Han Qudc dang la nudc chju anh hudng nhieu bdi sy bien ddi hau, nhiet eiia phd ldn ciia Han Qudc da tang len 1,5°C 100 nam qua, muc Mua axit ciing la van de ndi com trung binh cua the gidi la 0,74°C Lugng nua dau nam 2010 d dat nudc 189 mua thdi ky 1996-2005 dugc d 15 tdng sd 443 phd dugc giam sat da chju dilm da tang 10% so vdi thdi ky 1971-2000 anh hudng nang ne ciia mua a xit Mac dii da Thiet hai mua lii gay da tang 3,2% tien hanh mdt sd cai each, Trung Qudc hien vdng 10 nam LTdc tinh thiet hai len tdi van dang ddi dien vdi nhiing khd khan 17,7 nghin ty won (tuong duang vdi 18 ty ehdng chat viec ngan chan van nan d USD) 10 nam qua (Park Hojeong, nhilm Nguyen nhan sy phat trien chdng 2009) Chinh vi thi ma gin day Han Qudc * Air pollution in China, http://factsanddetails.coni/china php?itemid=392&catid= 10&subcatid=66 ' China's Coal Use to grow by Third in Five Years, U.S.Miner Peabody Says littp://www.Chinamining.org/ news/2010-09-30/1285811937d39453.html NGHIEN Cdru OdNG BflC ft SO 8(126) 8-2011 * Dang sau sir tang truong thin ky ciia Trung Qu6c Bee.net.vn 26/4 /2010 http://bee.net.vn/c hannel/20 43/201004/Dang-sau-su-tang-truong-than-ky-cua-TrungQuoc-1751234/ 31 Nghien citu khoa hpc da dua chiln luge tang trudng xanh, cd nghia la tang trudng kinh tl di liln vdi viec giam thai cac bon 1.2 nhiim nu&c Cd thi ndi d nhilm nudc la mdt nhimg van d^ nhiem nghiem trgng nhat d khu vyc Ddng Bae A ma nguyen nhan chinh la: cdng nghiep hda, dd thi hda nhanh, sy tut hau viec xay dyng cae co sd tang xa hdi nhu he thdng thoat nude, eiing nhu chinh sach mdt thdi coi trgng phat triln kinh te hon la sue khde nhan dan va mdi trudng sach Nudc cua cac sdng, tang nudc mat, nudc ngam ciia nhieu nudc bi d nhiem anh hudng nghiem trgng tdi sue khde cua nhan dan va cac nganh san xuat Nudc thai cdng nghiep va nudc thai sinh hoat, nhiet thai tir cac nha may dien vdi qui md cang ldn dang de dga cac sinh vat sdng d sdng va cac viing bien lan can Dau loang tu viec khai thac dau, rd ri dau tir cac eon tau chd dSu hoac cac tau bj tai nan cung la mdt nguyen nhan ldn gay d nhilm nudc Ngoai sy khai thac qua miic nguon tai nguyen bidn cung lam tdn hai den ddi sdng sinh vat bien khu vuc nhilm biln vdi sy xuit hien cua thiiy trilu dd, thiiy trieu den da xay d tat ca cac nudc khu vuc trur Mdng Cd, nudc nhit khdng tiep giap vdi bien Viec thai chit thai hat nhan vao bien ciing la mot van de Idn cua khu vyc Nga, Nhat da timg chat khu vyc^ Mdi day, sau tham hga kep ddng dat va sdng thin 11 thang nam 2011 d viing ddng bic Nhat Ban, nha may dien nguyen tu Fukushima I gap sy cd va Nhat Ban khdng cdn each nao khac ciing da thai nudc nhiem phdng xa bien Dieu ciing dang lam cho cac nudc khu vyc quan ngai nhiem nudc d Trung Qude hien dang nghiem trgng Theo Uy ban bao ve mdi trudng Trung Qudc, ket qua xet nghiem mau nudc dugc lay tir nhiing sdng va hd Idn tren pham vi ca nudc thang dau nam 2010 cho thay chi 49,3% dien tich nudc mat cua Trung Qudc la cdn cd the su dung cho muc dich sinh hoat hang cua ngudi dan Gan mdt phan tu dien tich nudc mat da qua d nhiem, khdng the su dung cho bat cir myc dich gi ke ca san xuat ndng nghiep Nudc ngam tai 90% phd cua Trung Qudc bi d nhiem'° Nhieu vu gay d nhiem nudc nghiem trgng da xay d Trung Qudc nhirng nam gan day Nhu viec thai chit nitrate ammonium ngudn nudc sdng Td Giang cua cdng ty hda hgc Tu Xuyen nam 2004 da khien ca trieu ngudi d Thanh Dd khdng cd nudc vdng hem mdt tuin Vu no nha may hda chat Cat Lam thang 11 nam 2005 da lam 100 tan benzene va nitrobenzene tran xudng sdng Tung Hoa, ddng bic Trung Qude va chay sang sdng nhanh cua sdng thai hat nhan vao b i l n Nhat Ban giita nhung , , , nam 1990 va viec Dai Loan cd gang xuat ' Young-Ja Bae Environmental Security in East Asia: the case of radioacive waste management Asian prospective Vol 29, NO.2, 2005, pp73-97 http://www.asianperspecti khiu chit thai hat nhan sang Trilu Tien nam ve^org/articies/v29n2-c.pdf , , 1997 la hai sy kien quan trgng nhat da khuay ddng nhimg cang t h i n g v l moi trudng • ° 0 32 Trung Quoc: nuac mat bi o nhiem nghiem trpng Doanh nhan Sai gon online 28 -7-2010 http://doanhnhansai gon.vn/online/quoc-te/su-kien/2010/07/1046158/trung-qu o;-nuoc-mat-bi-o-nhiem-nghiem-trong/ NGHIEN cdru OdNG B^C ft s d 8(126) 8-2011 Nghien citu khoa hoc Amur ngang qua Khabarovsk ciia Nga Ngudi dan cua phd da khdng cd nude dung 14 Cudi thang nam 2010, cung tai viing Ddng Bic, hon 7.100 thiing hda chit dgc cua hai xi nghiep hda chit Trung Qudc bi nude lu cudn xudng sdng Sungari, va lai trdi vl phia sdng Amur ciia Nga Chinh quyin phd Khabarovsk phai bao ddng 24/24 gid Ciing thang 7, hai dudng dng din dau bj nd tai mdt kho chira dau d cang Dai Lien, ddng bac Trung Qudc Vu tran diu dugc cae nha dieu tra qudc te danh gia la mdt 30 vu tran dau ldn nhat Uch sir nhan loai Vet dau loang cd the se lan din viing bien ciia Trieu Tien" Gidi bao chi, nhat la tai Hdng Kdng da phan ung gay gat trudc cac sy kien vira qua vi nd phoi bay thyc te, ma tac gia mdt bai bao tren tap chi My Forbes dang tren mang Forbes.com, mdng thang nam 2010 da neu bat hang tya cua minh: "Trung Qudc: noi hau nhu cd quyen ty dau ddc ngudi dan" Trung Qudc vdi tu each la cdng xudng ciia the gidi vira cd gia nhan cdng re, lai vira cd mdt uu the nira, dd la cac tap doan gay d nhiem hau nhu khdng phai tra gi'^ Chat lugng nudc cung la mdt van de ldn d Han Qudc nhirng nam 1980, 1990 Nhieu ddng sdng, vimg bien bi d nhiem, ngudn nudc ngam nhieu noi cung bi nhiem '' Trung Qu6c truac cac tham hoa vg moi truang Bao T6 Qu6c online 10-8-2010 littp://\v\\\v.toquoc.g ov.vn/ Thongtin/Y-Kien-Binh-Luan/Trung-Quoc-Truoc-Cac-Th am-Hoa-Moi-Truong.html '^ nhilm moi truang gay bdt 6n xa hpi tai Trung Qu6c Dai RFI tieng Viet 14-8-2009 http://uww.rll.fr/act uvi/articles/116/article_4562.asp NGHIEN Cdru OdNG BflC ft Sd 8(126) 8-2011 kim loai nang Theo bao cao cua Bd Mdi trudng Han Qudc nam 1996, ehi cd 33% nudc thai dd thi dd vao sdng Nakdong la dugc xu ly, ti le d sdng Kum la 31%, sdng Yongsam la 48%, va cao nhit la sdng Han 69% Nudc may d Xo un da tirng bi nhiem kim loai nang nhu cadmium va thuy ngan vao nam 1989 Gin 10 trieu cu dan sdng d phia nam Han Qudc, bao gdm ca phd cang Pusan, phd ldn thu hai ciia Han Qudc phai diing nudc may nhiem benzen va toluen vao nam 1994 Ngoai viec sir dung qua muc phan hda hgc, thudc bao ve thuc vat cung la nguyen nhan gay d nhiem ngudn nudc Lugng thudc bao ve thyc vat sir dung tren hec ta (ha) canh tac da tang 30% vdng 10 nam, tir 69 kg nam 1980 da tang len 91 kg nam 1990 Chinh phu Han Qude da phai chi mdt khoan tien ldn 3,5 nghin ty won (khoang 4,5 ty USD) de cai thien chat lugng nudc va thyc hien cac bien phap de kiem soat nude thai ciia cac cdng ty Nhat Ban cung da phai ddi mat vdi tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng nudc nghiem trgng nhQ-ng nam 1950, 1960, 1970 nhu vu d nhiem d Minamata Cdng ty Chisso da thai qua nhieu thuy ngan hu'u co ddc hai lam cho ca bi nhiem ddc Khi an ca, thuy ngan hiru co xam nhap vao co the ngudi, ehiing se tan cdng vao co quan than kinh trung uong, gay nen can benh ma cac nha y hgc ggi la benh Minamata Td chuc cuu trg Nhat Ban cho biet, den cd gan 13.000 ngudi mac benh Minamata, ed hon 2.000 ngudi bi chet Ngoai benh Minamata, edn cd cac can benh, cac vu nhiem dgc nhu benh itai-itai d tinh Toyama, nhiem ddc cadmium, nhiem ddc ddng cac nha may thai chit 33 Nghien citu khoa hpc thai nguy hai mdi trudng sudt miy dan sd dd thj, hoat ddng kinh tl, sd lugng xe chuc nam phat triln cdng nghiep'^ Tuy d td va cac phuang tien giao thdng, su dung nhien, hien cae ngudn gay d nhilm da dien va tieu dung nang lugng Xac djnh d dugc kilm soat chat che nhiirn mdi trudng chu ylu hoat ddng phat Tdm lai d nhilm khdng khi, d nhilm nudc triln kinh tl xa hdi gay nen mdi nudc la nhirng van de ma tit ea eae nude trong khu vyc dang thay ddi chien luge phat khu vyc deu vap phai Tuy nhien d nhilm trien ciia minh khdng va d nhiem nudc d Nhat Ban da Thay ddi chinh sach phdt trien cua dugc kiem soat Chat lugng khdng va Trung Qudc chat lugng nudc d Han Qudc nhung nam gan Trung Qudc nudc ed tdc phat trien day da duge cai thien rd ret, edn Trung Qudc kinh tl ldn nhat, ddng thdi cung la nudc gay thi mue d nhiem van dang tang d nhiem ldn nhat khu vyc Theo nha Xu hudng giai quyet chfnh cac van bao Watts, hien trang cua Trung Qudc cd the de moi trtfdtig cua khu vyc chung minh rang Ijch su 200 nam tang 2.1 Phdt trien kinh te ben viing trudng kinh te theo hudng cdng nghiep hda Mudn phat triln bin virng thi phat hien dai da bat dau tan cdng mdt loat nhu'ng trien phai tinh tdi yeu td mdi trudng Mdi buc tudng ciia he sinh thai Dd la hien tugng trucmg ty nhien va san xuat xa hdi quan he khan hiem tai nguyen, tinh trang thieu nudc, khang khit, chat che, tac ddng lan Mdi mat rimg va sa mac hda Trung Qudc dang d trudng khdng chi cung cap dau vao ma cdn tinh trang bao ddng ve d nhiem mdi chua dyng dau cho cac qua trinh san xuat trudng, neu khdng giai quyet thi se gay bat va ddi sdng Giao su Tran Hiru Diing cho dn xa hdi va khd cd the phat trien manh rang "phat trien ben virng nhan manh den tuang lai Chinh vi thi ma Trung Qudc kha nang phat trien kinh tl lien tue, lau dai, dang thiic diy phat triln mdt nIn kinh te tai khdng gay nhirng hau qua tai hai, khd che ben viing cd mue thai cac bon thap khdi phuc d cac ITnh vyc khac nhat la thien Trung Qudc dang vugt len trudc cac nudc -nhien Phat trien ma lam hiiy hoai mdi khae tren the gidi ITnh vyc dau tu vao trudng la mdt phat trien khdng ben virng, nang lugng mat trdi va cac ngudn nSng phat trien ma chi dya vao nhirng loai tai lugng sach khac Ca quan Quan ly Nang nguyen cd the can kiet ma khdng lo trudc lugng quoc gia ciia Trung Qudc mdi day cho den nd se can kiet ciing la phat trien biet cd ke hoach dau tu 5.000 ty NDT khdng bin vung"''* (khoang 738 ty USD) giai doan 2011Nhin chung khu vyc Ddng Bac A hien 2020 dk phat triln nang lugng sach dang cd xu hudng tang ve dan sd, ti le mudi nam tdi nhim han chi sy phu thuoc qua ldn vao than da, cat giam lugng thai " B?nh Minamata ya vdn dl nhilm moi truemg tai cac khu cong nghi?p Viet nam http://www.apave.com vn/ Ho me/Default.aspx?portalid=52&tabid=105&catid=326&dis tid=214 '^ http://www.chungta.com 34 ^y^^ j^j^^j^ ^^ ^ j ^ ^ i^i g^ ^ ^ ^ j ^ ^ ^ I„5i ^ a a i J NGHIEN cdru OdNG BflC A, sd 8(126) 8-2011 Nghien citu khoa hoc trudng sinh thai mdt each can ban'^ Nhilu bien phap khac phuc d nhilm da dviqc thyc ^^i?"' Tinh den eudi nam 2008, Trung Qudc da diu tu tren 200 ty NDT (30 ty USD) xay dyng 1.550 nha may xu ly nude thai vdi tdng cdng suit xir ly 86 trieu tin nudc thai mdi Bd Mdi trudng Trung Qudc cho bilt vdng 2-3 nam tdi, chinh phu nudc se diu tu khoang 90 ty NDT (13 ty USD) dl xu ly tinh trang d nhilm nude, Trong sd cac dy an uu tien, viec xu ly nudc ' ^ w ^ dung nang lugng Tuy nhien, muc tieu xem khd cd thi dat dugc vi ty le tieu thu nang lugng trung binh tren don vi GDP nua diu nam 2010 tang 0,09 % so vdi cimg ky nam 2009 Theo hgc gia ngudi Oxtraylia Frank Jotzo, tri tang trudng kinh tl ddng thdi vdi giam d nhilm mdi trudng la mot vin dl eye ky khd khan ddi vdi mgi nIn kinh tl dang phat triln Ong ndi: "Vdi nhung nIn kinh tl dang phat triln qua ndng (nhu Trung Qudc), day qua la mdt bai toan nan giai" 1A thai ciing he thdng cung cap nudc va thiet bi Thay ddi md hinh tdng truang ciia Hdn tich-xir ly nudc mua nham nang cao cdng Qudc Hien Han Qudc cung nhu nhilu nudc suat xu ly nude ciia qude gia, dugc dac biet quan tam khac khu vyc dang cd chieu hudng Bd Cdng nghiep va Cdng nghe Thdng tin thay ddi md hinh tang trudng Nam 2008, Trung Qudc vira yeu cau 2.087 edng ty Chinh phii Han Qudc de chien luge phat vdng hai thang tdi phai ddng ciia cae nha trien xanh vdi chinh sach khuyen khich giam may tryc thudc gay d nhiem mdi trudng thai Thu trudng Bd Tai nguyen Mdi Cac cdng ty khdng dap urng ve tieu chuan trudng Han Qudc, dng Yoon Jong Soo cho mdi trudng se bi thu hdi giay phep Ngoai ra, biet, song song vdi gdi kich cau nam 2009 chinh phii Trung Qudc se ngung cung cap giiip Han Qudc phuc hdi va vugt qua khung cac khoan tin dung, ngung phe duyet va cap hoang, chinh phii dau tu 30 ty USD cho phat phep su dung dit cho cac dy an mdi, tham trien xanh, thdng qua nhiing dy an ve tang chi cd thi thu hdi giiy phep san xuit va cit trudng xanh K I hoach cua Han Qude la dau dien Nha chuc trach tinh An Huy thdng bao tu 83,6 ty USD, mdt ty trgng dang kl da cit dien mdt thang ddi vdi hon 500 nha GDP dk eit giam 30% lugng thai C02 may, sau khdng dap ung cac muc tieu cat vao nam 2020 giam thai Tai Hdi nghi thugng dinh vl Han Qudc dang chu trgng diu tu vao ITnh biln ddi hau d Copenhagen nam ngoai, vyc nang lugng sach nhu phat triln cac Trung Qudc cam kit tdi nam 2020 giam phuang tien co gidi su dung nang lugng lugng thai gay hieu ung nha kinh sach nhu xe buyt dien, xe d td dien Cac loai khoang 40-45% so vdi muc ciia nam 2005 xe co gidi chay bing dien khdng xa ddc Chinh phii Trung Qudc cung dat muc tieu tir hai, dae biet la NO2, nguyen nhan chu nam 2006 din 2010, tang 20% hieu qua sir " http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/Thongtin/Y-Kien-Binh-Lua n/Trung-Quoc-Truoc-Cac-Tham-Hoa-Moi-Truong.html NGHIEN cdru OdNG BflC ^ s d 8(126) 8-2011 http://tamnhin.net/ThegioiVietNam/3446/Trung-Quocxu-ly-cac-nha-may-gay-o-nhiem-moi-truong.html "http://www.sggp.org.vn/kinhte/2010/6/227865/ 35 Nghien citu khoa hpc ylu gay mua a xit, vi thi chung dugc ggi la "phuang tien giao thdng ciia tuong lai" Han Qude dat muc tieu dua 3600 xe buyt dien vao hoat ddng tdi nam 2020, md ky nguyen cac phuang tien giao thdng than thien vdi mdi trudng Chien luac tdng trieang mdi ciia Nhdt Bdn "Chiln luge phat triln cho tuang lai" la ten ggi cua md hinh tang trudng mdi ciia Nhat Ban dugc Thu tudng Aro Taso cdng bd thang nam 2009 vdi try cdt chinh la: (1) Di dau the gidi cudc each mang giam thai cae bon; (2) Xay dyng mdt xa hgi manh khde, cd tudi thg cao dd ngudi dan cam thay an toan va khde manh; (3) Tang cudng sy hap dan ciia Nhat Ban Chien luge phat trien mdi cua Nhat Ban nhan manh tdi viec su dung cdng nghe mdi va cai each he thdng xa hdi nham giam phat thai nha kinh, dd dac biet chii trgng tdi van de su dung nang lugng Ngudn nang lugng dugc su dung hgp ly se dap ung cac yeu cau ve an ninh nang lugng, bao ve mdi trudng va phat trien ben virng eua qude gia Theo Co quan Nang lugng Nguyen tir Qudc te (IAEA, 2009), Nhat Ban hien dang din dau the gidi ve hieu qua su dung nang lugng vdi mue tieu thu nang lugng so cap/don vj GDP d mue thap nhat the gidi Nam 2005, mire tieu thu nang lugng/don vi GDP giam chi cdn 63% so vdi nam 1973 Viec tieu dimg nang lugng tinh theo dau ngudi d Nhat Ban chi gan bang mdt nua so vdi Hoa Ky nhung muc sdng va thu nhap theo dau ngudi d hai nudc gan nhu ngang bing nhau'^ Mac dii vay, Nhat Ban vin khdng ngirng phin dau tiep tyc dat dugc hieu qua sir dung nang lugng cao vin tri dugc sue manh ciia mdt cudng qudc kinh tl Sau hon 10 nam kl tu Nghi djnh thu Kyoto ddi, Nhat Ban van ludn khang dinh vai trd di dau cua minh cdng tac bao tdn nang lugng va cat giam phat thai CO2 Rat nhieu giai phap tiet kiem va sir dung hieu qua nang lugng da dugc ap dung triet de cac tda nha cao dc, van phdng, cira hang ban le, v.v Cac giai phap duge danh gia cao cd the ke: chuang trinh TopRunner, chuang trinh dan nhan tiet kiem nang lugng, he thdng chung nhan cho cac cira hang ban le, he thdng quan ly nang lugng nha, chuang trinh khuyen khich tat ddng co xe dirng lai d den do, cai tien tang an toan giao thdng tranh gay iin tac Ngoai cdn cd chuang trinh khuyen khich mgi tang ldp xa hgi sir dung san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng Trong chien luge phat trien kinh te tir den nam 2020, Nhat Ban dy dinh sir dung 20% nang lugng tai tao tdng sd nang lugng tieu diing Day la muc su dung nang lugng tai tao cao nhat tren the gidi 2.2 Tiing cu&ng hffp tdc di giai quyet vein de mdi tru&ng cua khu vuc De bao ve khu vyc khdi nhirng tham hga mdi trudng va ngan chan nhiing cang thang giu'a nhftng nudc gay d nhilm va nhiing nudc chiu anh hudng ciia d nhiem can phai cd sy hgp tac giira cac nudc khu vyc So vdi cac khu vuc khac thi hgp tac ciia cac 18 http://www.vrej.vn/vn/chi_tiet/25502/hieuquasudungn ans'luonsionhatban 36 NGHIEN Cdru OdNG BflC fl SO 8(126) 8-2011 Nghien cum khoa hoc nudc Ddng Bic A vi cac ITnh vuc ndi chung va mdi trudng ndi rieng la tugng ddi mudn, phan ldn mdi dugc bit diu tir nhung nam 1990 Chua cd mdt ca ehi thdng nhit toan khu vyc nhung thdi gian qua da ed nhieu hinh thire hgp tae khac Lien quan din nhirng vin dl mdi trudng ndi hat cua khu vyc cd diln dan vl hgp tac khu vyc Dd la: Hdi nghi cac Bd trudng mdi trudng ciia nudc Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Trung Qudc (TEMM); Chuang trinh hgp tae ve mdi trudng ciia cac nudc Ddng Bic A (NEASPEC); Diln dan Ddng Bic A vl hgp tac ITnh vyc mdi trudng (NEAC); Mang ludi kilm soat mua a xit d Ddng A (EANET); Ke hoach hanh ddng nham bao ve, quan ly va phat triln mdi trudng biln va bd bien ciia khu vyc tay bic Thai Binh Duong (NOWPAP); Mang ludi hd trg ky thuat khu vyc vl byi va bao cat (DSSRETA) TEMM, NEASPEC va NEAC la sy hgp tac de giai quyet nhiing van de mdi trudng tdng thi, cdn EANET, NOWPAP va DSS-RETA de cap tdi nhiing van de cu the Ngoai chuang trinh hgp tac cd lien quan tryc tiep den nhirng van de mdi trudng ndi bat ciia khu vyc Ddng Bac A, cdn cd Hdi nghi cajp cao ve hap tac mdi trudng cua khu vuc Ddng Bac A, Hgi nghi cac bd trudng mdi trudng A - Au, Hdi nghi cac Bd trudng vd mdi trudng va phat tridn (MCED) cua khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong Ngoai hgp tac da phuang, hgp tac song phuang ciing dang cang phat triln d khu vyc, thi hien qua eac hiep dinh hgp tac Nhat Trung, Nhat Han, Nhat - Nga, Nhat - Mdng Cd, Trung - Han Iinh vuc bao ve mdi trudng NGHIEN cdru OdNG B^C ft SO 8(126) 8-2011 Hgp tac mdi trudng ciia khu vuc Ddng Bic A mudn nhung ket qua rat dang khfch le Ngay cang cd su phdi hgp chat che giira cac nudc khu vuc dd giai quy^t cac van dl mdi trudng Khi cd nhung va'n dl d nhilm gSy anh hudng tdi nudc lang gidng thi cac nudc da ngoi lai dd thuong lugng va tim each giai quydt tdi uu, cac nudc da cd cac cudc hgp thudng nien di tang cudng cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng Cdng tac tuyen truyen, nang cao y thiic ve mdi trudng cho cdng chiing cung da duge chii trgng Ket luan Hien khu vuc Ddng Bac A vin dang la khu vue cd tdc tang trudng kinh te' cao nha't the' gidi nhung ben canh dd khu vuc vin cdn tdn tai nhirng va'n de mdi trudng nghiem trgng nhu d nhilm khdng khi, mua a xit, bao cat, d nhilm nudc va dai duong D I ddi phd vdi tinh trang mdi nude diu dua chiln luge phat triln rieng nhung tit ca deu hudng tdi sy phat trien ben virng Md hinh tang trudng mdi trudc het chii trgng den viec sir dung nang lugng tiet kiem hieu qua, nang cao ti le eiia nang lugng tai tao, xay dyng mdt xa hdi cd lugng phat thai nha kinh thap Thap ky vira qua da chirng kien nhirng nd luc khdng ngirng eua eac nudc khu vuc de kidm soat d nhidm nudc, khdi bui, d nhilm bidn, va hgp tac bao tdn thien nhien v.v Hgp tac khu vuc ve mdi trudng da cd nhirng phat triln dang ghi nhan thdi gian qua, ngoai no lyc eua cac chinh phu thi cac td chiic qudc te va cac td chiic tu nhan cung da cd nhftng ddng gdp to Idn cho su phat tridn hgp tac Tuy nhien tuang lai cin phai xay dung mdt ca che hgp tac hieu qua han Sy 37 Nghien ciiu khoa hpc hop tac khdng phai chi y chi ciia cac nha lanh dao ma phai xuat phat tft sy mong mudn ciia nhan dan Do dd c^n nang cao nhan thftc ve cac van de mdi trudng cho cdng chiing khu vuc, giai quydt td't mau thuSn gifta lgi ich qudc gia tang trudng, canh tranh kinh te vdi hgp tac vd mdi trudng, khic phuc ' nhirng khd khan ap dat tieu chuin vd mdi trudng d mdi nudc Khu vyc Ddng Bac A se van la khu vyc tang trudng kinh te nang dgng nhat ciia the gidi thap ky tdi Chiing ta hy vgng rang vdi sy thay ddi md hinh tang trudng ciia cac nude, khu vuc Ddng Bic A se dat dugc su phat tridn ben vGng: tang trudng kinh te song hanh vdi bao ve mdi trudng TAI LifiU THAM KHAO David F Von Hippel and Peter Hayes (2008), Growth in Energy Needs in Northeast Asia: Projections, Consequences,and Opportunities, Nautilus, Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, http://www.keia.org/Publications/Other/vonHip pelFlNAL.pdf Delmas, M.A and O.K.Young (2009), Governance for the Environment, Cambridge Doh Hyun-Jae (2003), Energy Cooperatio in Northeast Asia: Prospects and Challenges, East Asian Review, Vol.15, No.3, Autumn 2003, pp 85-110 Fumikazu Y (2002), The Economics of Waste and Pollution Management in Japan, Springer-Verlag Tokyo, Japan In-Taek Hyun & Mirand A Schreurs (2007), The Environmental Dimension of Asian Security: Conflict and Cooperation Over Energy, Resources, and Pollution 38 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies 2008, Tripartite Joint Research on Environmental Management in Northeast Asia, January 2008, Tokyo, Japan Matsuoka, S (2007), Effective Environmental Management in Developing Countries-Assessing Social Capacity Development Palgrave Macmillan Park, Hojeong (2009), Low Carbon Policy and Emission Permit Program in Korea for Sustainable Development, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Korea University http://www.iges.or.Jp/en/ea/pdf/activity090226/0 3HojeongPark.pdf Peter Hayes, Lyuba Zarsky (1993), Regional Cooperation and Environmental Issues in Northeast Asia, Policy Paper, California 8-9 October 1993 10 Pradyumna P.Karan (2005), Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy and Society, The University Press of Kentucky, USA 11 Tadayoshi Terao and Kenji Otsuka (2007), Development of Environmental Policy in Japan and Asian Countries, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 12 Young-Ja Bae, Environmental Security in East Asia: the case of radioacive waste management, Asian prospective Vol 29, No.2, 2005, pp73-97 http://www.Asianperspective.or g/articles/v29n2-c.pdf NGHIEN Cdru OdNG BflC ft SO 8(126) 8-2011