VAI TRO CUA TAI NGUYEN N u '''' d c TRONG PHAT T R i t N KINH TE (S ZIMBABWE Tran Mai Trang* TOM TAT Tdi nguyen nu&c ddng vai trd rdt quan trpng trong phdt trien kinh te cua mdi qudc gia tren the gi&i Zi[.]
VAI TRO CUA TAI NGUYEN N u ' d c TRONG PHAT T R i t N KINH TE (S ZIMBABWE Tran Mai Trang* TOM TAT Tdi nguyen nu&c ddng vai trd rdt quan trpng phdt trien kinh te cua mdi qudc gia tren the gi&i Zimbabwe Id nudc cd he thdng tdi nguyen nu&c mat luang ddi hgn che nhung lgi co ngudn tdi nguyen nu&c ngdm khd phong phu Trong qud trinh phdt trien kinh te, Zimbabwe khai thdc vd sit dl^ng ngudn tdi nguyen nu&c chua hgp ly, vi vdy dd gap phdi nhiing tdc ddng khong nhd lit ngudn nu&c Bdi viet sau gi&i thieu vl ngudn tdi nguyen nu&c cung nhu vai trd cita nu&c cho phdt trien kinh le vd mgt sd mdi de doa cua cho ngudn nu&c a Zimbabwe Mdr dau Zimbabwe da bat dau qua trinh Idioi phuc lai nen Icinh te sau thai ky suy giam Icinh te nhihig nam dau thS ley XXI Trong do, van de cung cap va xii ly nguon nuac cho phat trijn kinh t6 la mot nhihig vdn 6i quan trpng nh& Nuac khong chi quan d6i voi siic khoe va phuc lgi cua nguai dan ma rit quan cho phat triSn va san xuat n6ng nghiep, ntag luong, du lich va khai thac mo Zimbabwe Tuy nhien, Zimbabwe khang tan dung dugc ngu6n tai nguyen sin co va gap phai nhiing bat on khong nho phat triSn kinh te - xa hoi tir tai nguyen nuac Tai nguyen nuo-c or Zimbabwe 1.1 Tdi nguyen nirdc mft d Zimbawe Tai nguyen nuac mat (dong chay song ngoi) cua mgt vimg lanh thfi hay mgt quoc gia la tdng cua lugng dong chay song ngoi tir ngoai viing chay vio va lugng dong chay • Th^c sT, Vi?n Nghien cihi Chau Phi vi Trung Dong dugc sinh viing (dong chay npi dia)' Zimbabwe la mgt qufic gia nam kin luc dia of mien nam chau Phi vfii phan lan dien tich nam fif trung tam cao nguyen trai dai tir tay nam tfii tay bac o cac cao dp khoang gitra 1200 m va 1600 m Vimg phia dong nhieu doi nui vfii nui Nyangani cfi dp cao 2.592 m Khoang 20% dien tich quoc gia la thao nguyen thSp dufii 900m Dia hinh doi nui la mpt nhirng yeu to anh huong den su phan bfi lugng mua khflng dflng dSu tren khip ca nufic va anh hufing den viec phan bfi trii lugng tai nguyen nuac ciia Zimbabwe Zimbabwe la mpt quoc gia khflng giap biSn, dfi ngufin cung cap nufic chinh la hfi, sflng va nufic ngam Hai sflng chinh a Zimbabwe la sflng Zambezi fi phia bac, sflng Limpopo is mien nam Trong sfl tit ca nhimg sflng tren thi Zambezi la sflng cfi dai Ifin thii o khu vuc chau Phi vfii chiSu dai 3540 km va dien tich lim vuc khoang 1,4 trieu km^ Dimg thir hai la sflng Limpopo vfiri dp dai 1800 km vod dien tich Tfp chl nghiln cAu CHAD PHI & TRLNG DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 Tran Mai Trang lim vuc vao khoang 415.000 kml Ngoai ra, mgt sfl nufic lang gi6ng nhu sflng Save, mpt sfl he thflng song khac bat ngufln ttr sflng Manyame va sflng Sanyati Hinh 1: He thong song ngoi ciia Zimbabwe Nguon: http://www.mapsoJworld.com/zimbabwe/river-map.hlml Tfl chiic Luang thuc va Nflng nghiep Lien hgp quflc (FAO) ufic tinh ngufln nufic tai tao ngi bg cua Zimbabwe la 12,26 km/nam, dfi 11,26 km la ngufln nufic mat Zimbabwe ve ca ban la la mflt quflc gia ban kho ban nen vao miia khfl thi hiu hit cac song deu can nufic Lugng mua trung binh hang nam (MAP) la 657 mm/nam Mua mua thuong keo dai tir thang Muai den thang Tu, hai thang diu nam la nhimg thang mua cao diSm Tuy nhien, cfi khac biet dang ke giOa cac nam ca miia mua va dong chay, lugng mua chiflm khoang tir 16% tren cao nguyen phia bic va tang iin 48% thung limg Limpopo Cfi thfl thay lugng mua trung binh hang nam a Zimbabwe tuang dfli thip 20 Lugng mua Iufln chju anh huong bfii nhiet dp khu virc, qua trinh tang nhiflt dp khflng Vfii hau nhiet dfii nen qua trinh bflc hoi ciia Zimbabwe luon Ion hon lugng mua, ufic tinh lugng nufic boc hoi khoang I400mm/nam cac khu vuc cfi lugng mua cao va 2200mni/nam vimg c6 lugng mua thap Song Zambezi va sflng Limpopo la hai sflng chinh xuyen bien gioi cua Zimbabwe, cac sflng Save, Buzi va Pungwe fi mifln dflng Zimbabwe cfi dong chay vao tir Mozambique, sflng Nata va Shashe la hai sflng cimg chung dong chay vol Botswana Sflng Zambezi dfing vai tro dac biet quan trpng dfli vfid Zimbabwe vi day la noi san xuit va cung cip dien chu ySu Tgp chi nghien cm CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG s6 12(124) thang 12/2015 Vai tro cua tai nquyen nu'dc tren toan quflc Ngoai ra, Zimbabwe tham gia mgt sfl thfia thuan vfl ngufin nufic vai mflt sfl nufic cfi chung ngufln nufic Zimbabwe da phe chuin HiSp dinh vfl Hgp tac ngufln nufic Limpopo, Nghi dinh thu sila dfli SADC ve cac khfia hgc "Chia se nguon nuofc" dang a giai doan phat trien Zimbabwe ciing da lap mgt Uy ban Nufic ket hgp vfii Mozambique va Hiep dinh Uy ban Nufic tuong tu dugc du kien se dugc ky kSt vfii Cgng hoa Nam Phi, Botswana va Zambia vao nam 2016 Tuy nhien, mflt djc diSm quan trgng cua tai nguyen nufic mat la nhirng biin dfli manh me lira lugng nuoc mat theo thai gian (dao dgng gitra cac nam va phan phfli khong dflu nam) va phto bo khfing dflu giira cac he thflng song va cac vimg^ Tai nguyen nufic mat cua Zimbabwe dugc danh gia nam 1972, nam 1984 va nam 2007 va cfi su khac biet giira cac nam^ Uac tinh nam 2007 dfing chay trung binh hang nam (MAR) la 23.6X10'M1, ldn hon so vfii nam 1984 uoc tinh 19.9x10' Ml'' Su bit thufing cfi thfl phdt sinh tir mgt sir suy giam vfl sfl lugng va chit lugng cua cac tram thuy van, sir thay dfli phuang phap dfl ufic lupng mua trung binh khu vuc dac Tinh trang hifln tai cua tai nguyen nufic mat cua Zimbabwe khfing 6n dinh su suy thoai dong chay va chit lugng nugc Trong sfl 560 tram thiiy van dugc xay dung Zimbabwe hien nay, chi co 330 fram dang hoat dgng 85 nam qua va 210 tram khfing boat dgng hoac khflng boat dpng tflt Cac tram thiiy van fi Zimbabwe thuong khflng dugc bao duSng dinh ky thiflu kinh phi Nhiflu tram khflng ho?it dpng dugc bi phii sa bfli dip, tham chi bi hfing hfic Tran Mai Trang nhieu boat dflng khai thac vang a hai ben ba, hoac cac thiflt bi hi trgm cip Cac thiflt bi lupng mua a hau hflt cac tram khong dugc cap nhat, phuang phap phan tich dii liflu Ifli thoi da lam cho viec quan ly ngufln tai nguyen nuac gap nhiflu kho khan va khflng chinh xac Trong nhirng nam 2010 - 2015, chi cfi khoang 24,6% lugng nufic dii phuc vu cho cac hoat dflng san xuat (trong dfi cfi khoang 10% cac boat dgng san xuat bi dinh trfl thiflu nufic) Nhu vay co thfl thiy, tai nguyen nufic mat cua Zimbabwe dang phai dfli mat vol rit nhiflu thach thiifi: he thflng sflng ngfii khflng nhieu, lugng mua it, viec quan ly ngufln tai nguyfln nufic fi cac Imi vuc sflng nham trii nufic cho cac boat dflng ciia dit nuac ciing chua dugc dSu tu thfia dang 1.2 Tdi nguyen nir&c ngdm Nuac ngam la mflt dang nufic duoi dit, la nufic nggt dugc chiia cac Ifl rflng cua dat hoac da Nfi ciing cfi thfl la nufic chiia cac tang ngam nufic ben duoi muc nufic ngim Nufic ngam ciing cfi nhiing dac diflm giflng nhu nufic mat nhu: ngu6n vao (bfl cap), ngufln va kha nang chiia Su khac biet chu yflu vfii nufic mat la tfic luan chuyfln chtoi (dfing thim rit cham so vfii nufic mat), kha nang giO nufic ngim nhin chung Ion hon nufic mat so sanh vfl lupng nufic diu vao Su khac bift lam cho nguoi sir dung nfi m$t each tran lan thiflu kiSm soat mgt thai gian dai ma khflng cin du trii Dfi la quan niem sai lim, ma ngufln nufic khai thac vugt qua lugng bfl sung sfl lam can kiflt ting chiia nufic va khfing thfl phuc hfli Ngufln nufic ngim o Zimbabwe co dugc la cau tao dia chit thiiy van ciia Tgp chi nghiln ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(124) thing 12/2015 Vai tro ciia tai nguyen nu'dc |imbabwe limbabwe chu ylu dua tren khfii thach hoc voi bon ting chua nuac chinh la t ^ g da Lomagiindi, tang nuac nglm vung rung Nyamandhlovu, ting Kalahari cat, va ting boi ty phu sa Ngoai cac ting chua nuac phu sa ket hop voi cac dong song xuyen bien gioi, Zimbabwe khong co nguon nuac nglm xuyen bien gioi Nguon nuoc nglm a Zimbabwe duac Ngan hang ThS giai danh gia la CO chat Iuong kha tot^ Ngu6n nuoc ngam la nguon nuoc sinh song chinh cua khoang 70% dan so Zimbabwe, nhung no Iai khong dugc cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach cung nhu cac nha quan ly nguon nuoc a Zimbabwe chu y vao nhung nSm giiia cua thap ni6n 1980 vi viec quan ly tap trung vao ngu6n nuac m|tt Tuy nhien, cac gieng khoan nudc ngam cang phat trien khoang 10 nam tro Iai day vi nguon tai nguyen nuoc mat da tro nen khan hiem va co vandS Nguon nuac ngam thuang dugc tim thay khu vuc da mong ket tinh (chiem 65% ngu6n nuac ngam Zimbabwe) va o cac lop tram tich hinh a phia tay bac, phia bdc vi phia dong nam ciia dit nuac Tang trii nuoc k6t tinh co the bo sung nhung trii Iugng thap va thuang ggi la ting ngam nuoc khong giai han hay gicri han mpt nira Nguon nuac nglm dugc bo sung chu yeu tu Iugng mua va qua lugng nuac song Tru lugng nuac nglm it hay nhieu phu thugc vao sir bo sung cua nguon nudc Sir bd sung nuac cho ting nuac nglm rat quan trgng nhung Zimbabwe khong the dinh Iugng chinh xac ma chi uac tinh so bg thong qua mgt so phuang thuc dinh lugng va dinh tinh so sai Sibanda va cac cgng su (2009) da dh xuit muc b6 sung nuoc cho ngudn nuoc nglm kho^g 2,6-3,7% cua Iugng mua trung binh cho khu vuc vung rimg Sandstone Karoo Ngudn nuoc nglm dugc b6 sung a day vao khoang 0,4% ddn 11% khu vuc Kalahari co thd dugc bd sung d muc cao hon Barker va cac cdng su (1992) thi udc tinh mure bd sung cho nudc ngam d cac tinh Masvingo vao khoang 2-5%^ Theo mgt khao sat dja chit ctia Anh nSm 1989 thi ngudn bd sung m^ch nudc ngam vao khoang 8-16% tdng lugng mua hang nSm Gin day, vi?c tinh toan lugng bd sung cho ngudn nudc ngam da chinh xac hon bSng viec dac th\rc dia tren mdi luu vuc sdng va iugng mua cimg mdt so cac yeu td khdc nhu loai dat, dja chat^ Vai tro cua tai nguyen nirdc doi vdi phat trien kinh te d Zimbabwe Bit diu tu n5m 2009, nen kinh te Zimbabwe bat dau hdi phyc sau gan mgt thap ky tri tre^ Tdng san pham nuoc (GDP) tang trudng 6% nam 2009 va han 9% nam 2010 va 2011, mSc d i tdc tang trudng da cham Iai 4,7% nam 2012^ Ndng nghi?p tang 34% nam 2010 Khai thac md tang 35% tir giQa nam 2009 din nam 2011 Tuy nhien, su hdi sinh kinh te ngoan muc dang bi de dpa bdi ca yeu to tai chinh (han chl tilp can ngudn tai trg qudc td, tuih trang thidu khodn va bat dn kinh te) va cdc ydu td sdn xuit nhu dien, nudc, nguyen vat lieu bi thilu hyt, nhung ngudn tai nguyen ddng vai trd quan trpng nhit Vai tro cua nirdc doi vdi phdt triin ndng nghiep Nganh ndng nghiep ddng vai trd la chia khda de dn dinh va tang trudng kinh tl Tuy khdng phy thugc hoan toan vao ndng nghi?p, nhung su tang trudng phat trien cua ngdnh Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NC sh 12(124) thing 12/2015 Tran Mai Trang Vai tro cua tai nguyen nu'dc nong nghi?p se hd trg cho viec phdt trien cdc ITnh vuc khdc cua nin kinh tl nhu nganh cdng nghiep va dich vu d Zimbabwe Zimbabwe cd khodng 40% dan sd sdng dua vao ndng nghiep Su phdt trien ciia ndng nghidp lgi phu thupc nhieu vao Iugng mua tu nhien'", chi cd khoang 5% dat ndng nghiep dugc tudi tieu Mac du ndng nghidp chi chiem khoang 14% GDP cua Zimbabwe nhung nd van la trung tam cua hoat dOng kinh te bdi vi nd cung cap viec lam cho khodng 60-70% dan sd, gdp phan xuat khau hang hda, va co lien kit chat che vdi cac nganh khac, d^c biet Id cac nganh san xuat Ndng nghiep lai phu thudc nhieu vao thdi tiet va nhat la Iugng mua Trong nhiing nam gan day, san xuat ndng nghidp cua Zimbabwe suy gidm mgt phin Id lugng mua that thudng va han han xay thudng xuyen han Han hdn nam I991/I992 da ldm san lugng ngd ciia nudc gidm 75% va mgt ty le Idn dan sd can vien trg Han hdn quay trd Iai vdo ndm 1994, nam 2002, nam 2004 va ndm 2012 da dnh hudng manh me den ddi sdng cua ngudi dan ndi chung vd ndng nghiep ndi rieng Han hdn nam 2012 da lam tham hut 45% Iugng du trii thyc pham qudc gia vdi khodng 1,4 trieu ngudi Zimbabwe phai d6i mdt vdi nan ddi" Ddng gdp ciia ndng nghiep cho GDP trudc ndm 2000 udc tinh khodng 15,8% den 17% Dinh cao la nam 2000-2003 ddng gdp ciia ndng nghiep cho GDP len den 20,4% Tir nhiing ndm 2000 vd 2008, ddng gop ciia Iinh vyc ndy cho GDP gidm tii 17% nhihig ndm 1997 xudng cdn 13,1% ndm 2009 kinh te Zimbabwe suy thoai va han han'^ Nhu vay cd the thay, tdi nguyen nudc ddng vai trd quan trgng phdt trien ndng nghi?p ciia mdi qudc gia tren thd gidi ndi chung va Zimbabwe ndi rieng Vai tro cda nwdc doi vdi cdng nghiep khai thdc mo Nudc cho nhu cau san xuat cdng nghiep ciing rat Idn Nudc dung de lam ngudi cdc dpng CO, lam quay cdc tubin Id dung mdi Idm tan cac hda chat mdu va cac phan iing hda hpc DS san xuat I tan gang can 300 tan nudc, mpt tan xiit can 800 tin nudc Todn bg ngdnh cdng nghiep su dyng hit khodng 15% Iugng nudc tren the gidi de Iam mat hoac nhu mdt ngudn ndng Iugng Quang vd nha mdy Ipc dau, sur dung nudc qud trmh hda hgc, cac nha may san xuat, sOr dung nudc nhu mpt dung mdi Mdi nganh cdng nghiep, mdi loai hinh san xudt vd mdi cdng nghe yeu cau mgt lugng nudc, loai nudc khdc Ben canh do, khodng 80% sdn Iugng dien ciia Zimbabwe den tir cdc dap Kariba vdi phan cdn lai tir may phdt nhiet dien md chii yeu phu thudc vdo ngudn nudc Iam mat tir sdng Zambezi, vi du, tram nhi?t dien Hwange Viec cung cap cdc ngudn ndng lugng ddng tin cdy Id rat quan trgng cho viec cdp nudc vd xir ly nudc thai, thiiy lgi, sdn xuat, khai thac md va du Hch Nganh cdng nghi?p khai thac md phat trien nhanh chdng nhihig nam gin day vd hifn Id mdt nhDng nganh xuit khau chinh ciia Zimbabwe Theo udc tinh nam 2007, lugng nudc su dyng cho toan bd ngdnh khai thdc mo d Zimbabwe vdo khoang 0,4x lO^MI/nam'^ Tuy nhien thdi gian gin ddy, nganh khai thdc md va chl biln khodng san phat trien nhanh chdng, vay ngdnh se phai sir dung cd ngudn nudc nglm, nudc bl mat vd ca ngudn nudc tai chl Theo du kiln cua Uy ban Tu vin kinh tl Zimbabwe thi ngdnh khai thdc md va khoang sdn du kien se ddng gdp khodng 20% GDP Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 12(124) thang 12/2015 f23_ Vai tro cua tai nguyen nuac^ Tiin Mai Trang vao nam 2033 va nhu vay viec cung cap du nuac cho khai thac mo la rit quan trpng Vai Iro cUa nird'c ddi v&i du Ijch Du lich, mflt nhimg nganh mfii nfli ciia Zimbabwe, ciing phu thuflc vao nguon tai nguyen nufic, nhu viec tri cac hfl sinh thai tu nhifln va cung cap cac dich vu nhu thuc pham an toan va vfl sinh mfli truong nufic dang tin cay cho khach du lich Zimbabwe nfli tiflng vod nhimg canh quan nhu thdc Victoria nam bfln bfi sflng Zambezi, giiia bifln gioi hai nufic Zambia vk Zimbabwe dugc UNESCO cflng nhan la ky quan thifln nhien thfl gidi Thap Victoria cao 108 m, r^ng 1.708 m (gap lin chiflu rgng ciia thac Niagara a Bic My) la thac nufic Ifin nhit thfl gifii voi nhimg nhanh thac rgng Nam 2011 ufic tinh du lich dfing gop cho GDP khoang 5,6%, tao cong an viflc lam cho khoang 43.500 ngucri fi Zimbabwe Nganh du lich dang phat uifln manh fi nufic va du tinh dfln nam 2024 se dfing gop cho GDP khoang 7% Chinh vi vay, viflc tri ciing nhu giir gin ngufln nufic ttong nganh du ljch la rit quan ttgng fi Zimbabwe Mgt so fle dga dSi vdi nguon aatic il Zimbabwe Hgn han Kha nang cung cap nufic nggt hifln la mgt vin dfl nghiflm trpng ttfln toan thfl gioi Cfi it nhit 60 nufic fi vimg sa mac va ban sa mac (chiflm khoang 30% dan s6 thfl gifii) thuflc chau Phi thuong xuyfln bi ban han va mit miia nfln thuong xuyen khflng cung cap dii luang thuc dfl nuoi sflng dan cua hp iRiH ^ han khien nhieu quoc gia chau Phi doi mat vai nguy ca mat an nmh luong thirc Nguon http //www baox n i t, co Ci Zimbabwe, nan hdn han nhiing nam 1992 da lam giam san Iugng ngd khodng 75% vd can den vien trg luang thuc Han I trieu gia sue chet ddi nam han han, san lugng luang thyc thu hogch dugc chi khodng 13000 tan (du Sli dung cho cd nudc hai ngay) Hgn hdn Hen tiep dien d Zimbabwe vdo cdc ndm 1993, 1994, 2002, 2004 vd nam 2012 da anh hudng ldn den nen kinh tl ciia nudc 24i Trong ndm 2012, sdn Iugng Iuong thuc d Zimbawe giam khoang 45%, khodng 1,4 tripu nguai phai ddi mat vdi nan ddi ma ndng nghiep ddng vai trd quan trpng'^ Cd khoang 70% dan so Zimbabwe sdng phu thudc vdo ndng nghiep, chinh vi vgy han hdn se dnh hudng true tilp din ngdnh ndng nghiep Ngoai ra, nganh khai thac md cting bi dnh hudng manh mS - Hau hit cdc hogt Tgp chi nghien cd-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 Tran Mai Trang Vai tro ciia tai nguyen nifdc ddng san xuat va khai thac md diu dua tren ngudn nudc d sdng Zamberi Cdc sdn phdm cdng nghiep bat ngudn tir nhieu hoat ddng ndng nghiep ciing dua chu yeu vao ngudn tdi nguyen nuoc Vi vay, chi cin ngudn nudc bj khan hiem sS dnh hudng true tiep den ngdnh ndy nhiem nguon nudc nggt Theo nhip phat trien ciia nen cdng nghi?p, ndng nghiep va su nang cao miic song cua ngudi thi nhu cau ve nudc sir dung ngdy mpt tang Vdn de ve nudc ngdy cang trd nen nghiem trpng, dac biet la nuoc mat ngdy cdng thodi hda va miic dp d nhiem nudc cdng tang Theo Td chiic Y te Thi gidi (WHO -1980) udc tinh rdng d cac qudc gia kem phat trien thi 70% dan chiing d cdc vung ven thdnh phd vd 25% dan cu d cdc dd thi khdng co dix nudc sgch de sir dung Zimbabwe thi cang cd nhieu chenh lech Mdc dil tren toan qudc cd khoang 73% ddn sd dugc sir dung nudc sach nhung phdi cd den 60% he thdng cung clp nudc sach d viing ndng thdn tinh trang hu hdng Ngudi ngheo cdng cd it khd nang tiep can vdi nudc sgch hon Hon thi nOa, he thdng cung cdp nudc sach d khu vuc dd thi cung xudng cap nghiem trgng Gdn ddy, Zimbabwe da phai hiing chm mot dgt biing phdt dich td toi te nhat d khu vuc chau Phi can Sahara" Sur bien doi hdu Sy biln ddi cua hau toan clu dd, dang vd seS tac dpng manh me den tai nguyen nudc Theo ddnh gid budc ddu, vdo khodng ndm 2070, vdi kich ban nhiet khdng tdng them 2,5 - 4,5°c, Iugng ddng chdy sdng ngdi d Zimbabwe cGng se bien ddi theo mire bien ddi cua lugng mua, neu lugng mua giam 10% thi ddng chdy/nam cd the giam 17 - 53% ddi vdi kich bdn nhiet khdng tdng 2,5** vd giam 26 - 90% vdi kich bdn nhiet dg khdng tang 4,5°C'^ Su bien ddi hdu cung se lam han han xay nhieu hon cac yeu td tugng thuy vdn nhu lugng mua, nhiet d0, thdi gian bdc hoi cung vdi sy bien ddi dong chdy va nguon nudc ngam se ldm hgn hdn kho du doan han Ndng nghiep se bi tac dpng rat nhieu ddc biet cac viing ngd, trdng bdng Su can kiet, d nhilm ngudn nudc se cang trdm trpng neu khdng cd cac bien phdp qudn Iy tdt tai nguyen nudc Cung vi le dd ma ngudi ta cho rang, khung hoang nudc hien khdng chi nudc qua it khdng du de thod man nhu cau ciia ngudi ma cdn sy quan ly ngudn nudc qud kem gay nen hdng ty ngudi va mdi trudng gdnh chiu hau qua Nhu vay cd the thdy, ngudn tai nguyen nudc ddng vai trd rat quan trpng ddi vdi su phdt trien kinh te cua Zimbabwe Nudc ddng vai trd quan san xuat ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep, khai thdc md va du lich, nhdt Id mpt nudc cd ndng nghiep la try cdt nhu d Zimbabwe Zimbabwe la nudc cd ngudn nudc ngam va nudc mat tuang ddi phong phli, nhung cung la nudc chiu nhilu thien tai tir sy bien ddi hau Phyc hdi dap, khdi phyc cdc he thdng cung clp dien vd thuy Igi, cai tao he thdng thoat nudc va khdi phyc lgi cdc cai each the che va phdp Iy Id mpt phin cua sy phyc hdi cua dat nudc Tuy nhien, biln ddi hgu trim trgng nhu hien se ldm cho nhiing chiSn lugc ma Zimbabwe de cang khd quy hoach phat triln hon Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 25 in Mai Trang Bran Vai tro cua tai nguydn nddc Chd thich: ' FAO (1995a) Water resources of African countries: a review Rome 35 pp '^^A0{\9Zls), Irrigated areas in Africa: extent and distribution, FAOreportAGLVMlSC 13/87 Rome 127 pp + map ^ '*iioT\AB?mV.Q.ti\(i2L), Zambezi River Basin Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis * Mazvimavi D (2010), Investigating changes over lime of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14, 26712679 • v, i , * World Bank (2010a), Zambezi River Basin Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis Vol 1, Summary Report, World Bank, Washington DC " Barker va cac cong su (1992), Borehole siting in an African accelerated drought relief project, Nha xuat ban Geological Society, London ^ Brian Colquhoun, Hugh O'Donnell va Partners 2013a Ngan hang The gicri 2012b 'Hugh O'Donnel and Partners, 2013a '" Burroughs, W.J (2001), Climate Change, A Multidisciplinary Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press "''^ Coping with the drought and climate change in Zimbabwe, UNDP, 2012 "•'* Richard Davis and Rafik Hirji (2014), Climate Change and Water Resources Planning Development and Management in Zimbabwe ' ' FDI Global Food and Water Security Research Programme, 2012 "• World Bank (2013), Turn Down the Heat Climate Extremes Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience " Water, saniation and Hygene, www.unicef.org '* Richard Davis and Rafik Hirji (2014), Climate Change and Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in Zimbabwe Tai lieu tham khao FAO (]9S7)Irrigated areas in Africa: extent and distribution FAO report AGL/MISC13/87 Rome 127 pp + map FAO (1995b) Irrigation in Africa in figures Water Report No Rome 336 pp FAO (1996) Georeferenceddatabase on African dams Rome Unpublished report and Excel files Alavian V., H.M Qaddumi, E Dickson, S.M Diez, A.V Danilenko, R.F Hirji, G Puz, C Pizarro, M Jacobsen and B Blankespoor (2009) Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks tMaking Climate-Smart Investment Decisions World Bank, Washington DC, ^ ^ ^ a r k e r R.D., CC White and J.FT Houston (1992) Borehole siting in an African accelerated I relief project Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1992; v 66 jBeiHuss R (2012) A risky climate for Southern Africa hydropower assessing risks and consequences for Zambezi Intemationai Rivers Network, Berkeley CA World Bank (2010a) Zambezi River Basin Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis Vol Summary Report World Bank, Washington DC Barker va cac cong sir (1992) Borehole siting in an African accelerated drought relief project Nha xuat ban Geological Society, London World Bank (2013) Turn Down the Heat Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience Report to the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics World Bank, Washington DC 10 Richard Davis and Rafik Hirji (2014) Climate Change and Water Resources Planning, Development and and Management in Zimbabwe 11 FDI Global Food and Water Security Research Programme 2012 http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/food-and-water-crises/597-zimbabwe-s-food-andwatersecurity-outlook.html 12 Burroughs, WJ (200i) Climate Change, A Multidisciplinary Approach Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 26 ra/JcA/MgA/eiififii CHAU PHI &TRi>G DONG so 12(124) thang 12/2015 ... mdt so cac yeu td khdc nhu loai dat, dja chat^ Vai tro cua tai nguyen nirdc doi vdi phat trien kinh te d Zimbabwe Bit diu tu n5m 2009, nen kinh te Zimbabwe bat dau hdi phyc sau gan mgt thap ky... 2009 kinh te Zimbabwe suy thoai va han han''^ Nhu vay cd the thay, tdi nguyen nudc ddng vai trd quan trgng phdt trien ndng nghi?p ciia mdi qudc gia tren thd gidi ndi chung va Zimbabwe ndi rieng Vai. .. 12/2015 Tran Mai Trang Vai tro cua tai nguyen nu''dc nong nghi?p se hd trg cho viec phdt trien cdc ITnh vuc khdc cua nin kinh tl nhu nganh cdng nghiep va dich vu d Zimbabwe Zimbabwe cd khodng 40%