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NGHIEN Cil''''U TRAO DOI BAN VE PHirONG PHAP DAY HOC TICH ClTC • PGS TS Lf; VAN TE (*) TOM TAX Trong bSi cdnit Idnh ti xa hoi ngay cdng phat triin, hoi nhap kinh te ngdy cdng mo rpng, doi hoi nen gido du[.]
NGHIEN Cil'U - TRAO DOI BAN VE PHirONG PHAP DAY HOC TICH ClTC • PGS.TS Lf; VAN TE (*) TOM TAX Trong bSi cdnit Idnh ti xa hoi cdng phat triin, hoi nhap kinh te ngdy cdng mo rpng, doi h nen gido due Viet Nam khong ngirng cai tiin, doi mai phit hop vai the giai vd cac quoc gia kh vuc Trong bdi canh do, nin giao due nuac nhd nhieu bdt cap ve chat luang giao due, ve phuang phdp hoc tap ddn din hieu qud day vd hoc chua cao Nguai hoc chua duac dpng vien, khich le, ch tim duac phuang phdp hoc tap tich cue di himg thit, ttt giac hoc tap Trong pham vi bai vie ndy tdc gid bdn vi phuang phdp day hpc tich cue nhdm phdt huy toi da tinh tich cue, chu dpng vd sd tgo ciia nguai hpc, tir gop phdn ndng cao chdt lupng ddo tgo ciia nen gido due nuac nhd Tie khoa; Tich cue, phuang phdp, thu hut, sinh vien SUMMARY In the context of increasing economic and social development and expanding economic integrati the Vietnamese education has been required continuous improvement and innovation suitable for world and the countries in the region In that context, pur cpuntry's education is inadequate to edu quality, the learning methods leading to not very effective teaching and learning The learners not been motivated and encouraged to find exciting positive learning methods for self-learning Wi the scope of this article, the author discusses the positive teaching methods in order to maximize learners 'positivity and creativity, thereby contributing to improving the training quality of the cou Key words: Positive, methods, attract, students Dat van de Binh hudng ddi mdi phuang phap day va hpc da dugc xac dinh Nghi quyet Trung uong khda VII (1.1993), Nghi quyit Trung uong khda VIII (12.1996) da dupe thi che hda Luat Giao due (12.1998) va dugc cu the hda eac chi thi eiia Bg Giao due va Bao tao, dac biet la chi thi sd 15 (4.1999) Theo dieu 24.2 ciia Luat Giao due: "Phuang phap giao due phd thdng phai phat huy tinh tich cue, tu giac, chu ddng, sang tao cua hpc sinh, phu hpp vdi dac diem eua timg lop hpc, mdn hpc; bdi dudng phuang phap tu hpc, ren luyen ky nang van dung kiin thiic vao thuc tien, tac dgng den tinh cam, dem lai niim vui, (*).P!i6CTTTHDKH&DT Truang DH KTCN LA* hiing thii hgc tap eho hpe sinh" Ta ed the coi day la co sd quan trpng cua viec ddi mdi day va hpc, hudng tdi hoat ddng hpc tap chu dpng, chdng lai thdi quen hge tap thu dpng, la co sd dan tdi phuang phap day va hge tich cue Theo PGS.TS Vu Hdng Tien: "Phuong phap day hpc tich cue la mgt thuat ngir rut ggn dugc diing d nhieu nude" di chi nhung phuong phap giao due, day hgc theo hudng phat huy tinh tich cue, chii dpng sang tao cua ngudi hpc, phuong phap day hpc tich circ hudng tdi viec boat ddng hda, tich cue hda boat ddng nhan thilc ciia ngudi hpc, nghia la tap trung vao phat huy tinh tich cue eiia ngudi hpc chur khdng phai la tap trung va phat huy NGHIEN CU'U - TR.40 D O I tinh tich cue cua ngudi day Tuy nhien, de day hpc theo phuong phap tich cue thi giao vien phai nd lire nhi^u so vdi day theo phuang phap thu ddng Cdn theo ThS Dang Thi Tam Ngpc: "Giang day theo phuong phap tich cue thuc chat la tiep thu mpi tinh tiiy ciia phuong phap giang day tmyen thdng, ddng thdi tich cue hda viec giang day va nhat la viec hpc tap cua hpc sinh, sinh vien la miic tdi da" hpc, Cao dang, ke ca d My Sinh vien thudng phai nghe theo, each gpi ma Freire gpi la "Giao due kieu ngan hang" (*) Vdi phuong phap giang day tmyen thdng, ngudi day cd the biet nhieu thii, thao thao bat tuyet, cdn smh vien cd hieu dupe hay khdng dd lai la viec khac Cd mpt cau chuyen vui va cd that cuoc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap, cd lan Bac Hd di cdng tac dang ngdi nghi chan d mdt Tu khai niem ndi tren, ta cd the nit ra: gde da canh dudng qua lai, cd mpt top ngudi phuang phdp giang dgy tich cue Id phuetng dan tpc di qua thay Bac lien ghe vao Bac hdi: phdp day hgc theo hir&ngphdt huy tdi da tinh Cdc chau di ddu ve? Tdp ngudi tra Idi: Thua tich cue, ehu dpng, sdng tao eua ngirdi hpc, Bac, chiing chau di khai hoi ve a Khai hpi nguai ta noi co hay khong? Bac hdi Dg thua tich cue hda sinh vien gi& hpc Sir can thiet phai chuyen ddi tur phirong Bac, ho noi hay lam a Bac lai hdi: Vgy hay phap giang day truyen thdng sang phirong nhimg CO hieu hit khong? Tdp ngudi tra Idi: Dg Thua Bac khong hieu gi hit a Ro rang phap giang day tich cue Nhu da biet, hpc la qua trinh tiep thu va giang hay la mpt viec va ngudi nghe co hieu tich luy kien thiic tu ngudi thay, cua sach vd hay khdng lai la mdt viec khac Dd chinh la va ciia ngudi khac de lam gia tang kien thiic thuc chat cua phuang phap giang day tmyen ciia chinh minh, trd "tai san" tri tue cua thdng O phuang phap giang day tmyen thdng, nhin chung giang vien la chii the cdn sinh vien rieng minh De lam giau kien thiic cua ehinh minh, la khach the cua qua trinh dao tao Muc dich khdng chi hpe d nha tmdng, hpc sach cua giang vien la dua bai giang cho sinh vien vd, hpc lan va hpc d nhan dan nhu chu (giving lecture) cdn sinh vien cd hieu dupe tich Hd Chi Minh da chi ro Da tir lau viec hay khong la chuyen khac giang day d nha tmdng chii yeu la thay ndi Chickering va Gamson (1987) khang dinh trd nghe va ed ngudi vi von rang: vdi phuong rang: "De hpc cd ket qua tot, ngudi hpc can phap giang day tmyen thdng, ngudi hpc tu phai lam nhieu viec thay vi chi nghe mpt coi minh nhu mdt thimg rdng va giang vien la each thu ddng, dd la phai dpc, viet, thao luan, ngudi rdt kien thiic vao cai thimg rdng mdt hoac cung giai quyet mdt van de nao do" Khi each thu dpng, du khdng biet ngudi hpc cd tieu nghien ciiu d tat ca cac cap dp hpc, Freire nhan hda dupe hay khdng Ngay thap nien thay rang, sinh vien hpc va giir lai kien thuc 1990, phuang phap giang day tmyen thong, nhieu hon hp ddng vai trd thuc su vin dang thinh hanh d hau het cac tmdng Dai qua trinh va cd co hpi de noi, chia se, tuang 4k^^*i TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEP NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI tac, phan hdi Cdn theo Goodland, viec hpc tap mang tinh han lam la qua trinh tuong ddi vdi phdn Idn sinh vien, vay muon hpc tot sinh vien cdn dugc "thdy, sd va ngui" cai ma hg dgc va viit Cdn Victor Weisskop thi cho rdng, ngudi khdng the hgc dugc bdng each nhdi nhet thdng tin ddy &p vao bp nao cua hp, dd chiing ta chi cd thi day bing each nhdt la tao ddng luc cho mpi su hieu biet, phai tao eho hg niim dam me dugc hieu biet nhu William Butler Yeats da ndi: "Giao due khdng phai la nhdi nhet kiin thiic ma la thap sang niim dam me" (Education is not the filling of a pail, but lighting of afire) Vdi nhiing gi so bd dupe di cap d tren cho thdy tinh biic bach cua viec chuyen ddi tit phuong phap giang day truyen thing sang phuang phap giang day tich cue Thuc chat ciia phuong phap giang day tich circ va nhihig uu diem ciia no 3.1 Thuc chat cua phuong phap giang day tich cue Tinh tich cue hpc tap ve thuc ehdt la tinh khao khat dupe hieu biet, cd hoai bao lam giau kien thiie eiia minh tii sd kien thiic ma nhan loai tich liiy duoc nhu each cua Karl Marx Nhiem vu chii yeu cua giao due la hinh va phat trien tinh tich cue ciia mdi mgt ngudi, giai dap nhiing khat vgng duge hieu biet, hinh ddng co hgc tap cua mdi mgt ngudi bang phuang phap day hge tich cue Nhu da de cap d phan trudc, phucmg phap day hpc tich cue ham y, chi nhftng phuang phap giao due day hpe theo hudng phat huy tinh tich cue, chii ddng, sang tao cua ngudi hpe, khdng phai t$p trung vao viec phat huy tinh tich cue eiia ngudi thdy Ton tai mdt menh di quan trpng "Mudn ddi mdi each hgc, trudc hit phai ddi mdi each day" Tu nhiing nam cua thap ky 1990, nhieu tai lieu nude ngoai va nude, mot sd van ban cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao da lan lugt de cap din viec chuyin viec day hpe lay giao vien lam trgng tam, sang day hge idy ngudi hgc la trung tam, ngudi hpc dugc coi la chu the cua qua trinh dao tao Day hpe idy ngudi hpc lam trpng tam cd mgt sd khai nidm tuong ling nhu: Day hpc tap trung vao ngudi hge, day hgc can cii vao ngudi hpc, day nhiing gi ngudi hpe can chii khdng day nhftng gi ma ngudi thay cd Trong thue ti cudc sdng, qua trinh day va hpe, ngudi hpc vfta la doi tupng ciia hoat ddng day hgc, vira la chii the cua hoat dgng hgc Hoat dpng eua ngudi hpc, dudi su chi dan eiia ngudi thay, ngudi hgc phai tich cue chli ddng tu cai bien minh ve kien thiic, ky nang, thai dp hpc tap, tu hoan thien nhan each va dl nhien, khdng lam thay cho ngudi hgc Chinh vi vay, niu ngudi hpc khdng tir giac hoac khdng chu dgng, khdng chiu hgc, khong tu tim each hpe tdt thi hieu qua day hpc se riit han che Day hgc lay ngudi hgc la tam khdng phai la phucmg phap day hgc cu thi ma chi la mpt tu tudng, mdt quan diem giao due chi phdi qua trinh day hpc lien quan din mue tieu, ndi dung, phuang phap, phuong tien, td chiic, danh gia chii khdng phai lien quan din phuang phap day hge 3.2 LTu diim ciia phuang phap giang day tich cue ISIS NGHIEN cCl U - TRAO DOl Phuong phap day hpc tich cue thdng qua so sanh dac tnmg chu yeu giira day hpc tmyen thdng va day hpc tich cue (Bang 1) Phuang phap giang day tich cue se tao dieu Quan ni^m Ban chat Muc tieu Npi dung Phuang phap kien va loi cudn ngudi hpc chil ddng hpc tap, Tinh chu ddng cao la tien de cho su hinh kha nang tu ddc lap va lam mam mong eua sir sang tao Day hoc truyen thong Day hoc tich cu-c Hpc la qua trinh tiep thu va ITnh hpi, Hpc la qua trinh kien tao ngudi hpc, qua do, hinh kien thiic, ky nang, tim toi, kham pha phat hien, luyen tap, tu tudng, tinh cam khai thac va xu ly thong tin tu hinh hieu biet, nang luc va pham chat Truyen thu kien thuc, tniyha thu va To chirc hoat dpng nhan thiic cho chiing minh chan ly ciia giao vien ngudi hpc Day ngudi hoc biet each tim chan ly Chli trpng cung cap tri thiic, ky nang, Chli trpng hinh cac nang luc ky xao Hpc de doi vdi thi cii Sau (sang tao, hop tac) day phucmg phap va thi xong, nhiing dieu da hoc thudng ky thuat lao dpng khoa hoc, day each hpc bi quen hoac it dung den Hpc de dap iing nhiing yeu cSu cua cuoc song hien tai va tuong lai Nhung dieu da hpc can thiSt, bo ich cho ban than ngudi hpc va cho sir phat trien xa hpi Tu sach giao khoa + giao vien Tir nhieu nguon khac nhau, SGK, GV, cac tai lieu khung hpc phii hop, thi nghiem, bao tang, thuc te gan vdi: - Von hieu biet kinh nghiem va nhu cau ciia ngudi hpc - Tinh huong thuc te, boi canh va moi trudng dia phuong - Nhung van de ngudi hpc quan tam Cac phuong phap dien giang, truyen Cac phucmg phap tim toi dieu tra, giai thu kien thiic mpt chieu quyet van de, day hpc tuomg tac Co dinh gidi han biic tudng Co dpng, hnh hoat Hpc d Idp, d phong ciia Idp hpc, Giao vien doi dien voi ca thi nghiem, d hien tmdng, thuc te, Idp hoc ca nhan, hoc ngudi, hpc theo nhom, ca lap doi dien vdi giao vien Bang 1: l/u diem cua phuong phap d^y hoc tich circ thong qua so sanh dac trirng chu ylu giira day hoc truyen thong va day hoc tich eye ^^; \P CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEP NGHIEN CUU-TRAODOI Phuong phap giang day tich euc giiip nang cao hieu qua hgc tap nhd vao viec giam thdi lugng thuyet giang Thue vay, edng trinh nghien cilu cua Russell, Hendriekson va Herbert ehi rang, sinh vien hge va luu lai thdng tin bai giang tdt hon Khi mat thdng tin cung cap d miie thap (so vdi muc trung binh va miic eao thi nghiem) Ham y d day la lugng thdng tin mdi ma sinh vien cd the hgc dupe, mpt thdi gian Xac dinh la cd gidi han va vay, neu giao vien vupt qua gidi ban thi chinh hp tu pha vd muc dich ban ddu eiia minh Sau eac cdng trinh ciia tac gia ndi tren la cdng trinh nghien cftu ndi tieng cua Russell, Hendriekson va Herbert (1987), da di den mpt ket luan bdt ngd Niu giang vien ndi it thi sinh vien cd the hpc dugc nhieu hon! Phat hien trai nguoe hoan toan vdi niem tin cua nhiiu giang vien cho rdng, viee hgc cua sinh vien tdt ban, neu giang vien ndi nhieu va cung cdp nhieu thdng tin Niu xet d mue dp tap trung sir chu y cua sinh vien, cong trinh nghien eiru eua Wilbert Mc Keaehie cho rdng, giang day theo phuang phap tich cue thi dp tap trung chu y gift d muc cap (75%) suit 60 phiit; dd, giang day theo phuang phap thuyit giang, theo phuong phap giang day truyin thdng thi tap trung d mftc cao (75%) chi vdng 20 phut, sau se giam ddn mgt each nhanh chdng Phugng phap giang day tich cue se giiip nang cao hieu qua tiip thu kiin thuc nhd vao sir tuong tac va da dang hda cae loai hinh hoat ddng Luu gift kiin thue la yiu td quan trpng eiia viec hpc tap da thu duge nhimg kit qua hit siic an tuong ve hiSu qua eua phuong phap giang day tich cue (xem so dd) Mih: hni gitV ki£n thut Mut duwc loi cudn Bieu l a : Hi^u qua tioc tap - foundation coalition Bieu d^ l b : Hieu qua hgc t^p Edgar Dale V Mac dft biet ket qua dua qua bieu cd khac biet ddi chut nhung nhin chung, ta co thi de dang nhan thdy: - Vdi Idi hpc thu dgng (nghe, giang, dpc, nhin) sinh vien thu nhan nhiiu nhdt la 50% NGHIEN CU U - TR.40 BOI hudng quyit djnh den sir cdng nhung lai khdng dupe chu y cac chuang trhih dao tao, trudng Dai hge su pham Harvard khang dinh tdm quan trgng cua ky nang mem hp chg rang: Bang viec chi day manh ky nang cirng (hard skills) nhieu trudng hpe tiep tuc giao due tre em cho mdt nen kinh te khdng cd loi thoat dai han Trong dd, phuang phap giang day truyen thdng ehi cung cap dugc ky nang ciing, hoan toan khdng BiSu ic: Hi£u qua hoc tap - Dante) Sousa Stice v^ m$t sii ngufri Idiac quan tam den ky nang mem Vdi phuong phap kien thuc Neu chi cd thuyet giang sudng thi giang day tich cue, nhd vao cac boat ddng ma muc dd tiep thu kien thftc d muc rat thap Dieu sinh vien dugc tham gia, cd the phat trien tdt phan nao giai thich dupe tai sao, phuang thai dp va ky nang mem Bieu dd la ket qua phap giang day truyen thdng khdng mang lai khao sat eiia Nancy Tobler cho thay hieu qua cua chuong trinh dao tao mang tinh tuang tac hieu qua eao - Vdi phuong phap giang day tich cue, dat cao (phuong phap giang day tich cue) ca kien vi tri cfta sinh vien tham gia vao qua trinh dudi thftc, tu va thai nhiing chuong nhieu hinh thiic, loi cudn sinh vien ehu dpng trinh tuong tac, dac biet la ky nang hpe tap thi ket qua dat duge bet sue ro rang, cd the dat dugc mftc tiep thu kien thuc din 90% - Ngay cang nhan tam quan trpng cfta thai dp va ky nang ddi vdi cdng viec eUng nhft ddi vdi su edng eua mdi mdt ca nhan, nhat la xu the phat trien mdi cua the ky 21 Theo nhan dinh cfta Dai hpc Michigan, da sd smh vien cd xu hudng cho rang mdt mftc diim trung binh cao va mdt tdm bdng tay, Kien thuc Tliaiao Ky nang xa hoi se bao dam su cdng nghe nghiep, I Kliona turCBB tic H luong tie nhung thuc ti thi bdt eft thi gidi, edng viec dieu biit rdng, ehi cd ky nang va tuih each Bi8u 2: Hieu qua ciia chirong trinh dao tao mdi bao dam su edng mang tinh tirong tac so vol chirong trinh khong tu-ffng tac - Nacy Tobler v i thuat ngft ky nang mim (Soil Skills) dang dftpc quan tam rdng rai bdi le nd anh TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHI NGHIEN CUU - TRAO 001 Ket luan Ro rang vdi phucmg phap giang day tich cue mang lai hieu qua tich cue hpc tap cao hon rat nhiiu so vdi phuong phap giang day truyin thdng Cd le vi vay ma Howard Hendricks da khdng dinh "toi da hda viec hpc tap ludn ludn la kit qua cua viec tdi da hda sir loi eudn" Hy vpng nhung thdng tin tren day giup chftng ta kien quyit hon nua qua trinh ddi mdi phuong phap giang day- tu dd nang cao chat lupng dao tao d nude ta Tai lieu tham khao [ ] TS Duong Tdn Diep, Ddi mai phucmg phdp giang day - giai phdp cap thiet ndng cao chat luang ddo tgo Dgi hoc [2] ThS Dang Thi Tam Ngpc, Mpt vdi trao ddi vi phucmg phdp gidng dgy tich cue [3] Nguyin Thanh Hai, Pbiing Thuy Phuong va Dong Thi Bich Thfty, Giai thieu mot so phuang phdp gidng day cdi tien giiip sinh vien hpc tap chii dong vd trdi nghiem, dgt cdc chuan ddu theo CDIO [4] PGS.TS Vi Hdng Tien, Phucmg phdp dgy hpc tich cue [5] So tay phucmg phdp gidng dgy vd ddnh gid, Trudng Dai hpc Nha Trang [6] Bao Nhan dan 16/7/1961 [7] Bao Tudi tre 15/12/2012 Chu thich: (*) Phuang phdp gido diic "kieu ngdn hdng" thay cho viec truyen thong thi gidng vien dug rg nhimg thong ado vd tgo thdnh nhihig khodn tien gui vdo tdi khodn sec tgi ngdn hdng, de rdi sinh vien tiep nhdn, ghi nha vd lap lgi - Preire 1970 Ngay nhan: 22/12/2014 NgJy duyet dang: 25/12/2014