NGHIEN CU^U TRAO DOl BAN VE TRIET LY GIAO DUG PHAN LAN • TSKH LE DINH TUAN (*) • CN NGUYEN HO BAO THINH (**) TOM T A T Bdi viit nay trao ddi vi triet ly gido due Phdn Lan, duac ddnh gid Id mpt trong n[.]
NGHIEN CU^U-TRAO DOl BAN VE TRIET LY GIAO DUG PHAN LAN • TSKH LE DINH TUAN (*) • CN.NGUYEN HO BAO THINH (**) TOM T A T Bdi viit trao ddi vi triet ly gido due Phdn Lan, duac ddnh gid Id mpt nhimg nin gido due tien tien nhdt hien tren the giai Gido due Phdn Lan van hdnh theo mdt triit ly gido due dgc thii, khdc hiit, hiiu qud the hien a quan diim ddi vai ngudn hpc vd gido vien: hai chu thi quan trpng nhdt ndy cua nhd trudng phdi dugc quan tdm vd tdn trpng a miic dp cao nhdt Triit ly gido due Phdn Lan di cao ngudi hpc a tinh tu chu, suphdt trien tdi da tri thdng minh, khd ndng phdn dodn, khd nang tu ddc lap vd phdn bien Ba diem ndi bat len triet ly dd la: Tinh cdng bdng gido due; It han Id nhieu han; Kiim tra it, hpc tap nhieu Kit qud tii chuang trinh ddnh gid hpc sinh qudc ti PISA da cho thdy rang vai triet ly gido due dpc ddo, gido due Phdn Lan ddphdt triin, la mdt nhiing quoc gia dung ddu bdng xep hgng nhieu dgt ddnh gid PISA va tra thdnh hien tugng gido due tdm diim chii y md cd thi giai phdi hpc tap Tii khoa: Triit ly gido due Phdn Lan, gido due hien dgi, PISA SUMMARY This paper discusses the philosophy of the Finnish educational system, one of the most advanced educational systems in the world today The Finnish educational system is operating with a unique and effective philosophy shown in the perspective of the learner and the teacher: the two most important subjects must be concerned and respected at the highest level The Finnish educational philosophy enhances the learner s creativity, maximum development of intelligent mind and abilities of Judgment, independent thinking and argument Three major points in the philosophy are: The equity in education; Less is more; and Test less, learn more The results from the PISA international student assessment showed that with the unique educational philosophy, the Finnish education has developed and Finland has been one of the countries with the top score in many sessions of PISA assessment, becoming an educational phenomenon of central attention which the whole world should learn Key words: Philosophy education Finland, modern education, PISA X G i d i thifu Vao dku nhirng nam 1990, su sup tai chinh da lam Phan Lan rai vao kho khan tot ciia sir eong giao due Phan Lan la triet ly giao due doc dao, dac thu, khac biet, mang dam phong each "Phan Lan" cung, nhimg voi viec doi m a i he thong giao Bai viet trao doi ve triet ly giao due due, sau 40 nam, Phan Lan khong nhung da Phan Lan, giao due Phan Lan d u g c danh gia khoi phuc kinh tl hoan toan m a tro la mot nhung nen giao due tien tien nhat mot n h u n g n u o e phat trien nhat th8 gioi hien h-en the gioi Ba diem dgc dao va cung la nirac co nen giao due tot nhat the triet ly la: Tinh cong bang giao due; gidi Mot nhimg nguyen nhan It h a n la nhieu han; Kiem tra it, hoc tap nhieu TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEP NGHIEN CilU-TRAO BOI Bd cue cua bai bao nhu sau: Phdn 1- Gidi hoan giai doan 2, hpc sinh cd the chgn thieu; Phdn 2: Tdm tdt ve he thing giao due Phdn Lan; Phdn 3: Ban luan triit ly giao due Phdn Lan va Phdn 4: Ket luan loai hinh giai doan 3: Polytechnics hay cdn ggi la University of Applied Science - UAS va University Polytechnics tam dieh la Hinh H^ tiling giao due Ptian Lan nam 2011 H6 thong giao due Phan Lan 2.1 He thdng giao due Phan Lan Giao due d Phan Lan bao gdm loai hinh dao tao: Universities va Polytechnics He thdng giao due Phan Lan dugc chia lam giai doan ehinh Giai doan (Basic school) la giai doan giao due bat budc (Compulsory school) bao gdm tu Idp (7 tudi) den Idp (16 tudi) Sau hoan tdt giai doan 1, hpc sinh cd lira chpn vao giai doan 2: trung hgc phd thdng (General upper secondary School) va giao due nghe nghiep (Vocational school apprenticeship training) Theo thong ke, khoang 55% sd hpc sinh chpn tnrdng trung hgc phd thdng sau thuc hien giao due bdt budc khoang 40% chpn dudng nghi Sau cac trudng Dai hgc khoa hpc ling dung, la cac td chue da ITnh vuc giao due dai hpc chuyen nghiep, vdi muc tieu trang bi tdt cho sinh vien nhiing kien thuc va ky nang chuyen nganh, giup hg cd the bat tay vag lam viec mgt each ddc lap va ling dung khoa hpc hieu qua vao cdng viee eua minh Universities tam dich la cae trudng dai hpe nghien cftu, la cac td chiic giao due dai hgc vdi muc tieu dao tao cac nha nghien eiru va eae nha quan ly cap cao, thudng de dao tao tiep len Thac si hoac Tien si Tuy cac trudng Polytechnics mdi chi hinh tft nhung nam 90, nhung sir phat trien nhanh chdng va vugt trpi cua loai hinh dao tao da khdng dinh sir phu hgp cua cac trudng Dai hgc chuyen nganh vdi nhu cau cua nen NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOl kinh te va cdng nghe toan cdu 2.2 Giao due Phdn Lan - mpt nhftng nen giao due tien tiin nhdt thi gidi Phan Lan dac biet tu bao la mpt hong nhiing qude gia cd nin giao due phat hiin nhdt tren the gidi Ty le biit chft cua ngudi Phdn Lan la 100% 83%) dan sd Phdn Lan Ifta tudi 25 - 34 da ed bdng Tft tai hoac Cu nhan trd len Chuong trinh danh gia hpc sinh qudc ti PISA (The Program for International Student Assessment) la mdt cuoc diiu tra qude ti ba nam mdt lan, nham danh gia cae he thdng giao due tren toan thi gidi bang each kiem tra cac ky nang va kien thuc cua cac hpc sinh 15 tudi Day la chuong trinh danh gia phd bien nhdt thi gidi thudc OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Td ehiie hgp tae va phat trien kinh te) va eho den nay, da cd dai dien ciia han 70 nen kinh ti da tham gia danh gia Ket qua khao sat qua cac ky PISA cho thay Phan Lan nhieu nam da diing topdau eac nude tren the gidi (Hinh 2) Nam 2000, cd 4.864 hgc sinh tft 156 trftdng cua Phan Lan tham gia Hpc sinh Phan Lan dimg dau myet dpi ve ky nang dpc hieu va nhdm diing ddu vi toan va khoa hgc tu nhien Nam 2003, Phan Lan cd 5.796 hgc sinh den tu 198 trudng khac tu khap ca nude Phan Lan diing dau tuyet ddi vi dpc hieu va toan; cung Nhat diing dau ve khoa hgc tu nhien; dftng thu sau Han Qudc ve giai quyet tinh hudng Trong ky 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 Phdn Lan gianh dugc vi tri thft nhat ky dau Ngoai tich dat thir hang eao, ket qua khao sat cdn cho thay tinh uu viet cua giao due Phdn Lan the Men d chd hge sinh dat khdng ehi dat d mue cao ma cdn chdt lugng ddng deu Sd gid hpc sinh Phan Lan phai hpc tuan it ban so vdi cac nude OECD khac va chi phi giao due lai chi d mftc trung binh so vdi cac nude Theo nghien ciiu cfta cac chuyen gia giao due Phan Lan, sd di giao due Phan Lan dat dugc nhung ket qua nhu tren la van dung cac triit ly giao due hit sftc dac thft theo phong each "Phan Lan" Hinli Ket quk k^ thi trie nghiem PISA cho thdy Phin Lan da luon dan dau c^c nade ph j t trien khac trgn the gidi ve giao dye iBaEBas^HBiia NGHIEN CU^-TRAO DOI Triit ly he thing giao due Phan Lan Thanh cdng xudt sdc cua hpc sinh Phan Lan eac ky thi PISA da lam ca thi gidi ngac nhien, khiin giao due Phdn Lan trd tam diim chu y cua ca thi gidi Truyen thdng BBC cua Anh hang loat phdng su ve hien tugng Phdn Lan Chuyen gia giao due Phan Lan dugc mdi di hau het cac nude va ngoai OECD di thuyit trmh ve md hinh giao due cua minh Hang tram doan quan chuc va chuyen gia giao due tu cac nude OECD, ea eac cudng qudc lau tu hao ve nen giao due eua minh nhu My, Anh, Due v v deu dd ve Helsinki, thu dd Phiin Lan de kham pha va hpc tap triet ly cua mpt nen giao due vdn xa la vdi the gidi V V Su cdng ciia giao due Phan Lan the hien d triet ly giao due ddc dao, quan diem ddi vdi hgc sinh va giao vien: hai chu the quan trgng nhat eua nha tnrdng phai dugc quan tam va tdn trgng bet mue Triet ly giao due Phan Lan the hien d quan diem ddc dao: Tinh cdng bang giao due (Equity In Education); It hon la Nhieu hon (Less is more); Kiem tra it, Hgc tap nhieu (Test less Learn more) 3.1 Su cdng bang hong Giao due (Equity in Education) Triet ly eg ban ciia nen giao due Phan Lan la niem tin vao chat lugng giao due cd thi dat duge thdng qua su cdng bang giao due (Equity in education) Theo Ong OUi Luukkainen, Chu tich Hdi ddng Giao vien Phan Lan chia se "Sir cdng bang la diiu quan trgng nhat nen giao due Phdn Lan" Tat ca tre em d Phan Lan du thi hay ndng thdn deu dugc hudng mdt nin giao due nhu Cdng bdng giao due, theo quan diem cfta Phdn Lan la nhiing diiu phai thuc hien de hoan canh gia dinh (family background) khdng quyet dinh kit qua hpc tap ciia hgc sinh, sinh vien Ndi mdt each khac, toan thi hpc sinh, sinh vien ca nude duge hudng nen giao due nhu nhau, khdng ed nha giau dugc hgc tdt hon nhii ngheo, eon em ngudi da trdng duge hgc tit hon em ngudi da mau di cu tu Chau Phi, Chau A din Tu tudng binh dang giao due dy dugc Nha nude Phan Lan neu hong mpt dao luat ban hanh nam 1860 Tu nam 1915, giao due dugc thua nhan la mgt quyen cong dan Muc dich cua giao due, khdng phai la dua ngudi vao mpt khudn khd ma la giiip hpc vien phat hien va phat huy td ehat vdn co cua ban than Do do, trudng hpc la noi binh dang, mpi hpe sinh deu hudng nhiing co hgi ngang de tre tu phat hien ea tinh, nguyen vgng va tai nang Tham ehi ea nhiing hpc sinh, sinh vien tat nguyen, thieu nang van duge tao dieu kien de cd co hgi hgc tap nhu cae ban ddng lua Theo nghien ciru thdng ke eiia PISA, cac hge sinh Phan Lan cd dp chenh lech kien thue rat nhd, cac hpc sinh cd nang luc yeu deu duge tao eo hdi de vuon len Dieu giftp xda bd dang ke cac khae biet xuat phat tir ben ngoai nha trudng, de mpi ngudi di hpc deu ed xuat phat diem gan nhu Han che tu tudng ganh ghet va dd ky hay phan biet giai tang xa hdi xudt hien hong ddu tre he chua du nhan thiic Giao due Phan Lan cho ring mdi hgc sinh bi luu ban qua trinh hpc se la tin thit ddi vdi xa hdi Hd tro tung ea nhan hpc sinh ciing hoan toan khac biet, vi NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DOI mdi em deu cd hoan canh gia dinh, mdi hudng phat h-ien tam sinh ly, thi ehdt khac nen cung se cd each giao due phu hgp vdi riing em Do dd giao due Phdn Lan cd mpt nguyen tic la "khdng bi bd lai phia sau" nhung eung khdng dugc di bj ngdi nhdm Idp Phdn Lan da cdng vdi triit ly giao due nay, chat lupng hpc sinh sinh vien rdt dong diu va su chenh lech kit qua hpe tap eiia hpe sinh, sinh vien tai Phdn Lan la thupc hang thdp nhdt tren the gidi (Hmh 3) (ban 800 gid) Va diiu dl nhien, bai tap ve nha ciing it theo vi mpi van de eua viec hpc deu duge giai quyet tren Idp Tuy nhien, ket qua danh gia PISA lai chiing minh Phan Lan dat vao tdp dau the gidi Theo Rintola va Louhihivuori, eae nha nghien cftu giao due hgc tai Phan Lan: "Vui chai rdt quan cho tre Chung toi ddnh gid cao viec vui choi Tre se hpc tdt han chung sdn sdng, vi chiing ta phdi dp luc chiing?" Vdi quan diem nay, hge sinh sinh Hinh SIT cong bang giao due - Su* ch^nh l^ch ket qua hoc tap khoa hoc giira cac hoc sinh, sinh vign 3.2 it hon la Nhieu hon (Less is More) It hon la Nhieu han, ham y la hpc it, hieu nhieu Day la triit ly nghe ed ve khdng hgp ly, tham chi bi phan ddi nhiiu he thing giao due qude gia, nhung thuc chat da chimg minh mdt triit ly dung dan va hieu qua tai Phdn Lan Theo Hinh - Bang so sanh thdi gian hpc tren Idp cua eac hpc sinh, thdi gian hpe tren lop ciia hpc sinh tai Phan Lan thudc loai thap nhat so vdi cac nude khac tren the gidi Theo dd, hpc sinh chi d trudng khoang 640 gid mdi nam, it han dang ke so vdi hpc sinh tai My (hon 1080 gid), tai Phap (847 gid) hoac tai Uc vien tai Phan Lan thudng duge hgc ngoai khda rat nhieu ca mua ddng lanh gia Phuang phap choi ma hgc cd ve nhu "khdng bai ban" nhu each day truyen thdng nhung tren thire te tai Phan Lan, phuong phap lai phat huy hieu qua va ddi hdi nha trudng va giao vien phai khdng ngiing sang tao, tim tdi nhung du an phu hgp vdi su phat trien lien tuc cua hgc sinh, sinh vien, tft dd giup hpc sinh sinh vien yeu thich va khdng ngimg kham pha va phat trien kien thue va ky nang tdt hon va nhanh hon vugt bac sg vdi each day truyin thing TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEI NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI Number ot teaciiina hours oer vear In loww secondary education (2007) _ - .-. - ._ _ . .- .- - |s ^s i S J I ^ i t i l l Hinh So sanh gifr day tren lop n5m hoc cua cac nirdc Giao due Phan Lan khong tin vao thi cu, 3.3 Kiem tra it, hpc tap nhieu (Test less, khong tin rang eo mpt ky thi thong nhat la tot Tai Phin Lan, chi eo mot ky thi nhat Learn more) Trong he thong giao due Phan Lan, bai 12 nam hpc d§u tien eua hpe sinh vao liic cac kiem tra - cong cu ph6 bien nhieu nitoc em da a dp tu6i 18-19, la ky thi truac duoc diing de danh gia qua trinh giang day ciia vao dai hpc Nha the thay va tro co nhieu thai thay va dong ket qua cua tro - dirac xem la gian de day va hpe nhihig gi hp ua fhieh Cac v6 dung va bi bai bo Quan diem giao due eua thly CO tuyet doi khong giang day vi thi cu, Phan Lan la: day de hpc chti khong phai de hpc sinh ciing tuyet doi khong hoc vi thi cu thi Theo do, tre em Phan Lan khong bi ch4m LTU diem cua ehe dp hpc tap a Phan Lan la diem bai lam tnioc hpc xong lop va cang uam trdng tinh than hgp tac chu khong phai la khong phai thi cu nang ne truac nam 18 tuoi tinh than canh tranh Nha truong la noi dao tao cac cong dan tot Quan diem giiip hpc sinh khong lo sau cho mpt xa hoi dan chu chu khong phai de dat se cam thay so hai buac vao xa hpi day tich tot hay dao tao nhiing eon roi canh tranh Do moi truang hpc tap tai Phan chi de cung cap cho eugc canh tranh khoe liet Lan nhin chung thoai mai hem so vai nhieu ngoai thi truemg lao dpng nuoc va tranh toi da ap lire diem so Ket luan Bai viet trao doi ve triet ly giao due Phan Lan dpc dao cua Phin Lan la: Tinh cong bang giao due (Equity In Education); It hon la Nhieu han (Less is More); Kilm tra it, hpc tap nhieu (Test less, learn more) Triet ly giao due dpc dao da giiip Phin Lan tra mot nhijng nen giao due tien tien va da tra tam diem chii y cua ca th6 giai Hoc tap va ap dung triet ly giao due Phan Lan la ehuyen can phai nghien ciiu sau hon nhimg ro rang day khong phai la dieu khong the khong thuc hien duac Theo Giao su Pasi Sahlberg-mpt hpc gia NGHIEN C U U - T R , \ DOI va mdt nha giao due hoc Phjn Lan, cd 03 bai hgc ckn quan tam tft ttigt ly giao due Mdt la, ludn cd each khac dd giao due tdt chg tit ea so vdi hudng di chung cua phong trao cai each giao due toan eau Hudng di ma giao due Ph4n Lan da chgn ludn thi hien tinh tdng thi, tinh ea nhan va tinh cdng ddng Day khdng ehi phft hgp chi chg Phan Lan ma cdn la each cho mdi qudc gia khac tren the gidi Hai la, dau tu cdng bang se nang cao hieu qua cho tat ea ngudi hgc Ba la, cd nhimg chinh sach "sai lam" cho cai each giao due toan dien dd ehinh la: Chinh sach kiem ha, tftc la danh gia cd mue dich, khdng ckn thiet cho kilm tra tap trung mang tinh phd quat; Chinh sach trach nhiem: khen thudng vdi mftc luong cao nhit hoac tuong tu nhu vay dua tren ket qua chuan hda ma giao vien the hien dat dugc; Chmh sach giao vien: tinh ehuyen nghiep ludn duge de cao chuih sach Tai lieu tham khdo Tieng Viet [1] Tap ehi Khoa hge (2009), Dai hgc Qude Gia Ha Ngi [2] Td chuc hgp tae va phat trien kinh te OECD, http://www.oecd.org/ Tieng Anh [1] CIMO (2011), Fhinish lessons [2] Sahlberg, The Finnish Model [3] The lessons we can learn, http://www.pasisahlberg.eom [4] Pisa, http://www.oecd.org/pisa/ Ngay nhan: 24/12/2014 Ngay duyet dang: 25/12/2014 TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEP ... due Ptian Lan nam 2011 H6 thong giao due Phan Lan 2.1 He thdng giao due Phan Lan Giao due d Phan Lan bao gdm loai hinh dao tao: Universities va Polytechnics He thdng giao due Phan Lan dugc chia... Phdn Lan - mpt nhftng nen giao due tien tiin nhdt thi gidi Phan Lan dac biet tu bao la mpt hong nhiing qude gia cd nin giao due phat hiin nhdt tren the gidi Ty le biit chft cua ngudi Phdn Lan. .. cac ky PISA cho thay Phan Lan nhieu nam da diing topdau eac nude tren the gidi (Hinh 2) Nam 2000, cd 4.864 hgc sinh tft 156 trftdng cua Phan Lan tham gia Hpc sinh Phan Lan dimg dau myet dpi ve