Tap chi Khoa hoc Tru&ng Dgi bgc Cdn Tho Phdn 4'''' Klioahgc Tu nhien Cdng nghe vd Mdi tru&ng 28(2013} 4~ 53 Tap chi Khoa hpc Tru''''dng Dai hoc Can Thd website sJ ctu edu vn THlTC T R i ^ G svf DUNG THUOC B[.]
Tap chi Khoa hoc Tru&ng Dgi bgc Cdn Tho Phdn 4' Klioahgc Tu nhien Cdng nghe vd Mdi tru&ng: 28 Tap chi Khoa hpc Tru'dng Dai hoc Can Thd website: sJ ctu edu THlTC T R i ^ G svf DUNG THUOC BAO VE THU'C VAT VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP GIAM THiEU VlEC SLT DUNG THUOC KHONG HQfP LY TRONG SAN XUAT LUA d DONG BANG SONG C&V LONG Pham Van Toan' ' Khoa Mdi truong & Tdi nguyen Thien nhien Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha Thdng tin chung: Ngdy nhgn: 01/05/2013 Ngdy chdp nhgn: 29/10/2013 Title: The situation of pesticide use and several ofreduced measures for improper pesticide use in rice production in the Mekong Delta Td khda: Thudc bdo vi thuc vdt, sdn xudt Ida, chdt thdi Keywords: Pesticides, rice production, wastes Rice production is considered as an important aspect of economic development in the Mekong Delta Recently, aiming at ensuring domestic food security and exporting demand, intensive cultivation has been stepped up in the whole delta Contemporarily the use of agri-chemical in rice production has been increased rapidly Results of study on the currenl practice of pesticides showed that farmers often applied variaties ofpesticides belonging to categories of II (moderately hctzadous) and III (lightly hazadous) accordin to World Health Organization (WHO) classification Pesticides were not properly applied in terms of frequency, lime and dosage of use Unscife in use and management of pesticides was found according to households interviewed On the other hand wastes originated from pesticide use were often not managed and treated properly on the fields as well as at storage places in house This practice caused risks to public health and the surrounding environment Nevertheless the majority of interviewed farmers neglected resorts avoiding or reducing exposure to pesticide residues although most of them perceived the negative effects of pesticides How to reduce improper pesticide use and management as well as its wastes are urgent problems to ensure a sustainably agricultural development arui to reduce unwanted impactsfrompesticide application Sdn xudt Ilia dugc xem Id ngdnh kinh li mui nhgn cua ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long Ddc biet de ddm bdo an mnh luang ihijrc nudc vd nhu cdu xudt khdu viec thdm canh tdng vu dang dugc day mgnh lodn vitng Song son viic su dung hda chdt Irong sdn xudt lua cUng tdng theo Ket qua diiu tra nghiin ciru ve thuc trgng qudn ly vd sir dung thudc cho thdy ngudi ddn thudng su dung cdc logi thudc cd dg dpe logi II vd III theo phdn logi cua Td chuc Y ti The gidi (WHO) Thudc thudng khdng dugc sii dung hap ly vi tdn sudt thdi gian vd lieu luang Khdng an todn viic su dung vd bdo qudn Id vdn di ddng quan tdm so hg ddn duge phdng vdn Ngodi chdt thdi tir qua irinh su dung ihudc thudng khdng dugc quan ly vd xir ly dung cdch a ddng rudng cUng nhu lai nai edt gm Nhitng ihuc trgng ndy tgo rui ro dot vdi sue khde cgng ddng vd mdi trudng xung quanh Tt^ nhien, phdn ldn ngudi ddn dugc phong vdn thd a viec trdnh su phai nhiim thudc mdc dit da s6 hg nhdn ihuc dugc nhitng fdc hgi dnh huang cua thudc Ldm ihi ndo di hgn chi vi^c sudung vd qudn ly thudc vd chdt ihdi tir thudc khong hgp ly Id vdn di rat can thiet di ddm bdo nin ndng nghiip phdt triin bin vihig, gidm thiiu cdc tdc dgng khdng mong mudn lir thudc bdo ve thuc vdt Tap cbi Kboa hgc Tnrang DQI lipc Cdn Tho Phdn A Khoa hoc Tu nhien Cong ngb? vd Moi tnr&ng: 28(2013): 47-53 GlOfI THI|:U CHUNG Cling vdi viec diy manfa sdn xuat nfing nghiip viec sur dung hda chit nong nghiep da gia ting nhanh chdng Viet Nam Lugng va loai tfaudc bdo ve thuc vdt (BVTV) bit ddu tang lir nfaiing nam 1970s, d^c biet tdng nhanh tir cufii nhung nam 1980s din 2010 (Trin Thi Ut, 2002) Tii chd chi cd 77 logi hogt chat dugc cho phep su dung nam 1991, din ndm 2010 cd 437 thudc trir siu, 304 thuoc diet ndm va 160 thudt di|t cd dugc cho phep sir dung (Bfi Nfing nghiip & PTNT, 2010) Trong hai thdp niin sfi lupng thufic BVTV nhdp khau tdng tir 20.300 lln 72.560 tin (Nguyin Huu Hudn, 2005; Bfi Ndng nghiip & PTNT 2010) ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long (DBSCL) vile sii dyng vd quan ly thudc BVTV da bdt diu li mdi quan tdm lon frong qua frinh phdt frien ndng nghiip Vile sii dyng thudc d khu vyc ndy cao hon so vdi nhiing vung khic nudc Chang han nhu, trung binh sfi lin phun thuoc trir siu d khu vyc (5.3 Idn/vy) cao hon dfing bing sfing Hong (1.0 lan/vy) (Uy ban Sfing MIkong, 2007) Ngudi nfing din vin sii' dung cac thufic trii' sdu thudc gfic chlor hiru co va lan hiiu co, nhien xu hudng sii dyng nhdm cue tdng hop ngiy cing gia ting (Nguyin Hiiu Huan va ctv., 1999) Mfit vii loai thufic da cim su dyng nhiin van cdn phdt hiln, chang ban nhu hogt chit endosulfan (Meisnner, 2005; Sebesvari vi ctv., 2011) Gid thdnh re, phfi tic dyng ciia thufic rfing, su biing phdt ciia siu benh vd sy quin ly yeu la nhiing nguyen nhan chinh cho thyc trang Thufic BVTV dupe xem li tie nhdn cd ich frong vi|c kiem sodt vi phdng ngira sdu benh Tuy nhiin chiing la nhiing chdt doc hai ddi vdi cic thien dich cac logi sinh v^t c6 ich khac kl ca nguai Mpl bj phat tan vio frong mdi tnrdng thudc BVTV giy nfaihig tac hgi cho ngudi, ciy frdng, vit nufii va mfii truong khac (Ohkawa vd ctv., 2007) DBSCL, du lirgng thufic BVTV da phat hi|n frong mau ciia 35% ndng din dugc xet nghiem vd day co thi la nguyen nhin gay nhiing benh nguy hilm nhu ung thu vi cac dang u budu khic (Dasgupta va ctv., 2005) nhilm du lugng thufic BVTV gay nhiing tdc hai nghiem ttpng khac dnh hudng din mdi frudng nudc ngdn cin sy sinh tmdng va cdu tnic ciia he sinh thai thuy vyc (Margni vi ctv , 2002) nhiem du lugng thufic lam cho nguon nudc mit gia tri sir dyng ( D ^ g Minh Phuang vd Gopalakrisfanan, 2003), nhdt Ii ngudn nudc mdt d viing nfing thon DBSCL vi day li ngudn nudc chinh cho tudi tllu nfing nghiip cho sinh hogt hdng ddc bilt li ngudn nudc diing cho muc dich nau in vd nudc udng Viec phdt tan du lupng thudc BVTV gay d nhiem mfii truong cd the duge gdy bdi nhilu nguyin nhdn, ttong dd viec su dung vd quin ly thufic kfafing hop ly frong hoat dfing nfing nghiip cd tfal Id ngudn anh hudng chinh Trong bii vilt ndy thyc frgng quan ly va six dung thudc ctia ngudi ndng din d DBSCL dugc dieu tra vd danh gid Dya fren kit qud nghiin ciiu va thuc frgng ciia khu vyc, mpt sfi biln phdp cd klii nang khic phuc vile quan ly va sii dung thufic khfing hgp ly dugc de xuit PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN c u t ! Dl dieu fra ve tinh hinh quin ly va sii dung thudc ciia ngudi dan, phuong phip phong vin ndng hd bing philu dilu tra soan sin dugc tiln hdnh Philu phdng van dugc thiet ke dl thu thgp cdc thong tin liln quan den kiln thiic vi thdi quen sir dung vi qudn ly tfaudc BVTV Phdng van dupe thuc hien bfii tac gii va cdng tic viin Nhiing fafi phdng van frln dia bin nghiin ciiu se dugc chpn ngau nhiin Hfi dugc phdng van se dupe hdi nhung cau hdi fren phieu phong vin va ngudi phong vin se tryc tilp ghi nhgn thfing tm tir nfingfaplln phieu phdng vin THV'C TRANG SU" DUNG THUOC BAO VE THV'C VAT Kit qua dieu fra cho thay cd 97 thuoc BVTV thuang phim, thufic 55 hoat chat khdc nfaau ciia 20 nhdm hda hpc dupe su dung Nhu trinh biy frong Bdng 1, nhdm thuoc trii benh conazole gdm hexaconazole, propiconazole vd difenoconazole la logi thudc dugc sii dyng nhilu nhit chiem 11,8% Theo sau li thudc trir sdu nhdm ciic tdng hgp pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin va cypermetfarin), nhdm biopesticides (abamectin vi validamycin), carbamates (fenobucarb) vd nhdm khing sinh tong hgp (buprofezin), chiem ty le ldn lugt la 9,8; 8,8; 6,9 vi 5,9% Cac loai thufic thudc nhom lan huu co nhu profenofos va chlorpyrifos ethyl, cung dugc sii dung kha thudng xuyen Thufic diet cfi thupc cac nhdm chlorinate phenoxy (2,4D, fenoxaprop-pethyl) vi amide (butachlor and pretilachlor) ciing dugc sir dung biln Cd mpt sy thay doi vl ty le giiia cic logi thudc trir sau tir kit qua dilu fra so vdi kit qua thfing kl cdp qufic gia ciia Chi cyc Bio ve Thyc vgt nam 2007 Cy the la cd sy gia tang ve ty 11 sir dyng thufic frii sau qua trinh dieu fra, c6 11 sy bimg phit ciia siu hgi, ddc bilt td sy bpc phat cua rav nau tir nim 2006 Tup chl Kboa hoc Tnr&ng Dai hgc Cdn Tho Pban A: Khoa hgc Tu nhien Cong nghi vd Mdi tru&ng' 28(2013): -53 Cfi khoang 50% logi thudc BVTV dugc sii dyng thudc nhdm 11 vd 111 (miic dp doc ttung binh va nhe) theo phan loai ciia Tfi chiic Y ti The gidi (WHO) Nhdm Ian vd chlor hiiu co van dugc ngudi ddn sir dung va cdc loai hogt cfait ndy tfaudng thupc nfadm 11 Gdc lin hiiu ca dugc sir dung phd bien hom gdc chlor hiiu co Mdt hogt chat chlor hiiu ca, endosulfan, van cdn dugc sir dyng mic dii nd dd bi cam su: dyng frln loin qudc tir nim 2005 Nfadm thudc ciic tdng hgp dugc sir dung phd biln han nhdm biopesticides vd carbamates So vdi nfaung nghien ciiu tnrde ddy (Nguyen Hiiu Huin vd ctv., 1999; Berg, 2001) vi tinh hinh sii dyng thudc d DBSCL thi tfaiy ring ngudi ddn thay ddi xu hudng sii dung thudc Nhfim lan vd chlor htm co da dugc su dung it di viec sii dung nhom ciic tfing hgp, carbamate cd chilu hudng gia ting Nhdm ciic tfing hgp vi carbamates dugc su dung phd biln dl kiem soit siu benfa Hai hoat chat li nhiing hoa chat dpe ddi vdi dpng vdt ddy, cac loai ca (Cagauan, 1995; Nguyin Van Cdng va ctv, 2008) Cdc loai sdu benh cd kfaa nang khing hai hgp chat niy tgo nin sy bung phit tfal he sau benh thii hai Nguyen nhdn ciia sy biing phat cd thi viec sii dung khdng dung nhiing hop chit frln (He va ctv, 2007; Heong vi ctv, 2008) Khodng 30% thufic frir nam benh va 20% thudc trii sau dugc sii dyng thupc nhdm IV (khdng dpe dugc sii dyng binh thudng) theo phdn loai eiia WHO va thufic nhdm NL (khdng dugc dua vao danh myc) Phin ldn cic hgp chdt thudc diet cd dugc su dung eiing thufic nhfim IV va NL, ngoai trii hoat chit 2,4D thufic nhom 11 Sii dung thuoc BVTV dugc coi li phuong phip chinfa de khfing chl sdu benfa ciia ngudi ddn Kit qui dilu tta cho thdy cd tten 85% ndng fad dugc phdng vdn chi dung thudc BVTV ttong viec kfafing chl siu benh Ly chinh cua vile sir dung la failu qui tiic thi ciia thudc sau sir dung Khfing cd su thay dfii nio vl vile uu tien sii dung thudc BVTV frong viec kfadng chl sdu benh so vdi nhimg ngfailn ciiu trudc (Heong vi Escalada, 1997) Nguoi ddn thudng dp dung tfaudc voi tiiu lugng cao hon so vdi chi ddn ghi tten nhdn thufic Phan cdn lai mac dii hp sii dung theo lieu lugng hudng dan nhung hp de dang tang liiu niu ldn phun xit ddu tien khdng hieu qua Kfafing cd truong hop ngudi ddn sii dyng il hon lieu lugng chi din Ly chinh ciia vile sii dung vdi lieu cao hem chi dan li de chdc chin dat hieu qua sau phun Ngoii ra, ngudi din frdn hai hogc nhiiu hon loai thufic ttong mfit lin phun xit L> ciia thyc te Id hp khfing tin chdt lugng ciia thufic Ben cgnh dd cdn cd ly kfaic eho thyc tl niy li de tilt kilm tfadi gian va cdng lao dfing dl ngira vd diy lili dugc nhieu loai sdu benh sau phun, vd don gidn la chf lam theo ngudi ben canh hp nhan tiiiy hieu qui cua cdcfa ldm Bang 1: Ty 11 cdc goc thu6c BVTV dirge sir duDg STT Nhdm tfaudc Conazoles Pyrethroids Biopesticides Carbamates Chlorinate phenoxy Organophosphates Chitin synthesis inhibitor Amide MoUuscicide Nicotinoid Phosphorothiolate Pyrazole Sulfonylure Nereistoxin Organochlorines Bipyridylim Nitroguanidine Anilide Quinolinecarboxylic acid Chit Ichac 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Tylldu^rc sir dung (%) 11,8 9.8 8,8 6,9 6,9 5,9 5,9 3,9 3,9 3.9 3,9 2,9 2,9 2,0 1,0 1,0 1.0 1,0 1.0 15.7 Kit qud quan sdt cung cfao thay ring viec trii thufic BVTV khfing an loan Da sfi ngudi din khong bd tri ncri an toan cho viec trir thudc Thuoc dygc cat trii frong nha d nhirng nai khdng hgp ly nhu frong nhi bip, freo frln tudng, dl gin chudng vdt nudi Thufic sii dung cdn thira dugc trii ciing vdi thudc chua sir dung TINH HINH XlT LY CHAT THAI TU* THUOC BVTV Sau dugc sir dung pfaan lon hop, chai va vfi thufic BVTV bj viit tryc tiep tai nai sii dyng Khodng 70% nfing ho dugc phong van viit bd vd thufic sau sir dyng tgi nai phun thudc Rat dl tim thdy chai tfaudc da sii dung d ngoai ddng, cfadng han nhu dgc tfaeo cdc bd rudng, dudi kinh faay frong vudn Cfai mpt phdn nhd nfing hp (17%) giii lai cac chai Ip thudc cd tfal bin phe lieu Tuy nhien, chiing thudng dugc thu gom vd cat giii khdng an toin tgi rugng, vudn hay xung quanh nha Phdn khdng ban phi lieu dugc thudng dot Tap chi Klioa hpc Tnrcmg Dai hgc C&n Tho Phdn.4- Khoa hoc Tu nhien Cong ngh? va \fdi truang: 28(2013)' 47-53 hodc chon lap mpt cdch khdng an todn tai rufing, vuon Phan ldn ndng dan dugc dilu fra (88%) rira binh phun thufic frong kenh nfii dfing hoac cdc muong, ao frong rupng Nudc thii tir vile riia cdc dung cu phun thufic dugc dfi frong rupng Nhiing ngudi lai mang binfa pfaun tfaudc nia va dfi nudc thai true tiep kenh Cd tfal thay thdi quen da dua du lugng thudc BVTV vio nudc kenh rgch, nd la mdt ngufin gdy fi nhilm nudc mat Liln quan din hdn hop thudc cdn du sau phun thudc, gin phin nira sfi hfi dugc dilu fra phdng van (48%) xii ly hdn hop thufic cdn du bdng each phun lai cho liia hay hoa mdu ven bd rudng hay nhiing nai cd miic dp sau benh tin pha nhiiu Khoang 43% ngudi dugc hoi hdn hgp thufic cdn dy tryc tiip xuong rupng Khoing 5% ngudi din dugc phdng vin thudc cdn du tryc tiep xufing kinh racfa Vi|c xii ly hfin hgp thuoc dy khdng hgp ly ldm cfao du lupng thufic BVTV phat tin frong ngufin nudc mat, dan den su phoi nhilm thufic sir dung nudc cho nhu cau an udng, vl sinh vi tdc ddng den he thuy sinh vat CAC BIfN PHAP GIAM THifeU VIEC SU*DUNG THU6C KHONG HOP LY Khd nfaiiu bi|n phdp da dugc dp dung de gidm rui ro thufic BVTV da dugc ip dyng d DBSCL vd cac khu vyc khdc frong ca nudc Trong bdi vilt xin diem lgi vd cung nhu xin dl xudt mdt sfi giai phdp cd thi dp dung frong thdi gian tdi Cue Bio vl Thuc vat da xay dyng dugc mdt mgng ludi den cap fauypn frln toan qudc Tir nam 1993, Cyc da ban hinh nhiiu qui dinh vi sir dung thufic, kilm djnh vi bio vl thyc vat Trong quyet dinh vl kilm djcfa vd bao vl tfauc vdt, cy thi vl hda chdt bdo vl thyc vat, mdt sd quy dinh rdt cd y nghia viec giam thilu nii ro tir thufic BVTV nhu: + Ban hinh danfa sach cdc loai thufic dugc phep sii dung, han che sir dung va cam sii dung hang ndm + Phai bio dam an toan cho nguoi va mdi tnrdng ttong cac khau sdn xudt, tdn tru: vi van chuyin hda chat bio v | thyc vat Kfai ddng ky mdt loai thudc phdi dap iing vlu cdu vl hi?u lyc ky thuit, dp an toan dfii vdi ngudi vi mfii ttudng vi cic yeu ciu khac theo qui djnh Trung tim Kiim djnfa tiiufie BVTV da dugc thinh lap tir ndm 1994 nhu la mdt ea quan ciia Nfad nudc cd chiic ndng qudn ly thufic BVTV ve mil chit lupng, du lugng tiiudc ndng va ldm nghiip vi kiem dinh cic logi thufic mdi Cue Bao V? Thyc vdt da cim sir dung tat ci cic loai thufic cd dp dfic xip nhdm I tir nam 1995 Danh sdcfa cic loai thufic dupe phep six dyng hgn che su dung vd cam su dung dugc cap nhit hing nam - Bd tdi chinh da dp thul cho mot sfi logi thufic tir ndm 1996 Thuc te, vile dp tfaui chii yiu cd myc dich la nham tdng ngudn thu thul han Id nhim tic dpng din vile sii dung thudc (McCann, 2005) Do do, dl CO thi giim vipc sii dung thudc thi he thong thue nen cfi sy dilu chinh, thul nin dugc dp cho lit ca cac loai thuoc dugc nhgp va dugc sdn xudt frong nudc Mirc thul cao nin dugc xiy dyng va ip dung cho cic logi thufic cd tinh dpe cao dl han chl sii dung Ngufin lgi tii thul nin duge sii dung dl khuyen khich vdo vile nghiin cuu tim cac loai thufic BVTV than thien vdi mdi truong hon - Thyc tl cho thay ty le sfi hp dp dyng IPM rdt thap (khoang 15% theo dilu tra cua tac gid), ngudi nfing dan it ap dung IPM la mpt sd nguyen nhan nhu: hp khfing dugc tham gia cdc ldp 1PM chinh thiic, that sy riii ro ap dyng ky thudt IPM lln thua rufing ciia minh frong khfing cd sy dp dung 1PM d cdc thiia rufing-xung quanfa, sy phy thupc vio hda chat nhirng tie dpng tir ngudi ban thufic Tuy nhiin, chuong trinh IPM da dugc chiing minh la bien phap cd hieu qui frong vile thay doi thii dp, nhan thiirc va thdi quen ciia ngudi nfing dan thyc li qudn ly dich b|nh (Escalada ctv., 1999; Escalada and Heong, 2007; Heong ctv 2008b) Vi vay chuong trinh IPM cin dugc phd biln rpng rdi hon dl khuyen khich ngudi ndng dan, dat biet ti bi d viing sau, vimg xa, noi it cd dilu kiln tilp can Cic chuong frinh nen tilp tyc td chiic thyc hien va nhdn rdng tuong ty nhu da dygc thuc hien nhy hpi thio dau bd, cdu lgc bfi nhd nfing, chuyin nhi nfing Dieu can thilt li phai ed sy tham gia ciia nhilu ben bao gdm ndng din doanh ngfaiep, nhi khoa hpc va chinfa quyin dja phuong - Thufic BVTV nin dugc chpn sir dung mgt cdch can nhic, cdc hogt cfadt cd tinh ddc cao khdng nin su dyng nhu gdc chlor hiiu eo NIn chuyin sang sir dung cdc hoat chat it dfic, cd chu ky bdn phan huy ngdn frong mfiifruo^ngvd co hieu qua phdng trii li chiin lupc quan frpng di gidm thiiu d nhilm du lugng thudc BVTV Tuy nhiin, viec sii dung thufic khfin ngoan bi tac ddng bfii diiu kiln Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tnr&ng DQI boc Can Tho Phdn A: Kboa hgc Ttr nbieii Cong nghi vd Mdi tnrang: 28 (2013): "-53 kuifa ti nfadt li ngudi nong ddn ngheo Hp cd thi de dang phun cac loai thudc tfing hgp dfic, dugc ban bit hgp phap gia cd thudng khfing cao va hiiu qua fri tau sau sii dung Quy djnh chit che va chi tdi nghiim nggt di ngdn chdn vile nhgp khiu, sdn xudt, budn bdn vi sir dung cae logi thufic BVTV dfic hgi la rdt cdp thiit - Nhu ciu su dung tiiudc BVTV cd till gidm thfing qua vile dp dung cac bi|n phap frfing frpt ca bdn nhu vl sinfa dfing rugng, ciy bira hgp 1), luan canh miia vu, xen canh, sii dung giong khing va tuan thii ljch canh tdc Cic biln phdp ndy ciing cd the ldm cho siu benh it xuit faien Sir dung gidng sach benfa dugc xac nfain se giim viec phun thuoc frong thdi gian dau miia vu Khfing hoac it sii dung thuoc BVTV lim cho cac logi tiiien djch va cac lodi sinh vat cd ich tri frln dfing rudng - Phuang phdp kiem soit smh hpc nen dugc ap dung, can thiep vdo he sinh thdi dfing mpng theo hudng cd ich cho thiin dich/cac sinh vdt cd ich vi tdn hai ddi voi siu benh Sy hiiu dung ciia cic thien djch cd san tren ddng rufing dugc ning lln bing cdch cung cip tinic an cho chiing vi gidm su dung tfaudc Chang ban nfau kiln ving Oecophylla dupe chuyin lir mpt noi kfaic din mpl vimg moi ndo dfi, cic loii siu hgi cd d viin^ mdi se Id ngudn thiic an phong phii cua chiing Kit qud Id qudn the sdu hai se bi khdng chl, mat khdc chdt lugng nfing san dugc cdi tfailn (Van Mele & Nguyin Tfaj Thu Ciic 2003) Cdng nghe sinh thai cung cd thi dp dung dl khdng chl sau benh fren rufing lua, lira giam vile sii dung thufic BVTV Cac loii hoa mau, cdy kieng cd hoa dupe frdng cdp bd rufing phdn hoa cita chiing li ngufin tfaiic an vd ciing dupe xem la chat dan dy cac logi thien dich frudc chiing bay vao bin frong rudng dl sin mdi Nhd dd sy da dang sinfa hpc fren rudng tang len vi qudn the sau benh dugc khdng chl d mirc kilm sodt dugc (Nguyin Hiiu Huan vd ctv., 2010) Ting cuong sir dung cic logi thudc sinh hpc Bacillus thuriniensis (Bt) hoic vinit nuclear polyhedrosis cung Id mfit bien phap him hieu de gidm fi nfailm du lugng thuoc BVTV (Trin Vin Hai vd en-., 2008; SP-IPM, 2009) Thudc sinh hpc Id loai thuoc BVTV ma phan hoat chit cfainh Id cdc logi vi sinh vit nhu vi khuin, vi nit nim, tuyln tning vd ddng vdt nguyin sinh Thudc sinfa fapc cung dugc sir dung tuong ty nhu thudc hda hpc nfaimg hoat chdt "sfing" cua chiing cd the sinh sdn vi tgo kha nang khfing chl siu benh lien tiep Mgt biln phap sinh hpc khdc la dya vio pheromone gioi linh tfing hgp cung cd the dp dung d DBSCL (Ll Vin Ving vd cfi' 2008) Cac pheromone gidi tinh tdng hgp thudc dgng chit thu faiit, li cac chdt smh hda ta^ nin tir cic loai cdn trimg khic Cfaat tdng hgp cd thi gay kich thich ede cd the ciing lodi hoac tttong tac giua cic cd the khdc lodi Cac bay pheromone gidi tinfa li bien phip dugc sit dung hieu qud nhit ttong chuong trinh IPM (SP-IPM, 2006) Muc dich ehinh ciia bay pheromone gidi tfnh la han che hien tugng bat cip nin ldm giam qudn thi sdu benh Dira vdo cde loii sdu hai dupe phdt hien ttong bdy, ngudi ndng din quyet dinh co phun thudc hay khfing Sir dyng tfaudc BVTV Id mfit frong nfaiing phuong pfaip sau ciing klii ma sy ldn pfad cua dich hgi vugt mdt nguomg nao duge phdt hien thdng qua vile tham dfing thudng xuyln Viec sii dyng liiudc BVTV liln quan din qud ttinh quylt dmfa cua ngudi ndi^ din Dilu na\ phu thupc vio nhin thiic, thai dp va tfayc tl sii dung thudc Phuoi^ phap dp dung thudc "bdn dung" da dugc cdng bo rdng rai bfii Bp Nong nghiep vi Phdt triln Nfing thon bao gdm: diing loai thudc, diing lilu, diing thdi gian va diing cdch nhiem ngudn nudc mat bdi du lupng thudc cd thi gidm thilu bang each ndng cao kha ndng quylt dinh ciia ngudi ddn viec phun thufic diing vd tiiao tdc an toin Kfau vyc pha thufic nen dugc bd tri tranh ngufin nudc mat cang xa cang tfit va nufifc thai nlu cd nin dugc thu gom va xii ly bang cdc he thdng xii ly dupe bfi tri hgp Iv, chingfagnnfau dim sinfafapc.TTiudc BVTV khfing nin dugc phim gin cde kenh, muong hay voi pfaun nen dugc thdp sat ciy frfing kfai phun xit Lirgng thudc tfin du la khdng mong muon va neu cd thi nin xu ly diing cich Cdn ddnh mdt diln tich dit di bd tri h | tfafing xu ly nudc thii tao hoat ddng ndng ngfailp Nudc ttong rupng liia khdng nen dugc giii nhilu ttong suot qud trinfa phun, nlu cd tfai nin giii nudc cing liu frong rupng nlu CO till sau pfaun thudc Bdo dim dung cu diing cho qua trinh phun thuoc khdng bi rd ri Binh phun thufic va cdc dyng cy dung ttong qud trinh phun thufic phdi dugc nia tai he thdng xir ly Vile viit bd vd Ihudc sau su dung phii dugc tfayc hien an toan Cac chai lo thudc da sii dyng nin dugc xuc nia trudc viit bo va nuoc xiic riia phii dupe xii: ly dung cdch Ngudi ndng din phai cd ttich nhilm thu gom vd edt ttii bao bi, vd thufic hgp ly sau su dung Cdc each lim frln nin dugc phd biln rfing rii thfing qua cdc phuang tiln truyin thong - Tilp tue md rdng dp dung chuongfrinfaMot phdi Nam giim li mgt biln phdp tot de gidm sir dyng thufic BVTV ciing nfau phdn bdn Chuai^ ttinfa niy dugc phit triln dira tten sy tfainh cdng Tap chi Khoa hpc Tnr&ng Dgi hpc CSn Tho Ph&n.4- Khoa hoc Tu nbien Cong ngh? vd Moi tnrang 2812013)' 47-53 cua md fainh Ba Giam Ba Tang dugc triln khai ttr nim 2003 Cae nghiin ciiu cho thiy rang Icri nhuin ciia vile dp dyng chuong frinh tmng binh ldn lugt la 35 va 58 US ddla/hecta vy Iiia He Tfau vd Ddng Xudn (Nguyen Hiiu Huin, 2005) Tii viec gidm mat dp gieo xg, thufic vd phan bdn tfai nudc tudi va thdt thoat sau thu hoach (5 giam) da dugc chiing minh Id giim di chuang frmh Mpt Phii Nam Gidm dugc ap dyng a cdc tinh An Giang va Cin Tho frong nhiing nam gdn day Ben canh do, vile sii dyng gifing xic nhgn sgch benh ciing ddn din viec giim sir dung thufic BVTV Su hinh md hinfa "cdnh ddng mdu lon" moi khdi phat tir thing ndm 2011 nhung no dd dygc phan tich, danh gia la mfi hinh diing din ddm bao nen ndng nghiip phit friin bin virng Voi vile dp dyng mfi hinh vile ap dung ky thuat tiln tiln se dong bd, nit ngdn khoang cdch chenh l?ch vi ndng suit giiia cic ndng hO, hinh thinh dugc viing nguyin lieu liia gao cd chdt lugng thdng qua viec liln kit bdn nhi Voi viec dp dung mfi hinh nay, viec sii dung thufic BVTV se dugc giim thilu ding ke tdc dpng tir nhilu m^t: ap dung cic tiln bp ky thugt ttong kilm sodt sdu benh, nfing din sifagnche phun thudc theo dang tilp thi, quang cdo lir cdc cfing ty kinh dognh thuoc BVTV, giam du lugng tiiufic nfing sin dl ndng cao chit lupng liia gao bao ddm tiiu chudn xuat khdu KET LUAN Thyc trgng ve su" dyng va quan ly thufic bao vl tfauc vgt di lam noi lln van di ding bio dfing la phin Ion ngudi ndng din d DBSCL sir dung vd bdo quin thudc BVTV khdng hgp ty Phun thufic BVTV dugc xem la phuang phdp chinh vile khfing che sdu benh Ngudi dan van sii dung cic hoat chat thufic thupc nhdm chlor huu co va tan hiiu CO Vi|c sii dung cac hogt chdt thufic nhom ciic tfing hgp, carbamate cfi chilu hudng tang Cfi hon 50% thuic dugc sir dung thudc nhdm cfi dp ddc II va III theo phdn loai ciia Td chirc Y li Tfai gioi Thufic BVTV chua dugc sii dyng diing each, diing liic va dung phuang phap Ddc biet la ngudi cdn thd o, chua cfi y thirc vdi sy phoi nhiem thudc qua viee sii dung thufic khfing hgp ly Vile qudn ly va xii ly chdt thdi lir vi|c sir dung thufic cung chua hgp ly Vile xd ly thudc thira, nia dung cy phun thufic khfing diing cich Day la nhihig nguyin nhan ciia sy phat tan du lugng thudc vdo frong mfii tmdng nudc; cd thi ldm gidm chit lugng mfii tmang va sire khfie cpng dfing Anh faudng den tiim ndng xudt khiu ndng sin dgc bill Id sy phat triin ndng nghiep bin vifaig ciia khu vyc Cdn thiet phai nghiin eiiu ddy manfa triln khai dp dung cdc bien phdp han chl vile phit tin du lugng thudc BVTV vao frong mfii frudng Ap dung cac gidi phdp gidm thilu du lygng thufic BVTV ttong nudc ddm bdo ngufin nudc phyc vy cho sinh hoat d cdc vung nfing thdn Day Id mpt ttong nhiing diem dugc di cap frong tiiu chi mfii trudng ttong chuangfrinfamuc tiiu qufic gia vl xay dyng nfing thon moi giai doan 2010-2020 TAI LI$U THAM KHAO Berg, H., 2001 Pesticide use in rice and rice - fish farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Crop Protection Science 20, pp 897-905 Bfi Ndng nghiep & Phat triln Ndng thdn 2010 Danh muc thuoc dugc cho phep, hgn chl va cdm sir dyng d Viet Nam Thdng tu ciia Bd Nfing nghiep vd Phat trien Nfing thfin, duoc ban hanh thing nam 2010.231 trang Cagauan, A.G., 1995 The impact of pesticides on ricefield vertebrates with emphasis on fish In: Plngali, P.L., Roger P.A (Eds.), Impact of pesticides on farmer health and the rice environment Kluwer Academic Publisfaers, Manila, pp 203-248 Dgng Minh Phucmg va Gopalakrishnan, C, 2003 An application of the contingent valuation method to estimate the loss of value of water resources due to pesticide contamination: the case of the Mekong Delta Vietnam Intemational Journal of Water Resources Development, 617-633 Dasgupta, S Meisner, C, Wheeler, D Nhan, L.T., Khue, X., 2005 Pesticide poisoning of farm workers: implications of blood test results trom Vietnam World bank policy research working paper, p 14 Escalada, M.M., Heong, KL., 2007 Environmental radio soap opera for mral Viemam Radio Asia 2007, Singapore EXPO, p 13 Escalada, M.M Heong, K.L., Huan, N.H., v., M., 1999 Communication and behavior change in rice farmers' pest management: the case of using mass media In Vietnam Joumal of Applied Communications 83, p 26 He, Y.P., Chen W.M., Shen, J.L., Gao, C.F., 2007 Differential susceptibilities to pyrethroids in field populations of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 89 pp 12-19 T^ chl Khoa hgc Tnt&ng Dai hgc Cdn Tha Phdn.4: Khoa hoc Tu nhien, Cdng ngh? vd Mdi tntang: 28 i20l 3/: 47-53 Heong K.L 2008a .^re brown plantiiopper outbreaks due to deteriorated ecos\ stem ser\iees in rice fields? Woricsbop on Scoping study to identify research and implementation issues related to management of the Brown Planthopper/virus problem in rice in Viemam p.9 10 Heong, K.L Escalada, M.M 1997 A comparative analysis of pest management practices of rice fanners in Asia In: Heong, K.L., Escalada, M.M (Eds.), pest management of rice farmers in Asia International Rice Research Instittite, Manila (Philippines), pp 227-245 11 Heong, K.L., Escalada, M.M Huan N.H Ky Ba, V.H Quynh P.V Thiet L.V., Chien H.V 2008b Enlerlammenteducalion and rice pest management: A radio soap opera in Viemam Crop Protection, pp 1392-1397 12 Le Vin Vang Le K> An Pfaam H Hoang Trin M Pfaupng, 2008 Tfing hpp vi iing dung hooc-mdn gidi tinh cho cdng tic quan ttdc vi kiem soat buoni tren cay cd miii Tgp efai Khoa hgc DgifapcCin Tfao Trang 378-387 13 Margni M., Rossier, D., Crettaz P JoUiel, O., 2002- Life cycle impact assessment of pesticides on human health and ecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 93, 379-392 14 McCann L 2005 PoUcy review: transaction costs of pesticides ui Vietnam Society & Nawral Resources 18, pp 759 - 766 15 Meisner C, 2005 Povert>'-environment report: pesticide use in tfae Mekong Delta, Viemam In: (DECRG-IE) D.R.G.O.I.W.B (Ed), p 19 16 Nguyin Hihi Huan 2005 Nfain lai bien pfaip sii dyng thudc bdo \ e thyc vit frong cfing tdc quan ly dich hgi Cue Bio \ e Thuc \dt, Bfi NN & PTNT 10 frang 17 Ngu\ en Hiiu Hudn Hd Van Chiln, Ll Hiiu Hii, Nguyen Huu AIL N'gu\ en Van Huynh 2010 Ung dyng cdng nghe sinh thdi frong mdfainfa"Ba giim - Ba tdng" tai Tien Giang, "Mpl phdi - Ndm gidm" tai An Giang san xudt Ilia gao theo VietGAP d vims dfing bing sdng Cim Long frang 18 Ngu> en Hiru Hudn Vd MaL Escalada, M.M., Heong KL 1999 Chanees in rice farmers" pest management in the Mekoi^ Delta, Viemam Crop Protection 18, pp 557-563 19 Nguyen Vin Cdng Ngu\ In Thanh Phucmg Bayley M 2008 Brain cfaolineslerase response in the snakehead fish (Cfaanoa striata) after field exposure to diazinon Eeotoxicolo©' and Environmental Safety 71, pp 314-318 20 Ohkawa H Miyagawa H., Philip W Lee (Editors) 2007 Pesticide Chemistry: Crop Proleetioiu Public Health Envuxmmental Safety Wiley-VCH p 538 21 Sebesvari Z Huong T T L Toan P V., Arnold U Renaud F.G 2012 Agriculture and water quality in tfae Viemamese Mekong Delta, In: Renaud F.G and Kuenzer C Editors The Mekong Delta System: The Mekong Delta System Interdisciplinary Analyses ofa River Delta Springer Environmental Science and Engineering XV Springer Netherlands, p 331-362 22 SP-IPM- 2006 Biological Alternatives to Harmfiil Chemical Pesticides IPM Research Brief 4, p 24 23 SP-IPM, 2009 Avances in preventing and managing contaminants in foods, feeds, and tfae environment- IPM Research Brief p 40 24 Trdn Thi Ut 2002 Tdc dpng eiia Cich Mgng Xanh din sdn xiidt liia d Viet Nam Trong bao cao "Cich mgng xanfa d Cfadu A vd su cfauyen hudng cua nd din Cfaau Phi tgi Tokyo, 32 frang 25 Tran Vin Hai Tran Tfai Xudn, \gu>en Vin Hai 2008 Ddnh gid hieu qud ciia vims Nucleopolyhedrosisvims din siu Spodoptera Lilura (Lepidoptera: nocmidae) giy hgi cho mdng diu ninfa VTnfa Long Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hgc Can Tfao Trang li8l-1189 26 U\- ban sdng Mekdng, 2007 Environmental health concerns related to agro-chemical use in the mekong river delta MRCS Environment Training Program Case Studies, p 10 27 Van Mele, P., Cue, N.T-T- 2003- Ants as friends: Improving your Tree Crops with weaver Ants Agricultural Publisfaer Ho Chi Minh p 67 ... nghiip & PTNT, 2010) Trong hai thdp niin sfi lupng thufic BVTV nhdp khau tdng tir 20.300 lln 72.560 tin (Nguyin Huu Hudn, 2005; Bfi Ndng nghiip & PTNT 2010) ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long (DBSCL) vile... vd quin ly thufic kfafing hop ly frong hoat dfing nfing nghiip cd tfal Id ngudn anh hudng chinh Trong bii vilt ndy thyc frgng quan ly va six dung thudc ctia ngudi ndng din d DBSCL dugc dieu tra... dugc dp dung de gidm rui ro thufic BVTV da dugc ip dyng d DBSCL vd cac khu vyc khdc frong ca nudc Trong bdi vilt xin diem lgi vd cung nhu xin dl xudt mdt sfi giai phdp cd thi dp dung frong thdi