JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci , 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 129 136 T H I E T KE VA X A Y D U N G BAI G I A N G DIEN TL/ T H E O P H U O N G P H A P C H U O N G T R I N H HOA N g u y i n Vii Q[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 129-136 T H I E T K E VA X A Y D U N G B A I G I A N G D I E N TL/ T H E O P H U O N G P H A P C H U O N G T R I N H HOA N g u y i n Vii Q u o c Htfng Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Hd Ndi Md dau Phuong phdp day hpc chuPng trinh hda dupe B.F Skinnner (Nha tdm II hpc My) ngu tQ d i u nhQng ndm 60 cua thi ki trudc ChUdng trinh hda thue chit Id chia nhd ndi dung cin day nhQng ddn vi kiin thQc cd lign quan chat che vdi theo kiiu thudt giai Nguygn 11 cua kiiu day - bpe ndy tudn theo qui tic tam 11 ciia Descartes: "Chia nhd mdi khd khan md ta xem xet nhiiu phin nhd cd thi chia dupc, nhung cudi cung cc thi thu dupc kit q u i giii dap cao nhit" Trong day hpc chupng trinh hoa, npi dung hpc tap dUde chia tQng phin, boat ddng eua ngudi hpc eung dupe chia thdnh tQng bude Mdi bude hpc tap diu dupc kiim tra Viec chuygn sang giai dean hpc tap tiip theo phu thuOe vae chit lupng Unh hdi cua giai doan trUde Trong day - hpc ehupng trinh hda, nhiiu heat ddng day da dUdc "chUdng trinh hda", cac boat ddng dd cc thi la ngu vin di, diin giang, minh hpa, kigm tra, cung cd, en tap, Cac heat dpng dd diu dupe chuan bi trudc va cd thg chuygn hda thdnh cdc cdu hdi hoac dang tUdng dUdng va s i p xip theo mdt trinh tQ nhit dinh [2] Trong day hpc chudng trinh hoa, gido vign khdng can thiep trQc tiip vao heat dpng hpc tap eua hpc sinh ma hpc sinh tu IQC hpc thee su hudng din cua "chudng trinh hpc" Nhu vay gidc vign Id ngudi xdy dQng chQdng trinh hpc, hpc sinh la ngQdi tu luc tUdng tdc vdi cdc kiin thQe theo chudng trinh dd gidd vign bign soan, kem them la sdch gido khoa (giao trinh), tai lign tham khao, cae dd dung minh hpa, Chung ta Npi dung , Nfc SQ chia mQc tUdng ddi, sa dd hda nhu sau: kiin thQe la N, dQpc chia nhd thdnh eac dPn vi kiin thQc Nj, N2, nhd phii d i m bio sQ diy du kiin thQe vd cac phin ddc lap d tQc la: k N = y Ni va Vi ta cc N; Q Ni+i ^ mm i=l Mdi npi dung Nj dupc ngu vin de bdi mdt edu hdi chfnh Qi, niu chua tra ldi 129 Nguyin Vu Qudc Hung dupe Qi thi cd thi them nhQng cau hdi din dat Q',, Q"i, Bai hpc theo chuong trinh hda dupe thue hien tuyen tfnh theo so dd sau: Qi - ^ ^ 4" dung Q'l Q"i 4" dung 4- dung Q'2 Q"2 dung dung Q'2 Q"2 4' dung 4^ dung i Thong bao Ni V2 ' •v diing i Thong bao N2 4- dung i Thong bao Nk i Ket thiic Vdi hinh thQc nay, hpc sinh phii tQ IQC lam viec va phdt huy tfnh tich cue cQa minh Cach lam viec ea thi nhu vdy lam cho viec hpc nhanh hay cham la vao nang iQc Unh hpi, tQ kiin thQc cua hpc sinh Day hpc chuong trinh hda la co sd rit tdt di td chQc tQ hpc eho hpc sinh SO dd td chQc day hpc chQdng trinh hda Bai hoc Hoc sinh Giao vien Lam viec vdi tai lieu Chuong trinh hda *• [Tu hoc vdi chuong trinh hda| * 130 Thiet ki vd xdy dung bdi gidng dien tii theo phuang phdp chuang trinh hoa 2.1 Noi d u n g n g h i e n ciJu Chu'dng trinh hoa qua trinh day - kich ban Viec chuong trinh hda qua trinh day - hpc bdt ngudn tir tu tudng cua phudng phdp day hpc chuong trinh hda Chung ta coi qua trinh day hpc la met bdi todn xac dinh, npi dung cua qua trinh dupc chia nhd thdnh nhQng lupng tri thQc sad chd vige truyen dat nd dupc thuc hien bdi met hoac mpt vai thao tdc cua thiy vd trd Nhu vdy bdi todn day hoc dupe giii quyit bdi viec tliQc hien mdt day cac thao tac xde dinh, mdi thao tae cd kit q u i dupc xac dinh la lupng tri thQc chuygn tQ thiy sang trd [3,4,5] Md dun da,y hoc bao gdm mdt iQpng kiin thQe (du nhd nhu da ndi d tren), cae thao tdc day hpc eua thiy, ede boat dpng hpc cua tro vd boat ddng ddnh gid xde dinh kit q u i Unh hdi tri thQc cua hpc tro Ta ki hieu M cho qua trinh day - hpc mdt lupng kiin thQc N Lupng kiin thQc N dupc chia nhd ede lupng kiin thQe Ni, N2, , NA (cdeh chia kiin thQc dupc thuc hign nhu day hpc ehUPng trinh hoa dua vdo tap edu hdi Q,; da trinh bay d trgn) Ki hieu Mj la md dun day hpc lupng kiin thQc Nj [6] Qi : Cdu hdi ngu vin d i cua npi dung kiin thQc Nj Nj : Npi dung kiin thQc cin truyin dat vd nmc dfeh, kl ndng cin dat dupc qua md dun Tj : Tap cdc thao tac cua thiy bao gdm neu vin di, diin giing, trinh diin kiin thQc (dang text, tranh inh, video clip, md phdng, heat hinh, ) di truyin dat H., : Tap cdc boat ddng eua hpc trd (quan sat, ghi nhd, tuong tdc vdi ede nhiem vu cua thiy giao, ) tUdng Qng vdi eac thao tdc eua thiy di chu ddng tiip nhdn kien thQe Nj Kj : Tap cdu hdi ddnh gid sU Unh hdi cua hpc trd, dupe thiit ki dua trgn cdu hdi Qi W"" Mi = Qi + Ni + Ti + Hi + K, Luac day hoc qui dinh tiin trinh thQe hign cdc md dun day hpc de thuc hien M, thdng thudng tiin trinh la tuyin tinh, tien trinh cc thi re nhdnh niu chung ta xem xet din ddi tupng hpc sinh M = {Ml -^ M2 ^ -^ Mi -> Mi+i -^ -^ Mk} hoac M = {M, -> ^ Ml -> Mi+i -^ ^ Mt -^ -^ Mk} i ^t 131 Nguyin Vu Qudc Hung Kich bdn (hay la gido an ehuong trinh hda) la su md t i ede md dun day hpc va xac dinh tiin trinh thue hien eac md dun dd Kich bin thi hien tat ca chien lupc sir pham cua thiy giac Sd dd cua viec td chQe day hpc theo chuong trinh nhu sau: Bai hoc T Giao vien T Chuong trinh hda Kich ban r + Hoc lieu i Bai giang cd tra giup ciia CNTT+ Giao vien Bai giang dien tu J t Hoc sinh 2.2 M o t VI d u v l kich ban cua bai g i a n g d i e n tvt A) Outline - Ddi tupng hpc sinh Idp 11 Trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) - Npi dung: Chudng 3, Tm hoc 11 THPT - Thdi lupng giang day: 10 tiet ci II thuyit va bai tap B) Noi dung kien thiic - Chudng 3: Ciu true re nhanh vd lap Bdi Cdu trv.c re nhdnh, Bdi 10 Cdu triic lap C) Chifdng trinh hoa Bai - Npi dung: Ciu true dieu khiin re nhanh 132 Thiit ki vd xdy dung bdi gidng dien tU theo phuang phdp chuang trinh hda - Muc tieu: Gidi thieu td chQc re nhdnh; Cae dang cau lenh re nhanh - Yeu cdu: Biet ciu true can lenh; SQ dung edu lenh eac bdi todn - Cdu hdi Qi: Su cin thiit cua ciu true re nhdnh cd xuit phdt tQ nhu ciu thQc t i giii quyet cac bai todn tren may tinh khdng? - Kiin thUc Ni: Ddt vin d i vi sQ can thiet diiu khiin re nhdnh tQ mdt su viec (bai tddn) trdng ddi sdng hang - Cdu hdi Q-j: Cu phdp hinh thQe eua edu lenh re nhdnh dang thiiu? Mdi lien quan giQa diiu kien va hanh ddng trdng cau lenh re nhdnh dang thiiu? - Kiin thUc N2: Cu phdp va heat ddng cua can lenh re nhdnh dang thiiu - Cdu hdi Qi: Khi ndo ehung ta cin sQ dung edu lenh re nhdnh dang thiiu? - Kiin thUc N^: Van dung edu lenh re nhdnh dang thiiu vae bdi toan thQc ti - Cdu hdi Q^: Cu phdp hinh thQe cua edu Ignh re nhanh dang ddy du? Mdi hen quan giQa diiu kien vd hanh dpng cdu lenh re nhanh dang diy du? - Kiin thUc N4: Cu phdp vd boat dpng eua cdu lenh re nhdnh dang diy du - Cdu hdi Q5: Khi ndo chung ta cin sQ dung cau Ignh re nhanh dang diy du? - Kiin thitc N^: Van dung cau lenh re nhdnh dang diy du vao mpt bdi toan thuc ti D) M o dun hoa Bai - Hoat ddng day Ti: Ddt vin di dudi dang vdn bin; Ngu bdi toan dang vdn ban, yen ciu hpc sinh suy nghi; Trp giup hpc sinh each giai; Ngu bat ciu true re nhdnh ldi giii bdng ldi noi - Hoq.t ddng hoc Hi: Dpc va ghi nhd sU phan nhdnh boat dpng treng vi du; Neu cdeh giii bai toan; Ghi nhd ddc diim phan nhanh cua giii thudt - Hoat ddng day T2: Trinh bay eu phdp cua cdu lenh dang van bin; Md t i mdi lign quan giQa diiu kien va hdnh ddng; Md phdng hdat ddng cua ciu true - Hoat ddng hoc H2: Dpc va ghi nhd cu phap; Ghi nhd mdi Uen quan cdc phan boat dpng; Quan sat boat ddng va tae dpng vao diiu kien heat dpng md phdng - Hoat dpng day T^: Giao vign ngu vf du; Cho xem kit qua vd ngu bat dac tinh re nhanh dang thieu - Hoat dpng hoc H^: Dpc va lam vi du; Ghi nhd trudng hdp cin dp dung E) Lu'dc dd thifc hien Lupc dd thuc hien tuyin tinh: Mi ^ M2 ^ ••• —> Mk-i -^ Mk 133 Nguygn Vu Qudc Hung 2.3 X a y d t f n g c a c b a i g i a n g d i e n tuf 2.3.1 C a c khai niem cd ban Hoc lieu dien tii la cac tdi lieu hpc tap dupc sd hda theo mpt ciu true, dinh dang va kich ban n h i t dinh, dupe luu trQ trgn may tinh nhdm phuc vu viec day va hpc qua may tinh Dang thQe sd hda ed t h i la vdn b i n , slide, bang dQ lieu, dm thanh, hinh anh, video sd, cdc Qng dung tUOng tac, va hdn hpp cua cac dang thQc ,, ndi tren Hpc lieu dien tQ bae gdm hpc lieu tinh va hpc lieu da phuong tien Hpc lieu tinh Id ede file text, sUde, bang dQ lieu Hpc lieu da phuong tien cd the gdm nhQng Idai sau day: - Cae file am d i minh hpa hay diin giang kiin thQe - Cdc file flash hoac tQOng tQ dQpc tao tQ cac p h i n mem dd hpa dung di md phdng kien thQc - Cac file video clip dQpc iQu trQ cdc dinh dang mpeg, avi hay eae dinh dang ed higu Qng tQOng tQ - Cac file trinh diin td hpp cae thdnh p h i n tren thee mpt ciu true ndo dd - Cac hpc iigu dien tQ tQPng tae dQpc hieu thee nghia ngudi sQ dung ed t h i tac dpng true tiip d i thay ddi kich ban trinh diin treng qua trinh trinh diin Ve kiiu tUdng tae cd hai mQc dp: TQPng tae thdng qua chpn kich ban trinh diin (thuc dPn hay lign kit) d i khdi dpng mpt kich ban trinh diin tiep theo sdn cd Tuong tdc qua eae dQ Ueu dupe nhap true tiip qua trinh trinh diin, kich b i n trinh diin tiip theo thudc vac gid tri dQ lieu dd (vf du mpt can hdi kiim tra trac nghiem, tra ldi dung hddc sai se re nhanh thee mdt trdng hai kich b i n tiip theo) Vdi loai tuong tae thQ hai ehung ta phii ed mpt chuong trinh tao kich ban tU ddng thed dQ Iigu Bdi gidng dien tu: (courseware) la tap hdp cac hpc lieu dien tu dupc td chQc theo mpt kit ciu su pham d i cd t h i cung cap kiin thQc va ki ndng cho ngQdi hpc mpt each hieu q u i thdng qua su trp giup eua cdc p h i n m i m q u i n 11 hpc tap (LMS Learning Managment System) Bai giing dien tu b i t bupc p h i i cd cac hpc lieu dien tQ da phudng tien dat tdi thiiu tQ 30% din 40% thdi iQpng mdn hpc tfnh theo sd tiet Bai giing dien tQ tuong Qng vdi mpt hpc p h i n hoac mpt mdn hpc 2.3.2 Qui trinh x a y drfng bai giang dien tii * Budc 1: Khdu chudn bi kich bdn - Xac dinh npi dung kiin thQc eho bai giing, thdng thudng ehung ta xac dinh theo giao trinh bode sach giao khoa eua mdn hpc - Phdn nhd kien thQc theo phQOng phdp day hpc chQPng trinh hda Theo each nay, mdi iQpng kiin thQe nhd se dQpc xac dinh bdi mdt can hdi chfnh vd mpt vai 134 F • '; Thiit ki vd xdy dung bdi gidng dien tii th.eo phuang phdp chuang trinh hda cau hdi gpi md Kit qua cua budc Id ta ed tap Q,;, Nj, i = l,2, ,k lupc dd thuc hien Xac dmh - Vdi mdi Qj, N^ chung ta xdy dQng cdc tap Tj, K, vd Hj Di xdy dQng tap Tj, ehung ta eo nhQng chuyin ddi tuong dudng giua thad tdc cua gidd vign vd cae thao tdc trgn may tfnh: Ngu vin d i < tQdng tdc Diin giang < > Cae edu hdi bode cau trac nghiem ed phan hdi true tiip qua > kfch heat file dm ghi ldi diin giing Viit bing Shew text trgn mdn hinh Trinh diin khac kfch heat cac hpc lieu da phucng tign tUPng Qng Kit qua cua khdu la ta cd mdt Idch bin, chinh la tap Mj, i = l,2, ,k * Budc Khdu chudn bi hoc lieu dien td f - Bai giang vdn bin ed eae ygu ciu sau day : -F Thdi lupng eua bdi giang -I- Mue tieu ngudi hpc cin dat vi kiin thQe vd kl ndng -I- Diiu kien tign quyit: Kiin thQc cin phai cd di tiip thu bai giing + Todn van bai giing dupe qui dinh viit treng ede dinh dang : MS Word, Pdf, Text - Danh mue cae tdi lieu tham khao chinh (trong nude va ngoai nudc) - Cae hpc lieu da phupng tien lign quan din kiin thQc eua bai giing vd ein cd thed kich bin - He thdng bdi tap, cdu hdi trie nghiem * Budc Khdu xdy dUng bdi gidng dien tii Viec xay dQng bdi giing dien tQ thdng thudng sQ dung mpt phin mim cdng cu, phin m i m cho phep td hpp cae hpc lieu dien tu thee met ciu true nae dd, tiiy thupc vdo chiin lupc sU pham dupe qui dinh treng kich ban * Budc 4- Hodn thien vd kiem thii Ket luan Qui trinh cdng nghg xdy dUng bai giang dien tu dupc di xuit da dupe chuygn giao thQ nghigm Du dn Ddo tao Giao vien THCS cua Bp Gide due vd Dao tao Chung tdi da tiin hanh dp dung qui trinh di xdy dQng bai giang dien tQ vdi cae giao vign Cao ddng Su pham cd chuygn mdn khdng gin vdi kl thuat Tin hpc (Ngu van, Gidd due Cdng ddn Am nhae, ), ede kit q u i dat dupc chQng td qui trinh d i sQ dung ca ddi vdi cac giao vign mdn xd hpi vdn dl xa la vdi cdc khdi I 135 Nguygn Vu Qudc Hung niem vi edng nghe TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O [1] Dd Vdn Thanh, Ngd Anh Tuyet, 1997 Di nghi mpt phuang phdp xdy dung phdn mim, day hoc Tap chi Tin hpc vd Diiu khiin hpc, tap 13, sd 1, tr 42-52 [2] Vuong Dinh Thing, 1998 Phuang phdp day hoc Tin hoc Dai hpc Su pham Hui I [3] Ki yiu Hpi thao khoa hoc quoc gia vi Cong nghe phdn m,im vd phdn mim nhdm, cdng nghe tri thitc vd gidi phdp md nguon md cho he thong elearning Hui, 09-2006 [4] Wasson, B, 1999 Design & Evaluation of a Collaborative Telelearning Activity aimed at Teacher Training In C Hoadley k J Rosehelle (Eds) Processdmgs of computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 1999 Conference, Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erbaum Asscosiates [5] B Charlier k Al, 1999 'Tuteur en ligne': Quels roles, quell formation? CNED [6] Lam Quang Thiep, 2007 Cdng nghe vd viec day vd hoc d cdc trudng cao ddng, dai hoc Ddi mdi npi dung va phuong phap dao tao giao vien trung hpc cP sd, DQ an ddd tad gidd vien THCS [7] Rdbert J Marzano, Debra J Pickering, Jane E Pollock, 2005 Cdc phuang phdp day hoc hieu qud (bdn dich) Nxb Gido due ABSTRACT D e s i g n and construct courseware v^rith m e t h o d p r o g r a m m i n g Recently, learning has become a popular model for training Different models of school traditions, teacher and pupil see only communication with each other through forum-document-face to face, in this model of primary teaching through lectures with electronic (courseware) the interaction is high These lectures show the role as teacher leading pupils to receiving new knowledge So in this model we need to have the electronic lectures interactive as models of pedagogy effective Building the lectures requires a combination of depth between technology and educators experience Authors now refer te model designed electronic lectureswith method programming for the teachers who have little knowledge of information technology 136 ... bai giing, thdng thudng ehung ta xac dinh theo giao trinh bode sach giao khoa eua mdn hpc - Phdn nhd kien thQc theo phQOng phdp day hpc chQPng trinh hda Theo each nay, mdi iQpng kiin thQe nhd se... d i khdi dpng mpt kich ban trinh diin tiep theo sdn cd Tuong tdc qua eae dQ Ueu dupe nhap true tiip qua trinh trinh diin, kich b i n trinh diin tiip theo thudc vac gid tri dQ lieu dd (vf du mpt... n tiip theo) Vdi loai tuong tae thQ hai ehung ta phii ed mpt chuong trinh tao kich ban tU ddng thed dQ Iigu Bdi gidng dien tu: (courseware) la tap hdp cac hpc lieu dien tu dupc td chQc theo mpt