DANH CHO NHA NGHIEN CUU TRE A f WrD(lN(iCflCTIt(ION(i(l(l|l9CN(iHIENC(la PE CIKirEN m TRI TUdc TRICHG Kf P TRONG (XIOC THS TRAN VI$T DUNG Dai /loc fein/i te DHQG Hd Ngi N ghien cflu d cac nflde cdng n[.]
DANH CHO NHA NGHIEN CUU TRE A f WrD(lN(iCflCTIt(ION(i(l(l|l9CN(iHIENC(la PE CIKirEN m TRI TUdc TRICHG KfP TRONG (XIOC THS TRAN VI$T DUNG Dai /loc fein/i te- DHQG Hd Ngi N ghien cflu d cac nflde cdng nghiep cho tha'y cac trfldng dai hgc cd dinh hfldng nghien cflu da hd trd trUe tiep cdng ty thdng qua lien ket, cung ca'p ngudn nhan Iflc cd ky nang va gian tiep thuc ddy qua trinh lan toa tri thflc Trfldng dai hgc ddng gdp vao sfl thinh vfldng cua qud'c gia, tao nen tinh nang ddng cho cac khu vfle kinh te Tfl ddu nSm 1980, chien lUdc vi muc tieu tang cfldng nang Iflc nghien cflu da chiem vi tri trung tam cac chinh sach phat trien ciia Trung Qud'c, giup cho nen kinh te dat dflde ty le tang trfldng cao va cd cd hgi dudi kip cac nflde phfldng Tay Mot nhflng thay ddi ra't quan trgng chinh sach phit tridn khoa hoc cong ngh$ la thuc daiy cac hoat dgng nghien cflu tai cac trfldng dai hgc ldn dflde nha nflde ca'p vd'n va thfldng mai hda san phdm nghien cflu Trong bai vidt nay, chung toi danh gia nhflng ddng gdp vl m$t kinh t§' ciia hai trfldng d^i hgc ldn d Trung Qudc la trfldng D^i hgc Phuc Ddn va trfldng D^i hgc giao 76 thong Thfldng Hai, da md rong quan he hdp tac vdi cac doanh nghiep, tren cd sd dd phan tich hieu qua cua boat ddng nghien cflu ddi vdi viec hinh va phat trien cac nganh cdng nghiep va kinb te dia phfldng Ngoai ra, cung xem x6t cac khia canh chinh sach khuyen khich cac boat dgng nghien cflu, hdp tac nghien cflu gifla trfldng dai hgc vdi doanh nghiep Trung Qud'c Nhiirng chfnh sach iru ddi cua nh^ nu6c va dia phirong cho hoat dong ddi mdi Hgc tap kinh nghiem ciia cac quo'c gia cong nghiep phat tri^n, tfl nam 1979 he thd'ng ddi mdi ciia Trung Quo'c da trai qua thdi kj^ cai cfich manh me Nhieu ehfldng trinh khoa hgc va cdng ngh$ qudc gia dfl(?c xay dflng vao gifla thap nien 1980 tao tidn dl cho cfic trfldng d^i hgc tham gia vao ho^t dgng nghien cflu M^c d^u ckc trfldng d^i hgc chfla phai la nhflng cd ,quan djnh hfldng cho nhflng ehfldng trinh khoa hpc — NGHI£N CllfU TRUNG QUtiC t6 5(93) • 2000 Xay dung cac trudng dai hgc nghien ciiu cong nghe ma phdn ldn cac cbfldng trinh Bg Khoa hgc cdng nghe quan ly, nhUng gan day mdt sd trUdng dai hgc ldn da trd chu the quan trgng cho hai chUdng trinh nghien cflu cd ban Cac trUdng dai hgc Trung Qud'c da tien h a n h 1/3 sd 863 dfl an vdi tdng sd vd'n bdng 2/3 tdng vdn dfl an quy khoa hgc tU nhien cung ca'p Tuy nhien, chi phi cho boat dgng nghien cflu khoa hgc d cac trfldng dai hoc vdn tha'p hdn cac td chflc boat dgng R & D CO quy mo ldn khac, tang tfl 2,8 ty nhan dan te len 6,4 ty n h a n dan te giai doan 1995 - 2000, chiem tdi 10% tdng chi phi cho boat ddng R & D Tai Thfldng Hai, chi phi cho cac boat ddng khoa hgc cong nghe len tdi 2,76 ty nhan dan te vao nam 2003, chiem khoang 1,2% ngan sach cua pho' De thuc day cac cbfldng trinh nghien cflu tai cac trfldng dai hgc, mot boat dgng bi bd quen thdi ky trUdc cai each kinh te md cfla, chinh phu da ca'p them kinh phi cho cac trfldng chat lfldng cao Mot sang kien quan trgng chinh la dU an 211, ca'p Ifldng vd'n rat ldn cho viec xay dflng cac trfldng dai hgc va phat trien cac ehfldng trinh hgc t h u a t tren ca nUdc Dong tai trd la mot so' cd quan, uy ban ke hoach nha nUdc, Bg Tai chi'nh, Bg Giao due va chinh quyen dia phUdng Trong ke hoach nam ldn thfl (1996 - 2000), Trung Qudc da lap dflde hdn 100 cd sd dao tao dai hgc theo de an 211 Ben canh Bg Giao due cdn trien khai chUdng trinh 985 nhdm nang ca'p cac trUdng dai hgc hang ddu cua T r u n g Qud'c t h a n h cac trUdng dai hgc ddng ca'p qud'c te Ca hai trUdng Phuc Dan va Giao thdng ThUdng Hai da nhan NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 5(93) - 2009 dflde tai trd cua du an 985 hai giai doan Cbfldng trinh cai each ciia cac trUdng dai hgc vdn dang dUdc thflc hien sau rong Ra't nhieu dieu kien flu dai da dUdc trien khai ben ket cac trfldng nhdm loai bo mon hgc thfla, tranh su chong cheo gay lang phi dao tao ChUdng trinh dao tao dUdc cai each theo hudng linh boat, ben nganh va gifla cac mdn hgc c6 moi lien quan vdi Mot loat ehfldng trinh dao tao dUg'c thiet ke theo md binh dao tao cua phUdng Tay, thu hut cac nhan tai dflde dao tao tai nflde ngoai trd ve Trung Quo'c tham gia giang day Tieu bieu nha't la dao tao ChUdng trinh 100 tai nang, cbfldng trinh hgc bdng CheungKong Quy mo cua cac trUdng dai hgc tai Trung Qud'c dUdc md rdng, sd sinh vien dang ky vao cac trUdng dai hgc tang nhanh nhflng nam qua Mdt so'chUdng trinh ldn da tai trd kinh phi cho cac trUdng dai hgc trgng diem cua Trung Qud'c boat dgng nghien cflu, nhien mdi hen ket gifla trudng dai hgc va cac nganh cong nghiep v l n chfla thflc sU tao budc tien mdi Vao nam 2001, cd che khuyen khich Uy ban Kinh le va ThUdng mai nha nUdc ket hdp vdi Bg Giao due da hinh nen cac trung tam chuyen giao cdng nghe trUdng dai hgc cd uy tin, dd cd Dai hgc Giao thong ThUdng Hai Cac trung tam da dong gdp vai trd quan trgng nhu thUdng mai hda cac ket qua nghien cflu, lap cac doanh nghiep thugc cac trUdng dai hgc Cac cudc tranh cai ve chflc nang nhiem vu cua trUdng dai hgc la dao tao bay hudng tdi kinh doanh, lien ket vdi cac doanh nghiep da no ra, va tam lang xudng sau ong Zhou Ji dflde bau lam Bg 77 TRAN VIET DUNG trfldng Bd Giao due Ong tuyen bd' mdt each rd r a n g rang, trUdng dai hgc ed nhiem vu chinh la giang day, nghien cflu va thfldng mai hda cac ket qua nghien cflu Nghien cflu va ddi mdi cdng nghe dflde nhin n h a n theo quan diem cua Bd Giao due la cd che tao dieu kien cho cac trUdng ddng gdp vao kinh te dia phUdng va kinb te qudc gia Cai each gan day tai cac trfldng dai hgc cua Trung Quo'c la tao lien ket gifla trfldng dai hgc vdi cac nganh ccng nghiep theo hai cd che Thd nhdt, thdng qua chuyen giao cdng nghe vdi cac boat dgng cap phep hoac cac hdp ddng' thoa t h u a n nhu tU van, hdp dong boat dgng R & D, hoac dich vu cdng nghe Cd che da hinh t h a n h nen lien ket trUdng dai hgc va cae doanh nghiep cua cac qud'c gia phfldng Tay Thd hai, cd le la cbi tdn tai mdt each n h a t tai Trung Qudc, dd la cac doanh nghiep cua trfldng, theo nghia rdng day la cac doanh nghiep boat dgng trfldng dau tU va lam chu hoac nha trUdng va cac thUc the khac cung lam ehu ket linh vUc khoa hgc va cdng nghe Doanh so' chi chiem ty le 2,3% doanh so' cua cae cdng ty cdng nghe cao ca nUdc, khoang mdt nfla doanh t h u la cac cdng ty thugc dai hgc Bac Kinh va dai hgc T h a n h Hoa ddng gdp Theo Udc tinh cua Bg Giao due chi 10% cdng trinh nghien cflu va boat ddng ddi mdi cua cac trUdng dai hgc dUdc thUdng mai hda Mot so' ehUdng trinh qud'c gia da cd anh hfldng ldn tdi boat ddng R & D cua cac irUdng dai hgc Trung Qud'c, dd la: - ChUdng trinh nghien cflu va phat trien cdng nghe cao, vdi sd' hieu 863, Bg Khoa hgc cdng nghe chu tri, bat dau thUc hien vao t h a n g 3-1986 Muc tieu cua chuong trinh la t a n g cUdng nang Iflc canh t r a n h quo'c te, nang cao k h a nang cua cac boat ddng R & D linh vUc cdng nghe eao - ChUdng trinh qud'c gia heat dgng R & D chd mgt sd' cdng nghe chu chd't, Bg Khoa hgc va cdng nghe chu tri, dUOc thflc bien tfl nam 1982 Muc tieu cua chUdng Nhflng nam trudc cai each va md cfla, trinh la ap dung cac t h a n h qua cua boat cac doanh nghiep cua cac trUdng dai hgc dgng R & D n h a m dap flng yeu cau cdng chu yeu lam nhiem vu hau can cho boat nghe mgt so'linh vUc then chd't ddng hgc tap cua sinh vien nbU tao viec lam them, cung cap kinh phi bo sung cho trUdng Chi tfl gifla t h a p nien 1980 boat dgng thfldng mai hda phat trien thi nghien cflu da trd t h a n h nhiem vu cd ban cua niiflng doanh nghiep trUdng dai hoc, mac dau hau bet cac cong ty lai khong boat dgng linh vUc cdng nghe Do do, tac ddng cua ddi mdi dUa vao t h a n h - Cbfldng trinh qud'c gia ve nghien cflu ed ban, Bd Khoa hgc cdng nghe chu tri thUe bien tfl nam 1977, vdi muc tieu la day manh boat dgng nghien cflu cO ban, phu hdp vdi chien lUde p h a t trien qud'c gia ve ndng nghiep, nang lUOng, thdng tin, vat lieu, tai nguyen mdi trUdng va sfle khde cdng ddng qua nghien cuu doi vdi cac dia phUdng cdn - Dfl an cua Quy Khoa hgc tfl nhien ban che' Nam 2001, chi cd 40% cong ty qud'c gia, duge thflc hien tfl t h a n g 2-1986, trUdng dai hgc tham gia vao boat dgng lien nham tai trd cho cac cbfldng trinh nghien 78 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC SO 5(93) - 2001 Xay dung cac trudng dai hgc nghien cdu cflu cd ban va mdt so' nghien cflu flng dung - ChUdng trinh 211 cua Bg Giao due da thflc bien tfl n a m 1995 vdi muc tieu nang cao nang Iflc cua cac trUdng dai hgc, phat trien va md rdng quy md dao tao mgt sd nganh chu chd't • Chuong trinh 985 cua Bg Giao due thflc bien qua hai giai doan, giai doan tfl nam 1988, va giai doan tfl nam 2004 nham dfla cac trfldng dai hgc cua Trung Quo'c vao danh sach cac trUdng nghien cflu dang cap qud'c te Ke hoach xay dung cac trudng dai hoc dang cap qudc te So' sinh vien cua bai trfldng dai hgc tang nhanh, dac biet la NCS cao hgc va tien SI Ca hai trudng deu tim kiem nhflng phfldng thflc mdi de day manh boat dgng nghien cflu va nang cao cha't lUdng dao tao Trudng Phuc Dan di tien phong linh vUc cho phep sinh vien tU lUa chgn nganh nghe dao tao va thay ddi nganh hoc TrUdng cdn thiet ke cac chUdng trinh giang day phu hgp vdi yeu cau cua thi trUdng lao ddng thong qua cac chudng trinh dao tao lien thong va cac chudng trinh dao tao cap tin chi mon hoc Nang lUc nghien cflu cua Dai hoc Phuc Dan va Dai hgc Giao thong Thudng Hai dude nang quan cao nhd cac chUdng trinh hgc tliuat md trgng cua bai trUdng dai hgc Phuc Dan va rong va chUdng trinh tuyen dung md vdi giao thong ThUdng gbcp cac can bo tron pham vi toan quo'c, va ca chUdng trinh cua cac trUdng dai hgc danh tren pham vi the gidi thong qua cd che tieng phUdng Tay vao chUdng trinh dao canh tranh Cbfldng trinh tuyen dung md tao cua minh Khong rieng gi trUdng Phuc d hai trfldng dai hoc da thu hiit dflde Dan, manh ve khoa hgc cdng nghe va Dai nhieu sinh vien td't nghiep vao loai gioi d hgc Giao thdng van tai ThUdng Hai, manh cac trfldng khac lam vice tai hai IrUdng dao tao ky sU dang cai each cbfldng nay, mgt xu hfldng di ngflde lai vdi each trinh ma bau bet cac trUdng dai hgc cua thflc tuyen dung cae sinh vien da tflng hgc Trung Qud'c deu ddi mdi cbfldng trinh tap tai hai trfldng trfldc day Nhieu tai bang each md rdng cac nganh hgc, hoac nang khoa hgc cdng nghe d khap T r u r g Mgt nhflng chuyen bien Hai la long sap nhap vdi cac phan vien khac de dao Quo'c da hgi tu ve dai hgc Phuc Dan Vdi tao da nganh Trfldng Phflc Dan dang the manh ve khoa hoc cdng nghe, Phuc hfldng tdi muc tieu dao tao ky sU, dong Dan ludn ed vi tri cao ve ebi so' cac cdng thdi xay dUng mgt t r u n g tam y te bang trinh dUdc trich dan Gan day viec md rong each sap nhap vdi dai hgc Y khoa ThUdng dao tao ky sfl, chac chan trfldng dai hgc Hai de tae the m a n h nghien cflu y lai gianh dflde cbi so'ca'p cao viec hgc va chfla benh Dai hgc Giao thong dao tao ky sfl Dai hgc giao thdng luon Thfldng Hai dang trien khai nhieu cbfldng dUde xep hang cao cbi so' dao tao ky trinh Hnb vfle khoa hgc tu nhien, sfl, va dang tie'n tdi dudi kip dai hgc Phuc dong thdi binh t h a n h trUdng dai hgc luat, Dan bang xep hang ve so'cdng trinh quan trj kinh doanh trUdng khoa hoc cdng nghe dflde trich ddn Tfl NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 5(93) - 2009 79 TRAN VIET DUNG nam 2000, cac xua't ban pham va sd' bdng sang che cd gia tri cua hai trfldng dai hgc deu tang Khuye'n khich ve tai chinh cho cac cdng trinh nghien cflu theo ket qua tflng nam da cd tac dung td't tdi cha't Ifldng va hieu qua cua cae cbfldng trinh nghien cflu TrUde day, he thd'ng quan ly tai cae trUdng dai hgc chi tap t r u n g lap ke hoach giang day, hudng dan sinh vien , xua't ban cdng trinh nghien cflu se dUde thay the cho cdng tac giang day Nhflng boat ddng bd hep khudn vien cua trUdng dai hgc Ngay nay, cac trUdng dai hgc ldn cua Trung Qudc deu t h a n h lap nhieu cd sd ve tinh, cac dcanh nghiep thugc trUdng, cac bg phan, lam nhiem vu chuyen giao cdng nghe Trung tam chuyen giao cdng nghe cua Dai hgc Phuc Dan va Dai hgc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai da n h a n h chdng xac dinh cac bUdng nghien cflu cd the dUa thi trUdng, tad dUng duge cac lien ket vdi cac cong ty, dac biet la cac cong ty linh vUc cdng nghiep san xuat d td nhU Wolksvagen, General Motor, Baosban de tim kiem cac nguon tai trg ThUe te cho tha'y, ngudn kinh phi dUde ca'p tfl dia Hoat ddng ca'p ph6p van chfla trd t h a n h cd che chii yeu cho boat dgng chuyen giao cdng nghe ciia Dai hgc Giao thdng Thfldng Hai Chi k h o a n g 10% so' bdng sang che trfldng n a y dang ky dflde thfldng mai hda Ly thfl nha't, la cac t h a n h vien nghien cflu mud'n tiep tue cdng viec de dat dUdc ket qua td't hdn va dd dd hg tiep tuc hdp tac vdi cdng ty hoat ddng nghien cflu M a t khac cac cdng ty nUde khdng cd ke hoach dfla san pham mdi iioac sfl d u n g cdng nghe mdi ma tiem n a n g thUOng mai hda cae ket qua nghien cflu cdn chUa chdc chan Hoat ddng hgp tac R & D vdi cac cdng ty nflde ngoai trd t h a n h nhiem vu chinh cua Dai hgc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai Dai hgc da tap t r u n g vao viec cai tien cac cdng nghe cua nflde ngoai, hdp tac nghien cflu dfla nhieu san pham mdi tieu t h u tren thi trfldng ngi dia vdi quy md ldn va sfle mua cang tang Dai hgc giao thdng ThUdng Hai da dau tU xay dUng nhflng khu vUc khoa hgc cdng nghe ldn, bien chung t h a n h ndi tao cac san pham cdng nghe cao Dai hgc Phuc Dan va Dai hgc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai dUde danh gia la nhflng trfldng ddng cap cac khu vUc phfldng dang trd t h a n h mdt ngudn quan trgng cho boat dgng nghien cflu cua Dai hgc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai Cbi phi dUde cap tang tfl 5% len 20% thdi ky 1996 - 2000 Trong cbi phi tfl cac cdng ty ben ngoai giam tfl 63% xud'ng cdn 33%) Khong gid'ng nbU dai hgc T h a n h Hoa, Trung tam chuyen giao cong nghe cua Dai hgc Giao thdng khdng lien quan tdi boat ddng nghien cflu cfla trfldng Trung tam da phat t n e n cac chi n h a n h tfl Thfldng Hai den vflng chau thd sdng Dudng Tfl 80 Thanh cong ve cong nghe cua mot so cong ty thugc cac trudng dai hgc Sfl dung cac ket qua nghien cflu lam ngudn vd'n tri thflc de t h a m gia vao cac boat ddng cua doanh nghiep, trd t h a n h cd che boat ddng q u a n trgng de tao cac kenh thUdng mai hda san pham mdi va cdng nghe mdi Cd che m a n g ngudn ldi ldn hdn ca chuyen giao cdng nghe, dac biet la d trUdng Phuc Dan Hieu trUdng Dai hgc Phuc Dan da quyet djnh nha trUdng sfl NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 5(93) - 2009 Xay di/ng cac trudng dai hgc nghien cdu dung ngan sach de ddu t u true tiep cho nhflng dfl an nghien cflu ldn Nhan vien hanh chinh cua trUdng khdng dUde tham gia trflc tiep vao boat dgng quan ly doanh nghiep va t h a m gia vao qua trinh quyet djnh cua doanh nghiep Dai hgc Phflc Dan tien xa hOn mdt bfldc eai each quan ly va ed ca'u sd hflu doi vdi cac doanh nghiep cua trUdng tfl nam 2000 Cbi vong nam cac doanh nghiep thugc Dai hgc Phuc Dan, cua cac trUdng eon va cua cac bg phan da bi ddng cfla, sap nhap, chuyen t h a n h cac doanh nghiep boat dgng tu ngoai trUdng Van phdng thfldng mai hda va quan ly doanh nghiep Phuc Dan da hd trg cho cac boat dgng nghien cflu, quan ly tai san va cung ca'p nhflng djch vu kinb doanh can thiet Van phdng la dai dien hdp phap cho cac doanh nghiep thugc trUdng dai hgc va quan ly khoa hgc Mdt so cdng ty ben ngoai trUdng cflng tham gia hdp tac vdi cac cong ty cua Phuc Dan Van phong hien cd den 100 doanh nghiep ddng gdp khoang 80 trieu nhan dan te cho trUdng va tuj^en dung khoang 800 ngUdi (tUdng dUdng vdi 1/5 so'nhan vien cua trUdng) Ngoai van phdng cdn cd vai trd la n h a cung cap vdn mao hiem cho cae doanh nghiep nhd thong qua cac cdng ty dau tU Kbi cae cong ty trUdng t h a n h , nha trUdng cd the ban cho mgt so' cdng ty ldn hOn hoac chuyen nhUdng t h a n h cac cdng ty cua n h a nUdc Dai hgc gian thdng ThUdng Hai tien hanh mgt phUdng thflc khac ddi vdi cae doanh nghiep ciia trfldng Trfldng dau tU trflc tiep ngudn vd'n cua minh cho cac cong ty ve cdng nghe va sd hflu nhflng cdng ty Nhflng cdng ty thUdng mai cua Dai hgc Giao thdng ndm dudi sfl kiem soat cua NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 5(93) - 2009 trUdng, do cac quyet dinh quan ly' qua nhieu tang nac va kem hieu qua So vdi Dai hgc Phuc Dan thi cac doanh nghiep cua Dai hgc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai khdng t h a n h cdng Mat khac cac cong ty lai d xa trfldng, cac boat dgng R & D cua trudng khong gan ket vdi doanh nghiep cac doanh nghiep ebi chay theo cac boat dgng tao ldi nhuan Nhieu nha khoa hoc cung phan nan rang ldi ich thUdng mai ma cac cong ty dang theo duoi cd the lam cho cac boat dgng nghien cflu bi chech bUdng Ca trUdng va ngoai trUdng ngUdi ta van tranh luan la nen xem cac trUdng gifl khoang each vdi thj trUdng d chflng mflc nao la vfla Luc day de kiem them thu nhap cang ldn, nhien mflc lUdng cua giao vien van cdn tha'p, mac dau chinh sach tien Ifldng cua nha nflde da cd nhieu ddi mdi Chinh phu Trung Qudc cho rang chi cd the nang cao bdn neu cac trfldng tich cflc thflc hien cac chUdng trinh nghien cflu phuc vu cho cac nganh cong nghiep va mau chong thUdng mai hda cac ket qua nghien cflu tfl cac khoa trfldng dai hgc Ke tfl bat dau cai each kinb to, Trung Quoc da chuyen tfl he tho'ng sang tao cdng nghe kem bieu qua theo mo hinh Xd viet sang be thd'ng ddi mdi theo kieu My, dac biet la theo md hinh Thung lung Silicon Ket qua cua qua trinh da binh nen cac khu cong nghiep tap trung sfl dung cdng nghe cao Khu cong nghe cao Trung Quan thon d Bac Kinh la khu cong nghiep rat ldn, thu hut hdn 40%i tong so' doanh nghiep cdng nghe cao boat dgng va la ndi tap trung 30 trUdng dai hgc, 200 vien nghien cflu, so dd c6 dai hoc 81 TRAN VI^T DUNG Thanh Hoa, Dai hgc Bdc Kinh va Vien Han lam khoa hgc Trung Qud'c, hdp tac thflc hien cac dfl an khoa hgc cdng nghe Cac doanh nghiep cua Dai hgc Thanh Hoa va dai hgc Bdc Kinh la cac doanh nghiep hang ddu ve cdng nghe eao ciia Trung Qud'c Trong sd' hdn 5.000 ddanh nghiep cua cac trUdng dai hgc, tdng thu nhap nam 2000 la 48 ty nhan dan te thi ddng gdp cua cac doanh nghiep cua bai trUdng dai hgc chiem tdi 30%) tdng ddanh thu Vai tro cua quan he hgp tac gifla trudng dai hgc vdi doanh nghiep qua trinh doi mdi cong nghe tai Trung Qud'c Trong so' nhflng cdng ty cd ten tudi cua Trung Qud'c thi nganh cdng nghiep dien tfl chiem tdi 2/3 Cac cdng ty cua cac trUdng dai hgc va cdng ty tU nhan di dau trcng cac heat dgng ddi mdi Trdng nfla cuoi thap nien 1990, cd cdng ty so' 26 cdng ty cua Trung Qud'c dflde sfl bd trd cua cac trfldng dai hgc ldn ddu tu chd hdat dgng ddi mdi Dd la cac cdng ty Hon Hai, China Petro-Chemical, va China Petroleum va Chemical Corp Cac td chflc khoa hgc ddng vai trd quan trgng cho cac ho^t dgng ddi mdi la D^i hgc Phflc Dan, D^i hgc Giao thdng Thfldng Hai va D^i hgc Thanh Hoa, Vi^n hda hgc flng dyng Changehum thugc Vi^n Han lam khoa hgc Trung Qud'c va Vidn Cdng nghe Vi§n thdng Trung Qud'c Nhflng phat minh khoa hgc cua cae td chflc nghien cflu da giflp cho nhidu nganh cong nghifip ciia Trung Qud'c cd bfldc tidn nhay vgt, d^c bi^t la llnh vfle cdng ngh^ thdng tin, hda d4u va to Trung Qud'c la qud'c gia thu hflt sd lfldng FDI ldn nhdt so vdi cac nflde dang phat trid'n hdn m^t th^p ni^n 82 qua FDI da mang den cdng nghe mdi, so' dd phai ke den cac cdng ty cua My nbu IBM, Microsof, Intel, Great Neck, Saw Manufactures, cua Dai Loan nhfl Hon Hai, Winbond Electronics, Foxcom Inventec Tiep thu tri thflc cdng nghe toan cau, md rdng hdp tac nghien cflu gifla cac trfldng dai hgc vdi cac cdng ty ldn, cae cdng ty Trung Qud'c da dat dflde nhieu tUu ddi mdi cdng nghe ndi bat Thd nhdt, chuyen tfl sac chep sang aang tac Trfldc day chi cd cac td chflc nghien cflu tai Trung Qud'c mdi dau tU cho boat ddng R & D , nbUng cac cdng ty ldn cflng dau tU cho boat ddng R & D Chinh sach cdng nghe dflde chuyen chi'nh sach qud'c gia Thang 1-2006, Chu tich Hd Cam Dao keu ggi Trung Qud'c chuyen tfl nen kinh te dfla vao sang tao va doi mdi Ldi keu ggi trd mgt chu de ldn tai Qud'c hdi ke hoach nam 2006 - 2010 vdi muc tieu la ddu tfl d mflc cao hdn cho boat ddng R & D va nudi dfldng cac y tfldng mdi Phat trien tren di^n rdng cac linh vfle khoa hgc cong ngh^ cao ma My dang cbi phdi nhfl cdng ngh§ thong tin, gen td bao, khoa hgc vii try, trd qudc gia hang ddu vd khoa hgc vk cdng ngh§ vao gifla thd ky 21 Thd hai, chuydn tfl vi tri ciia ngfldi lam thue sang vi tri lam chu doanh nghiep Trong nhieu nganh cdng ngbigp, vdi sfl h6 trt;) ciia cac trfldng d^i hgc va cdc vi$n nghi§n cflu, qua trinh ddi mdi sang t^o dang djch chuyen tfl qu6c gia c6 thu nh^p cao sang cic nIn kinh tl" mdi nSi Trong nhflng nam qua, cAc c6ng ty da qud'c gia t^i Trung Qudc va cAc cd sd san xuft't dja phfldng da ap dyng c6ng ngh0 mdi va t^o NQHI£N CUU TRUNG QUfiiC lO B(03) - 2008 Xay dung cac trudng dai hgc nghien cuu nhieu san p h a m mdi cd sfle canh tranh cao Hoat dgng sang tao khdng chi xay tren da't My, ma dang xay r a tai cac cong ty cua Trung Qud'c, bdi vi cac cdng ty vfla la nha san x u a t theo hdp ddng mang lUdi san xuat toan cau, vfl^ t a a cac san pham mdi cd gia tri gia t a n g cao Tai nang tri tue va tinh t h a n kinh doanh khong p h a n biet dd la ngUdi phUdng Tay hay ngfldi phfldng Ddng Thflc te cho thay nhieu cong ty da qud'c gia tai Trung Quo'c dang dUde dieu h a n h bdi ngUdi ban dja Ban dau, cac can bg dieu b a n h cap cao cua cong ty da qud'c gia deu tfl cac cd sd cua cong ty me, nhien td'e dia phUdng hda qua trinh chuyen giao da tien trien rat nhanh Khong chi t h a m gia dieu hanh, ma nhieu doanh n h a n T r u n g Quo'c da tfl bo ndi lam viec ciia cdng ty nUdc ngoai, dflng lap cac cdng ty rieng cua minh, kinh doanh cd bieu qua Thi du Intel sau 18 thang ke tfl boat dgng tai Trung Qudc tfl nam 1985, so' n h a n vien nflde ngoai tai cbi n h a n h Thfldng Hai da giam tfl 97 xudng cdn ngfldi va dgi ngu quan ly ngi bg cong ty deu la ngUdi Trung Qud'c Thd ba, cac cdng ty cua Trung Qud'c da tao lap nen mgt quy tdc canh t r a n h mdi Cac cong ty cua T r u n g Qudc la ngUdi den sau cuoc canh t r a n h ve che tao va ddi mdi, cac cdng ty phai doi dien vdi cac doi thu manh hdn tfl nflde ngoai dang Qud'c la mdt thi trfldng ldn nha't the gidi Do dd, cac cdng ty truyen thdng va truyen hinh Trung Qud'c dajsdfla cac tieu chuan cua rieng minh ve truyen thdng di dgng de ban che cac doi thu khac tham nhap thj trUdng Nhflng n h a n djnh trUde day cua phUdng Tay cho rang Trung Qud'c la cdng xfldng cua the gidi khdng phu hdp nfla Khac vdi Nhat Ban, cac cdng ty cua Trung Quoc khong cdn bang long vdi viec chep cdng nghe cua phUdng Tay Thflc t e c h o tha'y bg da chuyen dan tfl ldi the ve chi phi nhan cong re, djch vu re, sang ldi the ben vflng bdn la dfla vao ddi mdi cdng nghe It cd nflde nao lai thay ddi nhanh chong va cong nhfl Trung Quo'c thdi gian vfla qua Hoat dgng san xua't thiet bi dien tfl ban pham tang nhanh, cac san pham dien tfl cua Trung Quoc da dUdc tieu thu khap the gidi Thflc te cho thay nang Iflc san xua't va tieu thu cac san pham dien tfl cua Trung Qud'c chi dflng sau My Nam 2005, cdng ty may tinh Legend da chiem tdi 27% thi phan ngi dja so vdi 6% cua IBM va 4% cua HewlettParkard Den nam 2015, theo dfl bao cua cac nha san xua't dien tfl, Trung Qud'c se san xua't 1/2 so' lUdng dau DVD, may anh ky t h u a t so', 1/3 sd lUdng d dia DVDROM, may tinh de ban va xach tay, 1/4 so' lugng dien thoai di dgng va TV mau cua ca the gidi Ket luan tham nhap vao thj trfldng Trung Qudc Muo'n cd gia trj gia tang cao phai tao Nghien cflu tai mgt so' trUdng dai hgc cac phat minh dot pha boSe dUa nhflng cho tha'y tinh ca'p thiet phai chuyen cac tieu chudn cong nghe cua rieng minh trfldng dai hgc cac trfldng cd them Linh vUc truyen thdng di dgng, Trung chflc nang nghien cflu, ddng thdi cung cho NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QU6c sA 5(93) - 2009 83 TRAN VIET DUNG tha'y sfl phu thudc cua cac doanh nghiep Mdt dac diem khac biet vdi cac trUdng vao cae ket qua nghien cflu, vao chinh dai hgc cua My, Nhat, chau Au la cac can sach ddi mdi qud'c gia va chinh sach dia bd cua trUdng dai hgc T r u n g Qud'c t h a m phUdng Dd la nhflng yeu to' da thflc day gia true tiep vao cac chinh sach phat trien qua trinh hinh t h a n h lien ket gifla cac kinb te dja phUdng, dd dd mdi quan he trfldng dai hgc va doanh nghiep Viec gifla tri thflc va thflc tien la k h a ben chat nghien cflu hai trUdng Dai hgc Phflc Dan Dieu dd da lam cho nhieu t r u n g tam va Dai hgc giao thdng Thflgng Hai t h a m chuyen giao cong nghe cua cac trUdng dai gia vao hai dfl an ldn la 211 va 985 cho hgc ddi Do vd'n dau tU mao hiem cdn it, tha'y ddng gdp cua cac trUdng cang khdng cd cae td chflc t r u n g gian, cho nen ldn ve nhieu phUdng dien hgc t h u a t va dao cac t r u n g t a m trd t h a n h cac ed quan tao ngudn n h a n lUe cha't lugng cao, budc kiem snat cac boat ddng hgp tac nghien tdi tfl chu ve tai chinh cflu, chuyen giao, bao dam cho mdi lien ket Su t h a n h cdng cua boat dgng chuyen giao cong nghe tfl cac trfldng phu thugc t h a n h cdng va cang p h a t buy tac dung nhieu vac chinh sach phat trien cua dja phUdng Dai hgc Phuc Dan va Dai hgc giac « thdng ThUdng Hai da ed' gang md rdng cac boat ddng cap phep cho cac doanh nghiep dja phUdng, nhUng van cdn gap phai nhieu TAI LIEU THAM KHAO rao can kbi ma n a n g lUc tiep n h a n ket qua nghien cflu cua cac doanh nghiep cdn ban che va cae t h u tue chuyen giao rat rUdm So vdi cac nflde phfldng Tay, thi qua trinh chuyen giao cdng nghe tfl nha trfldng tdi ndi ap dung dang gap khd khan, ldn nha't la sU cbi trich cua xa bdi rang cd nen de cac trUdng dai hgc t h a m gia nhieu vac boat dgng kinb doanh ma quen di nhiem vu chinh la dao tao? Cach tien b a n h cfla bai trfldng Dai hgc Phflc Dan va Dai hgc Giao thdng ThuOng Hai phan nao lam giam di nhflng xung dot dang gap phai bang each b a n che viec t h a m gia vao cac boat dgng kinb doanh, cae boat dgng dd hoan toan cac doanh nghiep tU quyet dinh 84 Mowery D.C; B.N Sampat (2001), Patenting and Licensing University Invention, Lessons from the History of the research corporation, Industrial and Corporate change 10: 317-55 Shahid yusuf (2007), How Universities promote Economic Groush the worl Bank Shanghai Science and technology Commission (2004), Shanghai Statistical Year Book on Science and Technology SJTU (2004), SJTUyear book Walcott, Susan (2003), Chinese Science and Technology Industrial Parks Burlongton, VT: Aphgate Zhang, Jue (2003), The development of High-Tech enterprises in University Enterprise Huazhong Science and Technology University Press NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC sA 5(93) - 2009 ... ThUdng mai nha nUdc ket hdp vdi Bg Giao due da hinh nen cac trung tam chuyen giao cdng nghe trUdng dai hgc cd uy tin, dd cd Dai hgc Giao thong ThUdng Hai Cac trung tam da dong gdp vai trd quan... hgc Trung Qud''c, dd la: - ChUdng trinh nghien cflu va phat trien cdng nghe cao, vdi sd'' hieu 863, Bg Khoa hgc cdng nghe chu tri, bat dau thUc hien vao t h a n g 3-1986 Muc tieu cua chuong trinh... Trong ke hoach nam ldn thfl (1996 - 2000), Trung Qudc da lap dflde hdn 100 cd sd dao tao dai hgc theo de an 211 Ben canh Bg Giao due cdn trien khai chUdng trinh 985 nhdm nang ca''p cac trUdng dai