g>gptowlli!!l1t1iWW9ffl Giao due, dao tao ndi chung vi 0ao due dai hoe ndi rieng ludn ffld vai trd cdt tii aia mdi qudc 0a, khdng chi la phiic loi xa hdi ma cdn thue su la ddn bay quan trong de phat t[.]
g>gptowlli!!l1t1iWW9ffl Dang Van Tiing* DAT VAN DE Giao due, dao tao ndi chung vi 0ao due dai hoe ndi rieng ludn ffld vai trd cdt tii aia mdi qudc 0a, khdng chi la phiic loi xa hdi ma cdn thue su la ddn bay quan de phat trien Mnh te - xa hdi Su thay ddi hen tue va phat trien manh me eua hinh thai Mnh ti, xa hdi hien dai ludn tae ddng true tiep tm cac khia eanh nhan thiie ve 0ao due ndi chung va giao due dm hoe ndi neng, keo theo nhu cau dinh hudng va dip can phii hap han Van di nhin nhan dich vu 0ao due dai hoe nhu mdt hang hda dae biet va phan nao chiu su diiu tiet ciia ca chi thi trudng da duoe nhan thitc tii kha sdm a cac cjudc 0a cd nen Mnh ti phat tnen Tuy nhien, muc nhan thiic va viec van dung tai timg cjudc 0a lai ed eae biin the hoan toan khac va phu thudc rat Idn vao thuc trang phat tnen Mnh ti hien thdi Su xuat hien, tdn tai va phat trien, etaig nhu thay ddi khdng ngimg eua nen kinh te thi tmdng da ddi hdi phai cd ithiing each tiep can mm tteng hang Igat cac Hnh virc cua kinh te - xa hdi Treng dd, 0ao diie ndi ehung va 0ao due dai hpc ndi rieng, vdi vai trd to idn ddi vra sir phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua mdi cjudc 0a ludn chiu su tae ddng manh me trade nhiing thay ddi va phat trien tren Dudi tae ddng eiia qua trinh toan ciu hda, Viet Nam dimg titroc mdt Igat eae thach thirc ve phat trien linh vuc kinh te, xa hdi va ea lirih viie 0ao due Cii the hon, 0ao due dai hpc - ngi eung cap ngudn tri thirc phiic vu che phat frien kinh te xa hdi, la ddi tapng bl site ep manh me nhat tren ea khia earth ehii quan lin khach cpan VI vay, dum gde dp Iy luan, dich vii 0ao diie dai hpc ed dupe nhin nhan rihu mdt loai hang hda dac biet? Thi tmdng 0ao due cd chiu su dieu tiet ctia eo ehe thi tmdng? Nhan thirc dimg din ban chat ctia cac vin de tren, se 0iip cac nha hoach * Hpc vl$n Cdng nghe Buu chinh Viin thong I TAP CHi CNTT&TT KY (8.2016) GOC QUAN LY dinh ehinh sach, cjuan ly 0ao diic 0im thieu dugc cac "mang md" ttgng cjuin Iy, Id trlnh phat trien; xac liinh dugc eg ehe van haiih, ejuan ly phit hpp chp 0ag due; 0up eae tmdng Dai hgc hgat ddng taeu cjui hgn ttgng viec eung cip eae ngudn rihan Iiie chat luemg eae ehe xa hdi phiic vu ngudn hoc tdt hon; cjua dd van dtuig nhimg quy luat eua co che thi tmdng ed Im ehe 0ag due; 0up ngum hoc va 0a dinh cd su Iiia chpn tdi uu cho hgc tap Vdi hudng tiep can tten, bai bao khai quat eae van de ly luan Uen cjuan tdi pham tra thi tradng 0ao due, nhim md hueing tiep can mdi dot vm 0ag due dai hge g Viet Nam GIAO DUC D A I HOC Trade tae ddng manh me ciia nen kmh te tri thiic toan ciu tta quan diem ve eae van de, linh vuc frong xa hdi ndi ehung va ve "0ao dtic dai hgc" ndi rieng cang da ehieu va da dang; cimg vdi dd la su phat trien ttong fiep can va nhin nhan vd 0ao due dai hge (GDDH), Neu nhin nhan mdt each thuan tay frong linh vuc 0ao due, tta GDDH dugc hieu la bac hgc sau cimg he thdng 0ao diic va dao tag cua mdi qude 0a GDDH cung cap cho ngucri hgc nhiing kien fhiic va taeu biet sau sic nhim 0iip hg dat tm nhirng 0di han mdi ctia tri thuc tteng cac Unh vtic khae eiia c^ude sdng eae Unh vuc chuyen sau Ndi each khac, 0ao due dai hoc 0iip ngucri hgc taeu biet cang ntaeu hom ve mdt linh vuc cang hep hen Giao due dai hge khdng ehi 0iip md rdng nang lue fri tae eua timg ca nhan ttong Unh vuc ehuyen mdn eiia hg va cdn 0iip hg md rdng tim ntan va hieu biet ddi veil the 0m xung cjuanh [3] Neu tiep can khai niem "0ag diic dai hge" vm "gde nhm" hien dai hen tta theg Rgnald Bamett (1992), ed khai taem thdng diing nhat ve 0ag dtic dai hge [4]: Glag diic dai hgc la mdt day chuyen sin xuat ma dau la ngudn nhan lue dat ehuan Theg (juan diem nay, 0ag due dai hoe la mdt cjua frinh dd ngudi hge dugc ejuan mem nhu nhiing san pham dugc cung img eho thi tmdng lag ddng Nhu vay, 0ag diie dai hoc frd "diu vag" tag nen su phat trien va tang tradng eua thugng mai va cdng nghiep - Giao diie dat hge la dao tao de frd nha nghien eim Theo each nhin nay, 0ao diic dai hge la thdi 0an chuan bi de tag nhiing nha khga hgc va ngtaen cim thuc thti, nhiing ngudi se khdng ngimg fim nhiing chan trdi kien thitc mdi - Giao due dai hgc la cjuan Iy viec td chite 0ang day mdf each hieu cjua Rat nhteu ngudi che ring 0ang day la hoat ddng cdt loi eua mdt co sd 0ao dtic va chii frgng ei ve mat (juan Iy va chat lugng tmyen thu kien thirc TAP CHI CNTT&TT KY (8.2016) 35 GOC QUAN LY - Glae due dai hgc la md rdng eg hdi trgng eudc sdng cho ngudi hgc Theg each tiep can nay, GDDH dugc xem nhu mdf eg hdi de ngudi hge dugc tham 0a vao qua trinh phat frien ban than Tren quan diem eiia ca nhan, vdi su phat trien each nhin nhan ciing nhu tiep can hien dai, se eho phep nhan thitc ve 0ao due dai hgc mdt each tadng minh va thich img vdi su phat trien cang manh me ciia kinh fe fri thiie nen kinh te toan ciu GIAO DUC D A I HOC LA MOT LOAI HANG HOA DICH v y DAC BIET Viec xem xet danh 0a va dinh nghia 0ao due dai hgc cilng la mdt loai hang hda khdng phai la van de mdt xuat hien gan day San pham eua 0ao diic dai hge cilng la ddi tagng nghien cim ctia kinh te hgc 0ao diic va ngudi dat nen mdng eho viee nghien cim cac van de ve kinh te hgc 0ac diic dai hgc la WUIiam Petty (1623 - 1687), ngudi ma sau dugc Karl Marx ggi la "cha de cua nen kinh fe ehinh tri hgc nude Anh" Theo K Marx, hoat ddng 0ang day la loai lao ddng phi san xuat va trao ddi, nd dugc mua ban nhu mdf dieh vu va hang hda thong thudng "Trong tmdmg h(?p tien tmc tiep dugc trao ddi lay leal lao ddng san xuat khdng san xuat ta bin, dd lao ddng phi sin xuat ay dugc mua nhu la mdf dfeh vu Bleu hien ay ndi ehung ching qua la gia tn sil dung dae biet ma lao ddng ay cung cap, 0dng nhu mgi hang hda khac" [Marx Anghen tap 5, trg 98) Dac biet, xem xet giao due dai hgc nhu mot loai dleh WI, K Marx quan diem ring: Neu tdi mua dioh vu ctia thay giag hgae nhiing ngudi khac mua dich VII ay cho toi khdng phai de phat trien nang luc ctia fdi, ma la de cd dugc kha nang kiem tien, va neu lam nhu vay tdi that sit linh hdi dugc dieu dd, dieu nd hcan loan khdng phu thugc vag viee tra 36 TAP CHi CNTT&TT KY (8.2016) tien cho dich vu thi nhimg chi phi eho viee hpc tap ay, ciing nhu eae ehi phi vao viec nudi tdi deu thude nhung ehi phi sin xuat site lao ddng cua toi Nhung finh chit him ich dae biet ctia dleh vu ay khdng hd lam thay ddi quan he kinh te dd, va no khdng phii la quan he ma dd tien se dugc toi bien tu bin hcac thdng qua quan he ay ngucii thue hien dieh vu se bien tdt ta ban cua minh, ngudi ehu ctia minh day, ngum tra tien cho ban than dieh vu, xet ve bin chat ciia chlnh nd ttii ket qua cua dieh vu ay khdng dugc ngudi eung cap dich Vll dim bic Viee fra cdng che dai bd phan dieh vu thude nhiing ehi phi Heu dimg cac hang hoa [Marx Anghen tap 5, frg 97] Nhu vay, dfeh vii 0ao due ndi ehung va dich vii 0ao diic dai hge ndi rieng mdi la hang hda, chu khdng phat ehinh 0ao due la hang hda Ket qua nghien cim da va dang dugc kiem chimg finh dimg din ctia nd trcng xa hdi phat trien va nen kmh te tri thirc toan eau Tuy nhien, ed mdt so van de vin ein lam sang td nhu: Dich vu 0ao diic dai hoc la hang hda cdng edng hay la hang hda ea nhan? Thi tmdng dieh vii 0ao due dai hgc se nhu the nag va sii can thiep ciia Nha nude vao thi tmdng se d miic dd sao? Day that sii la nhirng van de cue ky thu vi nghien cim Cho fdi nay, viec xac dfnh re rang dich vu 0ao diie la hang hda cdng hay la hang hda ea nhan van edn rat nhieu tjuan diem trai ehieu Hdi nghi qude fe ve 0ao due dai hgc ctia UNESCO va Tuyen bd chung Belogna eiia chau Au vin khing dfnh: Giao due dai hge la mdt "Hang hda edn0', dd WB (Worid Bank - Ngan hang the 0m), MF (International Monetary Fund - Quy tien fe quoc te), GATS (Hiep dinh chung ve thuong mai dich vu thudc WTO) lai xem Giao due dai hgc la "Hang hda ca nhan" Treng eg che fhi tmdng Hang hda edng la hang hda ed hai thude tinh, dd la khdng mang tinh canh ttanh (nen-rival) va khdng Igai trir (non-exclusive) [Kaul va Mendonza, 2003; Menashy, 2009] Hang hda edng dugc ctaa hai leal: hang hda edng thuin tay va hang hda cdng khdng thuan tay Hang hda edng thuin tay thda man ca hai thude tirih ctia hang hda edng la: khdng caiih ttanh va khdng leal tra Trong dd, hang hda edng khdng thuin tay khdng cd mdf ttgng hai thude tinh tten Ngudi sii dting hang hda edng (thuan tay) se khdng phai ddng pU Ta cd the thay re hgn cpa vi du ec dien la cay den bien de minh hga ve "Hang hda cdng edn0' (thuin tay), eua nha kinh te hoe ndi tieng Samuelson Theo tiep can nay, nha nude nhat thief phai eimg cip dich vu d dang "cho khdn0' eho xa hdi tacmg ta nhu "cay den bien" cua Samuelscn vay Them vag dd, theg Ehe Cohen va Claude Hanry, Giao diic la hang hda edng vi chimg thda man hai tieu eta eo ban: Tieu ehl mdf la "ttnh ttaet yeu" ciia tach vu va tieu ehi hai la bi rm vao "su han che cua CO ehe tta tmdn0' Giao diie la ttaet yeu, la khdng ed tinh canh ttanh vl nd la nhu eau eo ban eua ngudi, la tien de eho viee phat trien kinh te xa hdi va edn de tao nen mdi Uen ket xa hdi Giao diie cilng bl rgi vao "su han ehe eua co che tta tradn0' dg fhi tradng khdng hgan hio va the taen rg net nhat la "tac ddng nggal bien" (ExtemaUties) tich ciic ciia giao due "Tac ddng nggal bien" dugc hieu la tae ddng ctia mdf ngudi nao dd gay anh hudng (tdt hay xau) ddi vdi phite Im eua ngudri khac, ma anh hudng lai khdng dugc phan anh ejua 0ag dich tta tmdng Tuy nhien, d mdt gde dg khac, xem xet ta khia canh thuc te, kta met ca nhan hudng thu dfeh vu 0ao due thi ro rang din tdi Igai trii sii thu hudmg cua ca nhan khae (loai tm su tieu dimg) Vi vay, cilng cd the eoi dd la "Hang hda ca nhan" va ngucri thii hudng se phai tia hgc pW d miic 0a thap khdng taong duong vdri eta pta that ctia dich vu hoac se dupc eung cap eheh vu mien phi Nhu vay, dieh vu 0ag diie dai hge la mdf loai hing hda dae biet, "khdng thuc su la mdt hang hda edng ma la Ira ich ca nhan" (Geoff Sceft 2003) va gin vra hang hda dae biet dd se la mdt fhi tradng cung dae biet MOT SO VAN DE CUA THI TRU'QNG GIAO DUC DAI HOC Cho den nay, vin edn rat nhieu tranh eal ve thi tradng 0ao diie (TTGD) gidi eae nha hgc thuat, eae nha ehinh fri va cac nha kinh fe hpc va "ngudi fa thudng nghi ngd cac y kien mdi, khdng vi ly dg nag khae ngoai ly nhimg y kien ehua fro phd bien" (John Locke) Ngay TTGD no rd khip mgi ngi va nd da trd mdt nganh kmh fe dich vu cjuan frgng d cac nude phat trien Nd ttd phuong tien tayet vdi de thiie hien cac miic tieu ciia 0ac due edng g ea hai khia canh: dap ung nhu eau ca nhan va anh hueing xa hdi rdng Idn cua chimg TTGD dugc dugc phan ctaa nhteu leal: theg cap hgc (J Michael Locke, 1999); theo tinh chat sd him (tradng ta, tradng cdng); theo ejuy md (dia phuong, khu vuc, toan eau); theo san pham 0ao dtic Theo phan tich aia Teixelra, ban chat eiia TTGD dai hgc cdn phiie tap hen nhieu: dd khdng ehi la fhi tracmg dao tao cho cae trinh hge van ma cdn la fhi fradmg nghien cim khoa hgc, ta van, dae fag nghe nghiep va bdi dudng tai chd san pham va khaeh hang cita 0ag due dai hge het site pheng phu Nhimg fhi tradng rat da dang ve each fhiic canh franh va su can thiep eiia chmh phu Trong mdt sd dich vii cua 0ao due dai hpc vin thudc ve ddc cjuyen cua chinh phu thi met sd sin pham va dich Vll khac ddn fhi tradng earth tranh Mat khae, Vien nghien cim CATO (Hoa Ky, ehuyen nghien eim tap trung vao eae vin de van ddng edng chimg, khai thac trayen thdng va inh hudmg xa hdi) TAP CHi CNTT&TT KY (8.2016) 37 GOC QUAN LY diia tren khai taem tta tmdng va thuc tidn phat trien eua TTGD dua khai mem nhu sau: Mdt TTGD nhu la mdt he thdng cung cap ejuyen ta dc che ngudi san xuat va tieu diing de hg ta nguyen lien kef vdi Cling nhu cung cap cac kieh thich de khuyen khich 0a dinh lam nhiing ngudi tieu dimg tieh ciic va cae nha 0ae due dot mdi, kle'm seat 0a ci va md rgng cae dich vu ciia minh theo nhu eau chi tri ctia ngudi hgc Trong nghien cim ciia minh, Teixelra (2006) [8] da chi ring, de xac dmh la ed TTGD hay khdng va ed nen ap dung khung TTGD vao GDDH hay khong? Detimhieu dieu ta ed the' tim hie'u ta tudng ciia bdn nha kmh te hgc ndi tieng la Adam Smith, John Staart Mill, Alfred Marshcall va Milton Friedman Ca bdn nha kinh te hgc not tieng deu cd nhung ddng gop ve ly luan lien quan den vai ttd eua thi tmdng GDDH vdi cac quan diem khac a, Tiep can theo quan diem ciia Adam Smith Adam Smith la ngudi dau tien dua yeu td thi tmdng vao Iy luan giao due va anh hudng I TAP CHi CNTT&TT KY (8.2016) nhieu nhat den triet ly 0ag diic dai hgc ciia My, Ong dac biet nhan manh eae Im the cua thi fmcmg viec tao su canh tranh, mang lai chat luejng eao eho sin pham dieh vu 0ao due Ong eho ring, eae tmdng dai hgc cdng ehua bao 0g hgat ddng co hieu cjua vi thieu ddng liie eanh tranh De thuc day GDDH phat trie'n, Ong cjuan taem phii 0ai phdng cac lue lugng thi tmdng, khuyen khich cac sang kien ta nhan frgng 0ao due va tan diing eg che eanh tranh 0ila cae lire lugng nay, vl dieu se 0iip dat dugc chat lugng va hieu cjua cao nhat cua vlee dau fu eho 0ao diie Ddi vdi Adam Smith, nha nude khong nen can thiep cjua sau vao GDDH vi se lam eho nd trd nen kem hieu qui Vai trd idn nhat eua nha nude la hd trg va fag dieu kien che nhiing ngudi khong du dieu kien kinh te cd the hudng miit nen giao due tdt nhat cd the b, Tiep can theo quan diem ciia John Stuart Mill John Staart MIU ed quan diem ve vai frd ciia thi tmdng giao due vira tugng tii Ita viia trai nguoc so vdi quan diem ciia Adam SmUh Tuong tii nhu Adam Smith, Mill ttiiy ro Ira ich cua 0ae due dai hoc d khia eanh ea nhan, ehi phi chg 0ag due la mdt sii diu ta kinh te ma ehinh eae ca nhan hucng thu phai tra Ong eUng img hd GDDH ta nhan va eg ehe eanh tranh de dem lal taeu cjua eae nhat Tuy ntaen, khac biet la Jghn Smart Mm lal nhan manh den vai ttd cua chinh phii ddi vm 0ao due Ong cho ring, 0ao due cd vai trd cjuan trgng ddi vra sir phat tnen eua eon ngudi va xa hdi ngudi ngheo khdng dii tien de mua eae sin pham va dich vu 0ao due thi miie dich cua xa hdi se khdng the nao dat dugc Tren eg sd nhin nhan 0a tri eiia eanh tranh, han ehe ciia su bao cip cho 0ao due, dng dua i i phap: nha nude hd ttp 0ag diic (ke ca trcng tmdng edng) va cudng che 0ag diic de ngura hge dupe lua chgn noi hge phii hgp va ed chit lugng Dau ta ciia nha nude cho 0ao diie han ehe tao mit edng bing kta tiep can 0ag due va de dd cilng tranh dugc viee lang phi ngura tai ctia ngudn nhan luc c, Tiep can theo quan diem ciia Alfred Marshall Alfred Marshall, mdt nha kinh te hgc hien dai cua the ky 20 da tiep tiic phat trien them ly luan ve ban chat dac biet cua TTGD dai hgc vm mdt cjuan diem kha mra me va khae la so vdi Adam Smith va John Staart Mill Tir nhiing nghien eim eiia "ban tay vd hinh" TTGD den nhimg that bai ciia tta tmdng, dng dua hai dac diem rieng ejuan frgng nhat cua TTGD dai hpc la: (1) Su diu ta rat dai khien cho miic tieu can dat ehi ed the xae dmh dupc mdf each kha mo hd; (2) Tdn fal mdt su dirt khiic 0iia mdf ben la nhiing ea nhan tti chi phi diu ta cho 0ao duo (phu huynh) va mdt ben la nhirng ngum thu hudng 0ao due (ngura di hgc) Hai dac diem khien che mdi cjuan he 0ila "nha cung cap dieh vii 0ao diie" la cac tradng dai hpe va "ngucri tieu dimg 0ao diic" tac ngura hpc va 0a dinh ttd nen phite tap, ktaen ta khdng the ddi xu vra TTGD dai hpe thee eiing mdt each nhu nhung leal thi tradng khao Sii can thiep cua nha nude vao TTGD - la mdt 0eu cin thief d, Tiep can theo quan diem cua Milton Friedman Nhu tten da phan tieh ea John Staart Mill va Alfred Marshall deu thudc tindng phai thira nhan cd mdt tta tmdng trgng GDDH va phii cd su can ttaep cua nha nude Day cung la quan diem thdng tri ttgng hiu het the ky 20 va ehi thay del cd sii xuat Wen ctia Milton Friedman Milton Friedman eho ring, de phat trien GDDH thi rat can sii can bing 0ua vai frd eua Nha nude va thi tmdng GDDH dem lai ci Ira ich cdng va Ira ich ca nhan Nha nude nen phan biet ro rang hai leal Ira ich va ehi "bao cap" eho Ira ich edng, chir khdng nen bao cap eho ei Im ich ta Viee bao cap (mdt phan) hpc pW chg tat ca eae nganh thudc eae fmcmg edng lap, ke ea nhiing nganh mang tinh thi tmdng eag (phiic vii Im ich ta la chinh) la khdng cdng bing vl ed su phan biet ddi xii 0iia khu vuc edng va ta Nha nude ehi nen bac cap nhiing linh viic nao dem lal Im ich cdng hoac nhiing eon ngudi nao thugc then can bae cip va khdng phan biet fmcmg edng, tmdng ta, chit khdng phai bag cap khu viic edng va Igm trii khu vuc ta Khdng nen phan biet tmdng cdng, tradng ta, vi ttaen vi eae tradng cdng lap se triet tieu canh ttanh, lam cho eae tradng cdng lap mat ddng eg de tag chat lugng, finh taeu cjua, su da dang va su del mdi Vi vay, TTGD ein ed sii cjuin Iy va can ttaep cua nha nude de' dim bao cdng bing va cjuyen Im hge tap chg tat ea mgi ngudi vi su: fhlnh vugng va van minh eua xa hdi Mat khac, TTGD tag eg hdi chg sii canh tranh va phat frien cua 0ag due, cjuyen dugc lua chgn dieh vu 0ao due eao ctia ngum dan Va neu su bao cap eiia chinh phii lam 0am hieu cjua, hieu suit va chat lugng eua 0ag due thi vlee xae dinh rd rang eae can thiep, eiia ehinh phii la ejuan trpng de dam bag ehe eg ehe tta tmdng phat huy dugc tae dung treng 0ag due, dae biet la GDDG Giag diie theg eo ehe thi tmdng ed su bac cap ciia nha nude dua tten cac quy dinh phap luat hgp ly va TAP CHi CNTT&TT KY (8.2016) 39 GOC QUAN LY ::