Cao Tiucmg Son vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 15(01) 73 81 DANH GIA TINH HINH X\S LY CHAT THAI TAI CAC TRANG TRAI CHAN NUOI LON TRlTCfNG HOP NGHIEN ClJu TiM HUYtN VAN GIANG, T I N H H I T N G YEN[.]
Cao Tiucmg Son vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 15(01): 73-81 DANH GIA TINH HINH X\S LY CHAT THAI TAI CAC TRANG TRAI CHAN NUOI LON: TRlTCfNG HOP NGHIEN ClJu ^ TiM H U Y t N VAN GIANG, T I N H H I T N G YEN Cao Trirtmg SoTi, Ho Thj Lam Tra Truong Dai hgc Nong nghiep Hd \ TOM T A T Nghien ciru dugc thuc hien tai huyen Van Giang, tinh Hung Yen nai co ty le cac trang trai chan nuoi phat trien manh nhlJng nam qua nham: danh gia tinh hinh xii ly chit thai va 6.h xult cac bi|n phap bao ve moi trudng giup phat triln bin viJng cac trang trai chSn nuoi Ign Cac trang trai Ign d day dugc lap chu ylu giai doan 2000-2010 theo kilu he th6ng: VAC (Vudn cay - Ao ca - Chu6ng Ign); AC (Ao ca - Chudng Ign); VC (Vudn cay - Chudng Ign) va C (he th6ng chi cd Chuong Ion), cac hinh thiic xir ly chit thai tai cac trang trai Ign kha phong phii vdi cac ty le tuong iing la: cho ca an (52,38%); biogas (47,62%); bon cho cay (38,10%); u compose (9,52%) Tuy nhifin chit thai ciia cac trang trai Ign chua dugc xir ly triei dl van 28,57% trang trai thai bo chit thai ngoai moi trudng ma khong qua xii ly Nhin chung cac bien phap xij Iy deu phii hgp va cd hieu qua cao nhung cd han chi chung la khdng xii ly triet dl dugc lugng chat thai phat sinh De bao ve mdi trudng lai c^c trang trai chan nudi Ign cIn sii dung d6ng bp va phii hgp cac bien phdp xii ly chat thai noi tren Til' khda: Chdt thdi chdn nudi, nhiem huyen Van Giang, Irang trai lan xir ly chdt thai MO DAU D$c diem noi b^t nhit thai gian qua ciia nganh chan nudi nude ta la chuyen lir hinh thirc chan nudi nhd le t^i hp gia dinh sang chan nudi tap trung theo quy md trang trai Hinh thuc chan nudi tap trung theo quy md trang trai dan dugc hinh va cd xu hudng phat trien m^nh, nhat la Chinh phii ban hanh Nghj quyll 03/2000/NO-CP 02/02/2000 ve Phat trien kinh tl trang tr^i, Tinh den n5m 2001 nude ta mdi chi cd 1.761 trang trai chan nudi thi den nam 2010 da tang len la 23.558 trang trai, dd khu vuc dong bang sdng Hong cd tdng sd 10.277 trang tr^i chiem 42,67% tdng sd trang tr^i chan nudi ciia ca nude (Cue Chdn nudi 2011) Phat trien cac trang trai chan nudi la xu hudng bien tren the gidi va la hudng chuyen djch ca clu kinh te quan trgng san xuat ndng nghiep ciia nude ta Trong cac lo?i v^t nudi trang trai chan nudi Ign chiem ty I? Idn nhit vdi tdng sd 7.475 trang tr^i (chiem 42,2%/tdng sd trang trai chan nudi) Trong dd, mien Bac cd 3.069 trang trai, chiem 41,1%, mien Nam cd 4.406 trang trai, chiem 58,9% {Cue Chdn nudi 2008) Trong nam gin day, quy md chan nudi Ign cac trang trai cd xu hudng tang nhanh cd luong quan giira ty le Igi nhuan va so lugng dau chan nudi Quy md chan nudi Ign nai phd biln tir 20-50 con/trang trai, chiem 71,3% irang trai chan nudi Ign nai va quy md Ign Ihjt phd bien td 100-200 con/trang trai chilm 75,5% trang tr^i chan nudi Ign thjt {Dao le Hang 2008: Phiing Birc Tien vd cdng su 2009) Viec hinh va phat trien manh cac trang tr?i chan nudi Ion d nude ta da dem lai hieu qua kinh le cao, tang nang suat lao ddng \a thu nhap cua ngudi ndng dan Tuy nhien, cac trang trai chan nudi Ign ciing anh hudng xlu din chat lugng mdi tnrdng xung quanh bdi cac loai chat thai ran, long va phat sinh cang nhieu va khdng dugc xii ly triet dl Trudc linh hinh dd de lai dupe thuc hien nham: danh gia tinh hinh xu ly chit thai va de xuat cac bien phap bag v^ mdi trudng giiip phat triln ben vung cac trang tr?i chan nudi Ipn 73 Cao Tnrdng San vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE DOl TU'ONG, PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU Doi tiroTig nghien ciru Nghien ciru tap trung vao cac trang trai chan nudi Ipn dugc xae dinh theo Thdng tu sd 27/2011/BNNPTNT 115(01): 73- Vudn cay - Ao ca - Chudng Ign (VAC); he thdng Ao ca - Chudng Ign (AC); he thdng Vudn cay - Chudng Ign va he thdng chi cd Chudng nudi Ign (C) Trong do, ty le cac trang trai phat trien theo he thdng VAC chiem ty le cao nhit vdi 38% (hinh 2) Khu vuc nghien ciru Nghien cuu dugc tien hanh tai huyen Van Giang nai cd mat dp cac trang trai chan nudi cao nhit ciia linh Hung Yen Phuang phap nghien ciru Phirong phdp thu thgp so lieu thir cdp: tir cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu, cac bao cao, bai bao khoa hpc va cac sd lieu thdng ke san cd lien quan Idi de tai Phirong phdp thu thgp so lieu sa cdp Phugng phap dieu Ira bang hdi: Tiln hanh dieu tra bang hdi tai 42/60 trang trai chan nudi Ign ciia huyen Van Giang Phugng phap khao sat hien trudng: Tiln hanh khao sat cac trang trai nudi Lpn tren dja ban huyen Van Giang nham quan sal, chup anh va thu thap cac thdng tin lien quan tdi dl lai DChiin nudi DTidng trot • Thuy s;in D Tdng hyp Hinh 1: Co cuu cdc loai hinh trung trai iren dia hdn huyen Vdn Gian Phuang phdp xir ly so lieu: Cac sd lieu thu thap duoc tdng hgp va xu ly thdng ke tren phan mem Excel 2007 KET QUA VA T H A O LUAN Tinh hinh phat trien va dac diem ciia cac trang trai chan nuci lo'n tren dia ban huyen Van Giang Tinh hinh phdt trien Theo sd lieu thdng ke ciia phdng Ndng nghiep huyen Van Giang tinh den cudi nam 2011 loan huyen cd tdng sd 128 trang trai Trong do, so trang trai chan nudi la 64 trang trai chiem 28% (hinh 1) Dieu dang chii y la Irong sd 64 trang trai chan nudi cua huyen Van Giang thi CO tdi 60 trang trai chan nudi Ipn, chi cd ba trang trai chan nudi bd va I trang Irai chan nudi ga Dieu cho thay chan nudi Ion chiem uu the luyet ddi cac irang trai chan nudi ciia huyen Van Giang Cac trang Irai chan nudi Ipn dugc phat trien theo kieu he thdng khac nhau: he thdng 74 a \ A C ".AC DVC DC Hinh 2: Cdc he thdng trang trgi chdn nudi Ign Iren dia bdn huyen Van Giang Dgc diim chudng trgi Theo ket qua dieu tra khao S'iA tai 42 trang trai chan nudi Ipn tren dja ban huyen Van Giang cho thay dgi da sd cac trang trai dupe lap vao giai dogn 2000 - 2010 vdi ty le la 76,19 % (32/42 trang trai), ty le cac trang trai dugc l^p trudc nam 2000 va sau nam 2010 thIp hon kha nhilu vdi lan lugt la 14,29% (6/42 trang trai) va 9,52% (4,^42 trang trai) Giai thich cho kit qua la vao thdi dilm nam 2000 Chinh phii da ban Cao Trudng San va Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE hanh Nghj quylt sd 03/2000 vl Phat triln kinh tl Irang trai khien cho sd luang cac trang tr^i noi chung va trang trai nudi Ign ndi rieng t^i nhieu dja phucmg ca nude tang len dang kl Cung theo ket qua dilu tra thi ty le cac trang tr^i chan nudi Ipn nam ben ngoai khu dan cu ciia Van Giang chilm ty le kha cao 66,67% (28/42), ty le trang tr^i nlm khu dan cu la 33,33% (14/42) trang trai Cac trang trai nIm khu din cu thudng tap trung chu ylu d h? thdng C vdi ty le tren 70%, dilu tucmg ddi dl hilu bdi thilt kl khu dan cu thi dien tich dat thudng kha nhd nen chi cd the phat trien theo he thdng chudng nudi Ign dan le v l thill kl chudng trai, dai da sd chudng nudi cua cac tr^i Ign dugc thiet ke theo kieu kien CO d^t ty 1? 95,52%; chi cd 4,76% chudng 115(01): 73- nudi dugc thiet ke theo kieu ban kien cd Dien tich binh quan cua cac trang trai cung cd su bien ddng Idn Trong cac he thdng VAC va AC cd dien tich trung binh la tren Iha thi cac he thdng VC va C chi cd dien tich vao khoang 500 - 1.000, m" Quy md Ign nudi cac he thdng cung ed nhifng bien ddng nhat djnh Sd lugng Ign nudi binh quan cac trang trai la tir 208 - 630 con/trang trai (bang 1) Neu tinh toan theo he sd phat thai cua Cue Chan nudi thi binh quan mdi mdt Ign thai kg phan/ngay dem va 0,8 L nude thai/ngay dem {Cue chdn nudi, 2008) thi cac trang trai tren dja ban huyen Van Giang thai khoang gan 3.0 tan chat thai ran va tren 600 m^ nude thai Day la ngudn thai Idn neu khdng dugc quan ly triet dk se gay nguy co d nhiem mdi Iruimg nghiem trpng Bang L Sd lugng Ign nudi cdc he thong irang trai tren dia bdn•huyi Vdn Giang mIh6ng VAC (n-16) AC (n-8) VC (n-8) C (n-10) Gid tri Nho nhat L6n nhat Trung binh Trung vj Sai s6 chudn DO l^ch chu^n Nho nhat Ldn nhdt Trung binh Trung vj Sai s6 chuan Dp l?ch chuan Nho nhat Ldn nhat Trung binh Trung vj Sai so chuan D$ l^ch chuan Nho nhat Lon nhat Trung,biph Tningvj Sai so chuan Do l ^ h chuin Lp'n thit (can) 100 1.000 365 200 69,44 277.75 160 1.600 603,75 310 187,29 529,74 400 186 200 42,8 121,06 100 420 217 Lo'n nai (con) 70 10 5,42 21,68 100 26,5 13,94 39,44 150 21,88 18,41 52,09 200 31.27 73 15.4 8,63 98,89 27,29 T6ng (con) 100 1.000 375 235 69,98 279,93 160 1.700 630 330 193,37 546.92 100 415 208 205 35,96 101,7 103 420 232 230 31,58 99,87 Cao Trucmg Son vd Dtg 115(01): 73-81 Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE g Tinh hinh xu ly chdt that tai cdc trang trai chdn nuoi lan tren dia bdn huyen Vdn Giang VC Tong Hinh thijc V Ho Ho xii' ly chat thai Ho Ho Biogas 37,50 25,,00 75,00 60,00 20 47,62 12,50 Compose 0,,00 25,00 0,00 9,52 31,25 Thu gom dl ban 12,,50 50,00 20,00 12 28,57 Bon cho cay 56,25 62,50 I 10,00 16 38,10 12,,50 Cho ca an 14 87,50 100,',00 0,00 0,00 22 52,38 % Thiii bo ngoiji moi truang 12,5 Danh gia tinh hinh xir ly chat thai tai cac trang trai Ion huyen Van Giang Kel qua dieu tra va khao sat cho thay hien tai CO kha nhieu cac bien phap xu ly chat thai dugc ap dung lai cac trang trai chan nudi Ign tren dia ban huyen Van Giang, cd the ke tdi cac bien phap phd bien nhat nhu: biogas, ii phan compose, thu gom phan de ban, bdn cho cay trdng, lam thuc an cho ca Tuy nhien ty le cac trang trai thai bd true tiep chat thai ngoai mdi trudng van cdn d mirc cao (bang 2) Biogas: Xay dung cac ham biogas de xu ly chat thai da dugc ap dung nhieu d cac trang trai chan nudi tren dia ban ca nude Theo ket qua dieu tra, ly le sir dung ham biogas tai cac trang trai Ign cua huyen Van Giang la 47,62% (20/42 trang trai), Trong do, cac he thdng VC va C la nhil'ng he thdng cd ty le sir dung biogas cao nhat vdi lan lirpt la 75% va 60% Cac be biogas thudng dupe thiet ke vdi the tich hieu dung vao khoang 10-50 m^ (trung binh la 18,05 m"), Cac be biogas da gdp phan xu ly dang ke lupng chat thai phat sinh ciia cac trang trai Ipn Tuy nhien, theo danh gia cua cac chu trang trai khdi lugng chat thai phat sinh Idn nen cac ham biogas khdng the tien hanh xCr ly het dugc Ty le xii ly chat thai cua cac be biogas dal binh quan 51,75% Ve viec su dung cac san pham dau ciia biogas bao gdm gas va nude thai thi 100% cac hd CO ham biogas sir dung gas de phuc vu dun nau Irong trang trai, ngoai mgt ty le nhd cac trang trai (20%) cdn su dung gas de phai dien thap sang Theo danh gia cua 76 50,00 60,00 12 28,57 ngudi dan viec sir dung gas de dun nau va phat dien giiip cho hp giam dugc mgl lupng chi phi dang ke tien mua gas va lien dien Nude thai sau biogas chu yeu dupe ngudi dan thai bd true tiep ngoai mdi trudng gay nhiem nude mat nude dau cua biogas mac dii da dugc xir ly nhung van cd ham lupng BOD, COD va cac chat dinh dudng cao {Ldm Vinh Son vd Nguyen Trdn Ngoc San, 2011: Vd Dinh Ton va cong sir, 2008) Tuy nhien, loai nude cd the dugc tan dung tot cho viec ludi cay hoac dua xudng ao lam thirc an cho ca cac mam benh hau het da dugc loai bd thdng qua qua trinh xir ly yem bl biogas Mac dii vay theo ket qua dilu tra, thi chi cd 10% cac trang trai sd dung nude sau biogas de ludi cay (tap trung chii yeu tai he thdng VC), 30% trang trai sii dung de lam thuc an cho ca (thudng d cac he thdng VAC va AC), cd tdi 60% sd hg la thai bd true liep nude thai sau biogas ngoai cac ao, kenh nude ty nhien xung quanh trang Irai Danh gia ve linh hinh hoat dgng cung nhu cac van de gap phai sir dung ham biogas cua cac trang trai dugc trinh bay bang Theo ket qua bang co liie thay cd tdi 65% cac trang trai cho rang cac be biogas hoat dgng tdt va 25% cho rang hoat dgng binh thudng, chi cd 10% cho rang hoat ddng khong lot Ve kha nang sinh cd tdi 70%i cho rang lugng sinh la Xhiia, 20% cho la du va chi cd 10% cho la thieu Viec gas bj du la hau het cac trang trai mdi chi sir dung gas de dun nau ma chua sir dung vao cac myc dich khac (chi cd 20%i sir dung dl phat di?n) Dieu dan den viec cac trang trai phai thai bdl lugng gas du thiia ngoai mdi Cao Trudng Som va Dig T9P chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE trudng Ngoai linh trang du thira gas thi qua trinh sir dyng ham biogas cac trang trai cdn gap cac van dl nhu be biogas khdng sinh (10%), be biogas bi Iran (15%) va bl bi ran nut (5%), l^i 70% cac trang trai cd ham biogas cho rang hp khdng gap van de gK U phdn compose 15(01): 73- gian ciia mdt me u kha dai nen bien phap cung it dugc sir dung va ty le xu ly so vdi tdng ngudn thai cung rat it Danh gia ve ky thuat u phan compose thi ca trang trai (100%) deu cho la de u va hg khdng gap khd khan gi Ve chit lugng phan thi VA trang trai (75%) cho rang chit lugng phan ii tdt, chi cd trang trai (25%i) cho rang chat lugng phan ii la binh thudng Khi dugc hdi ve tac dung cua bien phap u phan compose ddi vdi xir ly phan thai thi ca chu trang trai (100%.) diu danh gia la Idl vi phan sau li khdng cdn miii hdi thdi, lai cd the su dung tdt de bdn cho cay, dat hoac de ban hon la phan tuai Thu gom phdn di bdn Theo ket qua dieu tra ty le u phan compose de xu ly chit thai la kha thIp vdi 9,5% (4/42 trang Irai) dd tap Irung chu ylu t^i hai he thong AC (25%) va VAC (12,5%) Kit qua cung da dupe Phijng Dire Tiln va cdng sir chi nghien ciru ve cac trang trai chan nudi Ipn tai mgl sd dia phuong tren ca nude De cd the u dugc phan compose thi can phai phan tach dugc chit thai ran va chat thai Idng dd chi cd trang trai nao lien hanh Day la bien phap thu gom chat thai ran phan tach chat thai mdi ap dung bien phap nhifng lan don chudng, lugng phan ran thu Tuy nhien, ty 1$ phan tach chat thai tai dugc se ban cho nhung hd trdng trgt cd nhu cac trang tr?i Ipn ciia Van Giang kha thap nen clu sir dung phan Bien phap cung dugc vi?c u phan compose khdng dupe sii- dung ap dung kha phd bien d cac trang trai Ign cua nhilu Nguyen nhSn la phan Ign thudng rit huyen Van Giang vdi ty le la 28,57% (12/42 khd thu gom vi bj nat, dl hda tan cimg vdi trang trai) Trong do, ty le cao nhat la d h | nude lieu va nude rira chudng D J do, khdi thdng VC vdi 50%; lilp dd la he thong VAC lugng phan thu gom dupe dl dem di li la kha 31,25% va he thong C vdi 20%; ty I? Ihip it Ve thai gian u theo cac chii trang trai la tir nhit la h? thdng AC vdi chi 12,5%i (Bang 4) 8-25 (trung binh 14.5 ngay) cung thdi Bang Tinh hinh boat ddng vd cdc van de sinh ciia be biogas -dc Irang trgiIgn huy^n Vdn Giang Hang mgc Tmh trang Hoat dong Tot Binh thirfmg Khong tot Lircmg sinh CAc van de gSP phii Thira Dii Thilu Khong sinh Tran be Ran niit Khong van de gi So tra"g trai Tyi{(%) 65,00 25,00 10,00 70,00 20,00 10,00 10,00 15,00 5,00 70,00 Bing Thdng tin ve hinh Ihiic thu gom phdn de bdn lai cdc trang trai ion huyen Van Giang Nho Li^n Sai so Dp Ifch Trung Trung nh^t nhit chuSn chuan binh vi Ty 1^ xii IJ (%) 80 40,25 45 8,08 27,99 Tan suit Ihu gom {\h\lngiy) 0,1 1,6 0,28 0,95 ThW gian thu gom (phit/lan) 20 180 84,17 75 11,96 41,44 S6 bao thu gom du^c (bao/ngiy) 0,2 30 6,06 4,5 2,28 7,91 GJiban(1.00OVND/bao) 10 16 13,17 0,63 13,5 2,21 G i i trj Cao Tnrdng Scm vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Theo ket qua bang bien phap thu gom phan thai de ban cd thi dap irng dupe trung binh la 40,25% lugng phan thai phat sinh cua cac trang trai Tuy nhien khoang dao ddng lai rat Idn til 3-80% Trung binh cac trang trai se thu gom phan thai la 1,6 lan mdi lan mat khoang tir 20-180 phiit (trung binh 84,14 phut) tiiy theo quy md va sd lupng vat nudi ciia cac trang Irai Sd lugng phan thu gom dugc mdi lln dpn chudng la tir 0,2-30 bao (trung binh la bao) va gia ban phan dao ddng tir 10-16 nghin ddng/bao Theo y kien danh gia ciia 12 trang trai cd ap dung bien phap thi cd trang trai cho la bien phap hieu qua va tdt Ly dugc ngudi dan danh gia la tdt thi cd 100% la Ihu dugc them kinh phi, khoang 78.000 ddng/ngay (tinh theo sd lieu bang 4) chi cd 55,59%( (5 Irang trai) cho la tdt vi giam thieu dugc chat thai bao ve mdi tnrdng Mat khac cd Irang Irai mac dii dang ap dung bien phap thu gom phan nhung danh hieu qua cua bien phap chi d mirc binh thudng Ly hg dua la viec thu dpn phan kha mat thdi gian (binh quan 84 phiit/lan) dac biet la d cac trang trai Idn Mat khac hp cGng cho rang phan Ipn thudng rat khd thu gom, dac biet la Ipn thjt thii'c an chii yeu la thii'c an tinh nen phan rat nat Chi cd Ign nai thirc an dugc bd sung them chat so nen phan ran hon va de thu gom Them vao dd viec thu gom phan Cling kha vat va va tuong ddi ban ddi vdi nhirng ngudi thu gom Bon cho cdy Day la bien phap ma cac trang trai su dung true liep phan va nude thai ciia cac chudng nudi Ign de ludi hoac bdn cho cay trdng Day cung la mdt nhirng bien phap dugc ap dung kha phd bien vdi ty le cac trang trai su' dung la 38,10%, Trong dd, bienphSp nay* dugc sir dung chii yeu d hai kieu he thdng VC (62.50%,) va VAC (56.25%); kha Ihip d hai he ihong AC (12,5%.) va C (10%.) Nguyen nhan chu yeu la hai he Ihong VAC va VC cd bd phan vudri'cay cdn hai he thdng AC va 78 115(01): 73-81 C khdng cd vudn cay (bdn cho cay ngoai trang trai nen mat cdng va thdi gian hon) Danh gia vl bien phap nay, hau het cac chu trang trai dIu cho la tdt hg giam dugc chi phi mua phan bdn cho cay trdng, cay trdng nhd dd cung phat trien tdt va dit dai trang trai cua hg cung duoc cai thien Tuy nhien, tren thirc te day la bien phap bdn phan khdng hgp ve sinh bdi chat thai chuSng Ign cd chira nhieu mam benh nen bdn true tiep vao dit va cay trdng se dem theo ca cac mim benh tir dd tilm an kha nang gay benh cho ngudi cung nhu kha nang ngo dgc thuc pham cao Sir dung lam thuc dn cho cd Day la hinh thirc xii ly chit thai bSng each dua chat thai tir cac chuong Ign xudng ao nham cung d p thuc an cho ca Ty le cac trang trai ap dung bien phap la 52,38% cao nhat cac bien phap xii" ly chat thai Tuy nhien, bien phap chi ap dung d hai he thdng VAC va AC vdi cac ty le rit cao lan lugt la 87,5% va 100% Bien phap gop phan giai quylt dupe khoang 76,73 % lupng phan thai va nude thai phat sinh cac trang tr^i Ign thupc he thdng VAC va AC Theo ket qua danh gia thi cd tdi 21/25 (80,76%)) chii trang trai cho rang bien phap rat hieu qua vira tiet kiem dupe chi phi mua thirc an cho ca, vira giai quylt dugc van de mdi trudng, ban nu"a bien phap lai rat don gian va khdng tdn nhieu cdng sue Tuy nhien, cung cd 5/26 (19,24%) chii trang trai cho rang bien phap -"'lUa dugc lot lam neu dua qua nhieu chat thai xuong ao ca co the gay d nhiem nude ao va lam anh hudng den su sinh trudng cua ca; hon nua viec sir dung phan thai lam thuc an cdn phai can cir vao loai ca tha ao, thdng thudng ca Chim va Rd phi la hai lo^i ca thich hgp nhat; ngoai ciing cd chii trang tr^i cho rang lupng phan tir chudng nudi Ign qua it khdng dap.trng dugc nhu cSu ciia ca Thdi bd ngoai moi tricomg Day thuc chit la hinh thiirc cac trang trai khdng tiln hanh xu ly chit thai ma demxa thai true tiep vao mdi trudng Dilm xa thai Cao Trudng Son vd Dig T^p chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE thudng la cac ao, mirang, kenh, ranh nude tu nhien xung quanh cac trang trai Viec xa thai chac chan se tac dpng rit xau den mdi trudng ngudn thai phat sinh Idn, lien tuc cac ngudn tiep nhan thudng han che va nhd h?p Theo ket qua bang thi ty le cac trang trai xa thai tr^c tiep chat thai ngoai mdi trudng van d mii:c kha cao 28,57% Ty le nay, thudng t9p trung cao d cac trang tr?i thudc he thdng VC va C lan lugt la 50% va 60% De xuat mot so giai phap cai thien tinh hinh xv ly chat thai tai cac trang trai chan nuoi Ign Cac bien phap xu ly chit thai tai cac Irang trai chan nuoi Ign huyen Van Giang hien kha phong phii va tuong ddi phii hgp vdi trinh va dieu kien ciia ngudi ndng dan Tuy nhien, nhugc diem chung cua cac bien phap la chua xir ly dupe triet de ngudn thai phat sinh dd vin tac ddng xlu tdi chit lugng mdi trudng xung quanh De cai thien linh hinh va nang cao hi?u qua bao ve mdi trudng chimg tdi de xuat mot sd giai phap sau: (Jiai phdp tdng quat: Tien hanh quy hoach phat trien cac trang trai chan nudi dl tao khu san xull chan nudi ciia huy^n Tirng budc di chuyen cac trang trgi Ign cdn nam khu dan cu ngoai khu dan cu dl han che nhiJng tac dpng mdi trudng den ngudi dan Khuyen khi'ch ngudi dan phat triln chan nudi Ipn theo cac he thdng VAC va AC nhIm lao s^r ho Irp gitia eac hgp phan cimg mdt h? thong khac Trong dd, can phai tinh loan phat trien mdt each hgp ly, can ddi cac hgp phin mgt h? thdng Tiep c^n phuang thirc quan ly tdng hgp chat thai chan nudi dd tgp trung day manh vi?c quay vdng va lai sir 6\\v\% nude thai va phan thai vira de nang cao hieu qua kinh te, vira bao v? mdi trudng cho cac trang Irai I hici Ipp cac CP che hd trp ngudn vdn cho cac trang Irgi chSn nudi Ign Trong dd can lap trung vao cac co che cho vay von trung va dai hgn de cac chii trang tr?! cd dii ngudn vdn san xult cQng nhu kinh phi de dIu tu cho cac bien phap bao v? mdi trudng 115(01): 73-81 Gidi phdp cu the cho cdc trang trgi chdn nuoi huyen Vdn Giang Da dgng hda cdc hinh thuc xir ly chdt thdi mdi trang trgi: Hien cac trang trai thudng chi su- dung din bien phap xir ly chll thai don le nen khdng giai quyet triet de dugc ngudn thai phat sinh Do dd sir dung cimg liic nhieu bien phap xir ly s§ giiip cac trang trai khdng nhirng xir ly triet de dugc ngudn thai ma cdn giup hp tang cudng su dung chat thai, tiet kiem dugc chi phi va tao thu nhap tang them Ddi vai hinh thdc thu gom phdn vd u compose: can phai lien hanh phan tach ngudn phan thai va nude thai De lam dugc dieu can phai thay ddi quy trinh rira va thilt ke chudng trgi mdt each hgp ly, cung nhu thay ddi khau phin an ciia Ipn nudi Thdng thudng cac bien phap nen ap dung vdi cac chudng nudi Ipn nai vi thiic an cua chiing cd nhieu chat xa nen phan ran va de thu gom ban Ddi vdi biin phdp xir ly bang be biogas: can dua mpt lupng phan vira dii (khdng qua nhieu, khdng qua it) dk bao dam be biogas hoat ddng lot Neu lupng phan thai qua Idn cd the md rdng the tich be hoac kel hgp cac bien phap xir ly khac de giam dau vao cho eac be biogas Hien tinh trang du thira gas dang kha phd bien nen cac trang trai can tang cudng su dung gas nhu: diing cho dun nau, phat di^n, su.-i am hoac thu triet gas de ban cho cac hg khac tranh xa thai gas thira ngoai mdi trudng Ddi vdi nude thai va chat thai ran sau biogas cd the sir dung tdt de bdn cho cay trdng, bdn rugng hoac dua xudng ao lam thirc an cho ca Ddi vdi gidi phdp cho cd dn: hien lai hau het ngudi dan deu dua true tiep phan tuoi xudng cac ao de cho ca an Tuy nhien viec lam cd the gay nguy ca d nhiem nude ao chat thai chan nudi thudng bi phan huy nhanh nude, mat khac phan Ign tuoi cdn chira nhieu cac mam benh gay benh cho ca cung nhu cho ngudi Vi vay, trudc dua chat thai xudng cac ao ca cac, trang trai nen tien hanh cho chat thai qua be biogas, lien hanh ii phan hoac gom phan vao cac bao lai va dim xudng day ao de phan thai cd the phan hiiy Cao Trudng San vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE mdt each tu tu nhu vay se bao dam dugc ve sinh mdi trudng cOng nhu chat lugng cua cac ao nudi ca Ddi vdi hinh thuc bdn cho cdy: cae trang trai ciing phai tien hanh u phan hoai trudc bdn cho cay hoac bdn vao dat, khdng nen bdn true tilp phan tuai cho cay Irdng va dong rupng each lam rit mit ve sinh va tiem an nhieu nguy ca gay d nhiem mdi trudng, d nhiem thyc phlm KET LUAN VADE NGHI Ket luan Cac trang trai chan nudi Ipn tren dja ban huyen Van Giang dang phat triln manh chiem 93,75%) tdng sd trang trai chan nudi cua loan huyen Cac trang trai Ign dupe lap chu yeu vao giai doan 2000 - 2010 theo kieu he thdng la: Vudn cay - Ao ca - Chudng lpn; Ao ca - Chudng Ipn; Vudn cay - Chudng lpn va he thdng chi cd Chudng Ign Cac trang trai Ign tren dja ban huyen Van Giang cd dien tich bien dgng Idn vdi binh quan la ban Iha ddi vdi he thdng VAC va AC va tir 500 - 1000 m' ddi vdi he thdng VC va C Sd lugng Ign nudi cac trang irai dao ddng tii' 208 - 630 con/trang trai Hien cd kha nhieu cac hinh Ihii'c xii ly chit thai dugc ap dung tai cac trang trai Ign tren dja ban huyen Van Giang Trong dd ty le ap dung ciia cac bien phap chinh lan lupt la: cho ca an (52,38%.), biogas (47,62%); bdn cho cay (38,10%.); thu phan dl ban (28,57%) va u compose la 9,52 Tuy nhien lupng phan thai tir cac trang trai van chua dupe xir ly triet dl vIn cd khoang 28,57% trang trai thai bd true lilp chat thai ngoai mdi trudng Hau het cac bien phap xir ly chat thai dang sir dung phii hpp vdi trinh dp ky thuat ciia cac trang trai, gdp phan giam thieu dupe chat thai phat sinh, tiet kiem chi phi va tao them thu nhap cho ngudi ndng dan Tuy nhien, chiing cd nhiroc diem chung la bi sii dung each dan le nen khdng giai quyet triet de dupe lirpng chat thai phat sinh Kien nghi Tap trung giai quyet triet de cae van dl 115(01): 73-81 xiir ly chit thai tai cac khu vuc chan nudi Ign theo quy md trang trgi bang each thuc hien ddng bp va da dang cac giai phap khac Dua nhOng djnh hudng va quy hoach cii the cho cac trang trai chan nudi lpn phai gin kit muc tieu phat trien kinh tl vdi muc tieu vl bao ve mdi trudng Dly manh nghien ciiru ITnh virc quan ly chit thai chan nudi, dac biet la nghien cuu xay dung cac md hinh trang trai lpn sinh thai va ap dung cac giai phap san xuat sach hon vao cac trang trai chan nudi lpn gdp phan phat trien ben viing nganh chan nudi thdi gian tdiTAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bo Ndng nghiep & Phat triln Ndng thon Thong tu sd 27/2011/BNNPTNT- Quy dinh vl quy chi va thu tuc d p gily chiing nh|ln kinh te trang trai HaNgi2011 Cue Chan nuoi Tdng kit chan nuoi trang trai tap frung giai doan 2001-2006, dinh hudng va giai phap phat triln giai doan 2007-2015 Ha Ngi 2006 Cue Chan nuoi Bp Nong nghiep vA Phat triln Nong thon Thing ke s6 lupng gia siic, gia cam 2008 Dao Le Hlng Chan nudi trang trai: thuc trang va giai phap Thong tin chuy€n de Nong nghiep va Phdt triln N6ng thon, S6 4/2008 trang 16, Lam VTnh Scm, Nguyin Trin Nggc Phucmg NghiSn CUU ' nang cao hieu qua xu ly nude thai chan nuoi bing md hinh Biogas c6 b3 sung ba mia Ky ylu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Moi trudng va Cflngnghe sinh hoc nam 2011 Trang - 105 Vu Dinh Tdn, Lai Thj Ciic, Pham Van Duy Danh gia hieu qua xir ly chit thai bing bl Biogas ciia mgt sd trang trai chan nudi Ign viing Dong bing song H6ng Tap chi Khoa hgc va PLi- triln 2008 Tip s6 Trang 556-561 Trinh Quang Tuyen, Nguyen Que Coi, Nguyen Thj Binh, Nguyen Tien Thong va Dam Tuan Tii Thuc trang d nhiem moi trudng va XLT ly chat thai chan nu6i Ign trang trai tap trung, Tap chi Khoa hgc C6ng nghf Chan nu6i, s6 23 thdng 4/2010 Phiing Ddc Tien, Nguyen Duy Dieu, Hoang VSn Lgc, Bach Thj Thanh Dan Danh gia thuc trang nhiem moi trudng chan nuoi T^p chi ChSn nu6i sd 4/2009 Trang 10-16 Tdng cue Thdng ke So li|u thdng ke: sd lugng cdc trang trai, cdc loai vgt nuoi chfnh d nude ta giai doan 1990- 2010 Nam 2011 Cao Trudng San vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 115(01): 73 - 81 SUMMARY WASTE TREATMENT STATE ASSESSMENT IN PIG-FARMINGS: A STUDY CASE IN VANGLVNG DISTRICT OF HUNGYEN PROVINCE Cao Truong Son', Ho Thi Lam Tra Hanoi l.niversiti'OfAgricutlure This study was done in Vangiang district of Hungyen province where has a significative increase of pig-farming in recent years with targets: to assess waste treatment state and to propose some solutions for environmetal protection and sustainable deverlopment of pig-farmings They have mainly were build in 2000 - 2010 period according different systerm types: VAC system with combination of fruit cultlvation-fish culture-pig farming; AC system with combination of fish culture-pig farming; VC system with combination of fruit cultivation-pig farming, and C system with only pig farming Wastreatment solutions were done diversity in pig-farmings in Hungyen province with ratios as: used for fish-pond (52.38%); biogas (47.62%); used for plant (38.10%); composting (9.52%) However, waste discharge form pig-farmings was not treated completely because ratio of waste discharge from pig-farmings to environment without treatment was as large as 28.57% In a word, these waste treatment solutions are suitable and effective for pig-farmings but general defect of them was not complety treatment waste discharge We must applicate comprehensively and associatively the waste treatment solutions for environmental protection of pig-farmings Keyword: Breeding waste, pig-farming, pollution Vangiang district, waste treatment Ngdy nhgn bdi: 19/12/2013 Ngdy phdn bien 13/01/2014: Ngdy duyet ddng: 07/02/2014 Phdn biSn khoa hoc: TS Hd Xudn Linh - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen ... do, so trang trai chan nudi la 64 trang trai chiem 28% (hinh 1) Dieu dang chii y la Irong sd 64 trang trai chan nudi cua huyen Van Giang thi CO tdi 60 trang trai chan nudi Ipn, chi cd ba trang. .. dja ban huyen Van Giang cho thay dgi da sd cac trang trai dupe lap vao giai dogn 2000 - 2010 vdi ty le la 76,19 % (32/42 trang trai), ty le cac trang trai dugc l^p trudc nam 2000 va sau nam 2010... trai khien cho sd luang cac trang tr^i noi chung va trang trai nudi Ign ndi rieng t^i nhieu dja phucmg ca nude tang len dang kl Cung theo ket qua dilu tra thi ty le cac trang tr^i chan nudi Ipn