woody biomass for bioenergy and biofuels in the united states a briefing paper pdf

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ove snl Bioenergy and Biofuels

reat in the United States—

fwang"”s' A Briefing Paper

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“Tho Forest Service of th US Departnant of Acute eted oe pence ot ate age wate and eeeabon Throệh 'esy eesich ccapeqlonh ta ‘She and plate fetet cones at management a the Natonl Foes aed Natona Seay tates on day Congest fo ponder secs ‘Te US, Depatnsr ot Agata USDA) pointe dsernaan in lis poyame and chee cine tie trace, colt fone sigs age dell snd here apical

or movil tt fri tin paren satin rergon, nove onertton gone infmaton,poealbeets, rept, o: because ale par of ar nahidvalsincome l9 đende fan publegaa<areo rogram (Net a ontejbasespgy

ttngrona) Poene nh daoblza vho te Bieraive nee far commutation ot of tomatan Bal, ge pnt audotape ec) shoud crack USD TARGET entra (202) 7202600 (lee and THD) Toe 9 compart 3250 90 rel (200) 7953272 ee) o (200) 7206382 (108) 5yssrunty prea ant onpoyst Authors

rie M White is rscarch associate, Department of Forest Engineering, esoures and Management, Collegeof Forestry, Oregon State Universi Corvallis, OR 9733,

Published wih joint venture aeoomentbeteen the USDA Forest Servic, Paci Northsest Research Staion, Fores rots Labexatory, ad Oregon State University

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‘Woody biomass canbe use fee he generation oC heat eet and biofuels, In ran eats, the leehnolog fr eanverting woody biomass ino nergy has bes stashed fr decades, but seuss the price of woody biemass energy bas aot boen competitive with traditional fos fuels, bisenersy production fom woods biomass has not been widely adopted However current proections of future ene

‘use and rewable ener and climate change legislation under consideration sugusst increased use of oth forest and apriculure biomass energy inthe com decades This report provides a summary of sme a th

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‘Summary

Forests ae expected co have an important oe in climate change mitigation under ure climate change poiey: Currents mach ofthe ikea in Frese comers on the opportunity to sequester eatbon 98 pars o cap ad ade poles In adition 9 sequestering emited carbon forest resources reduce carbon emissions atthe source in substitute fr dhe Fossil fol ure used 1 generate het, clei, ‘nd transportation Fuels Woody biomass can be use to genorte hea or lotic ity solely or in a combined heat and power (CHP) pant Asan ener feedstock ‘voady biomass can be sod alone or in combination wth eer energy sources, such as coal, The technology to convert woody biemass ta ethanol is established, bt no commercia-sale cellulosic ethanol plants are current in operation

‘About 2 poteent ofthe energy eonsuaned snl nthe Usted States sera from wood and wood-dervod fuck Of the renewable energy consumed {including that fren hydroelectric dam), 37 poreent i generated fom wood and

svoad-derived fuels The majority of bioenergy produced Frm wood biomass ie ensued y the indasva sctor—mosly a pulp an paper mills using hea or clestricty produced onsts fom mil residues, US, Departmen af Energy baseline eooctions indicate that ood and wood:- derived fuels will scout for9 percent ofthe energy consumed in 2030 Climate changs policies tht promote boonersy odvetion eo fea to greater Faure woods biomass energy eoosumpion

The wand biomass Fesdstocks mos kl o be supplied at low pies (eg ‘10 to $2100 ze those dhat are fw eos proeuse such 36 wood in miei solid waste, milling

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‘ng with most aetvits in the South Central and Southeast regons The potential supply of caer eros largely miso the disibuin of existing cropland, with significant potential planation area inthe Corn Bel, Lake States and South

(Centra eptons, Hazard! volumes that could be wsed for bioenergy’ are located primarily th Nes, ih some of he uretest volumes in the Pacific Cost Sates ‘ao, and Montana Acrss all wood biomass eedsocks,

Mernoantain and Great Plains regions ave the lost potential supplies

ereasod use of wood biomass for bioenergy is expected to hae some pple effects in the forest nd auicutue sectors Inereased use f mil resues for bios

wll key derease thei availability for her current use eg viented strand board bark mule, and pelle fue) Forest resides recurrent left in the woods th ease they have litle produet value and, in some management systems, they reeyele si mtriens and improve micr-elimate ste conitions Theres some evidence that for some sts, removal of harvest residues can reduce soi utients,

potential impacting Fare forest yields Widespread planing of SRWC for bo enenayfedsock or taonal fret products (ea, pulpwoad is expected wo lead 1o sme redveion in rapa aia fr trations apie prodtion, IF sprcalue yas do not increase as expected in th cong year, thị ma re Jn some lard transfers from fest ssrculure o increase surculture production

‘There area numberof challenges to inereasng the use of woody biomass foe baenergs, Perhaps fremos, woody biomass isnt cost complitive with sisting ‘oss fel, except when generated in large quanti a a waste product This cost gap may narow under climate polices where erbon emissions haves marke, ‘value o the use of woody biomass for bioenery is promoted In addition fo the ‘sconame eanstrains there ate oreaivatona.nfasirste, and socal chal Jenges to widespread implementation of woods biomass for bioenergy The essing

Frameworks forenerey plant approval and permiting donot always apply well pquoval of woody biomass plants, Ths cam make i ficult to establish plants ‘within the energy sestor fo use woods bums, There ate some concerns that the

infrastructure e, equipment and transportation stems} i nt sufficient to support widespread generation of woody biomass, particulary fora significant expansion inthe harvesting of small mera om havard-uelredetian, Finally ‘remains amclar to wha extent the public will suppor sigieanineeases in ‘wood biomass bioefergy production, Opposition by some groups using biomass

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{or bioeneray is oflea centers om the bli tha energy from wood is one technology, the goerated energy is inconvenient fr uss the fedstock i nscale

‘ni ficult obtain, and forest resources are beter used in he prodtion of caer forest products ce services

Adsiional research is nscessary to develop a beter understanding ofthe responses inthe enor, apeculure, and forest ssetors polis that would impact braenergy usage More comprehensive measurements of bath the land stable for and he willingness to plane SRIVC and other energy erops,

Fenty the potential volumes tht coukl be expected from tht resource Better “ntification ofthe Ioeations of eutent ad potential oonersy production fil ties wil elp to identify those woods biomass resource stocks that may be in he

best position fr inoreased vse Similay, a eller understanding of how [sgk ‘od and otherwise) supply cures difer by region and subregion wil be uss- {ulin ideauing te locations where wood biomass is most likely wo be use for —

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bioenersy—Renewable energy derived from biologiealsoures, to be used for hoại leerielg,r vi Ful (USDA ERS 2000),

biofuel—Liqud fuels and blending components preduccd fom biomass feed- stooks, used primal foe tansportation (US EIA, nd)

biomass—Orgenicnonfasil mater of bloga eis energy source (US FIA, nd)

British thermal unit (BTU)—Standard unit of measur of he quantity of heat quite to aise the temperature of | Ibo liquid waver 11 the temperature at which water has its greatest density approximately 39 degrees Fahvouhei) (US FIA, nd) One hilowat-hour af eletsiety is equivalea to 3812 BTUs

«bie foot of wood—Amount of wood equivalent a sald cube measuring 12 by 12 by 12 inches (Avery and Burkhart 198%) In this pape we assume ạt there are 278 dey pounds of woody matcval LC, constuting 8 enewable sizawatt hour (GWh)—One billion wa kWh ilowatt-hour(AWh)—One thousand wat-hoors, ‘megawatt-houe (MW

coven dry ton (ODT)—A US ton 2,001, also called a short tom} of biomass ‘material with moisture remove To this paper, we assume that I od of wood ea generate 172 million BTUs, A metric to is equivalent to 102 US fr shor) tons our (TWh) —One trlion wat-hours, Often expressed as billion kWh, ‘watt Generally used within Uh context of capacity of generation or consumption

Ait eteal power equal 1 ampore wader a presse of I volt wats qual 1 1746 horsepower (US EIA, nd)

\watt-hour—Electical energy unit of measute equal lỡ I wat of power supplied to, taken from, an lectric cre steadily for I howr (US EIA.) Fspiclly used in consideration oC tho ainoun’ of eletiiy generated or consumed Olen expressed i its of 1.000 1 KW

hours Often expressed a8 | milion }—Ont milien walthours

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Contents 6 7 ° 10 2 15 l6 0 23 25 30 2 8 38 38 38 Introduction

Context for Considering Bive

General Projections of Bioenergy Production Bioenergy Production and Carbon Policies ‘Woody Biomass Feedstocks

Short-Rotation Woody Crops Biomass From Harvest Residues Biomass Prom Milling Residues

Municipal and Consttuction Demolition Wastes Biomass Prom Hazard-Fuel Reduction

Biomass Feedstock Supply Curves Modeling Studies for Specific Biomass Resources Short-Rotation Woody Crops

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Introduction

‘A wanston from enemy based largely on esi aes to a yeatereeliance on Woody biomass is enviable energy’ has been a contra foots of many of he current discassons on cic anticipated tobe an ‘mate pies, Woody biomass is insprtantpeoviér af renewable neray event» mportant component sid is aicipted to bean important component of ay future renewable energy of any future renewable otf, The eutent discussion of using woody biomass eantinues along history enerBy portal cof relying on wood fr ener’ pretction, both nthe United States and in the

‘won, Many technologies eurconly being discussed for wing woody biomass Jbrbicenery are based on processes established decades ago

Reflecting the interests of many groups for using woody Boma, the seen life Iierature,peer-seviewed and grey on bioenergy fom biomass is extensive hough muck ofthis information is wseul che volume of materia avaiable makes a syihess ofthe curzen sate of knowledge desirable Some (eg BRDB 2008, Mlbrat 2005, Periack et al, 2005) have complete syheses with estimates of availble or demanded quantities of woods biomass and agrieulure residues, ‘Tris synhsis fers rom those by its eeanomie perspective and eiance om

sono modesto quantify demands for and suppl of woods biomass, This rept sk fers fom the ethers by, hom posible, consiering woody biomass Within the canten of production quanies and land use changes involving both the grculute and forest seis

The primary goal ofthis beefing pape so deserbe woody biomass fted- ‘Mocks and examine their potential use in bioenergy production in the contest of climate change poi, Specifically, we aim to describe the anticipated wes of biomass for eneresprodeton, detail he woods biomass feodstochs an their potential availabilty, describe general projections of biomass use for bioenergy in te coming decades, and report the sess of several economic modeling sudios related to he se of woods biomass fesdstacks,

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Context for Considering Bioenergy From Woody Biomass

{nthe United States in 2008, slightly more than 2.1 quadtillion (10!) BTUs of energy from wood and wood-derved fuels including black liquor fom pup pro= <ueton) was consumed in al scetors—appreximaely 87 billion cube fet equiva lents of wood material (US EIA 200%) "For comparison, [4 quadilion BTUs of corn and other material was used to produce ethanol in 2008 The component of

renesable energy’ consumption associated with wood and wood-derived fs has remained ity constant since 1989 at slighty more than 2 quadilion BTUS (ig 1, Over the same period, the amount of energy consumed from wind and biofuels has inrease, particularly inthe years since 2000,

‘Within the context of climate change policies, woody biomass is primarily boing considered as inp into three processes: the production of heat, elcetret, nd biofuels: Woody biomass an also be used to crate chemicals not rect sed for bioenergy: Inthe United States in recent decades the use of woody biomass for

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Howser, he surreal expectation is that woody bicrnas will increasingly be the {ocus of stand-alone processes where a east some of dhe biomass obtained root from natural resource stocks with he primary inten of generaing bisen-

‘Woody biomass hasbeen used to proves either electricity or heat indepen- any aswell asin combined heat and power (CHP) syst, ls efrted to as cogeneration plants, Woody-biomase-firedhes-only operations are often and in Europ, where centralized plants produce heat ad hot water that is distributed via ping lo local heating distro (se Nihal al, 2009 for examples), Small-scale hsa-only woody biomas plans have historically been used athe United States to provide heat for desing cu lamer at sawmills ad more recent for producing bea for schools (Niels eta, 2008) The forme operation ote ies on milling residues and dirty wood chis, whereas the later relies om ling residues tee 1q Venho or wood stems harvested as part of hazaréfusl reduction operations (en Montana) (Nicholls 2008), There is much intrest nthe United Stes Sn taking svantage of significant improverat in efceney throug he use oF CHD plants o generate enersy’ fom woody biomsss, Woods-biomass-red CHP ‘stom have been implemented in the United Stats in some insutaonal seings Hower, a challsnge o widespread adoption by te eletiel sector of CHP pls Srod by woody biomas isthe goneral lack i the United States of ettealized eat ‘ing dsisiats (¢g, Maker, nd} Space heating sing woods biomass in esidenil ind small commercial buildings i peal eompleed via heat-only wood-burning stoves operating on fuelwood harvested fom sanding timber or wood pellets made

from wood residues

Eecccy-only operations involving woody biomass ean rly soley on wood bimas or cofte with another fuel soure I coed, wood is often combined ‘with oa Cofring woody biomass wih fuels ch as coal ean be completed wing sisting plant technologies with only minor bara ning an offers an opportunity o divetly substitute 2 renewable fel fr fossil fel (Bain and Overend 2012), Additonal, plans originally designed t be fred with coal cam be converted to boura woody biomass exsusiely a is being done with two units ofthe RE Berger powerplant in Ohio (FistZnorgy Corporation 2009) Beletsicty plants using modern technologies were first operated during the 14s Oregon asin ill residues, More rece, nthe 1980s, a numberof stand-alone Wood-biomass-ced vlssticlh plants cams imo operation in California Although there area number

oF stand-alone plans whowe the eletiiey generated ig slay input othe grid ‘Secret pnts operating in association with mber industry are more common Of the approximately L000 wood-fired eletricty plants inthe United Stats ody

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nosy (xothieds ae ane and opersted by the woes produits instr (Nicholls tal 2008), Much ofthe cletricty generated by industy-ow ned plants is used ‘onsite rather than contributed tothe electrical gi

{nthe United Sates in 2008, 388 billion ilowat-hours (AA (39 erat hours (FWh)) of lett: were generaed using woods biomass, Ths produeton represented about 10 percent ofthe electric produced from renewable sources (behind hydropower [67 poreent of renewable clestrcity] and wind [4 percent of | reothleelectsicity} and abou perent ofl leery prodyeed (US DOE 2009) The industrial sector aevouned for 279 blion Wh ofall woody-biomsss F1 11 11 (OF the 10.9 billion kWh of electricity progused by the 21 Billion RAV eetiety-produtin set, 2 produced fm CHP plants (US DOE 200%} representing the olative newness ofthat ecology and the seatiy of ditt healing systems

sa the United States

[Biocthano is pethaps the best known bof, Mtnal and liquid luels

cessed fem vegetable ose, bodies) ae alo biofuels that canbe proseced using eurent technology Bisthanel is desirable beeamse it reduces thence to tl octanc-enhancers fo gasoline, rues the produetion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from automobiles by increasing oxygenation of ie, and offs the consumption of gasoline produce om fos fuels (Gabe and Zachhi 2002 One wgldsemme ed draback to producing bioethanol rom corn i the creation of

competition in dean for ora for fod versus energy n 207, approximately 24 potcentof the corn aereage planed in the United States was used fr con ethanol production (BRDB 2008) Tn ation to the ompetition for od production, same hase araued thal cor ethanol isnot susinnable renewable resounee and egies ‘more enstgy to produce than i contained in ethanol eg, Pimentel et a, 2002), hough oters Farell 20051 have argued eatin that conclusion,

Corn-basd edanol is considered a first-generation bof, whereas commercial scale cellulosic ethanol proleton is considered a second- generation technolo Producing ethanol fiom con o sugar eane (or other sugaritarchexeps i ss technically challenging (and thu= currently fess cost) than producing ethanol frm tignoceuose im woody materals Galbe and Zach 2002, Zerbe 2006), Curent ethanol ening capaeiy in the United States s about 88 billion gallons pee year

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eelulos to monomer ars (Galbe and Zachhi 2002) Acid hydrobsis has been uso since the Oth century, whereas enymate approaches are fle che fous of recently developed echnolages adopted in now plants ase AE Biofuels Ine 2008) ‘Conwaty (Ue preeption af some tha cuzent eats to prodice automate fuels from wood ate nove iid foes were produce from wood in the United States luring World War and in Germany snd Switzerland during World War Ul Zerbe

Currey, no commercialscalecellalasc ethanol plants ate operating in the United Sites: however, several commercial demonstration plants are ur

construction orhave eeu begun intial startup Many of the demousteaion plants are supported through funding from the US Department of Eney (DOE) and ely ona vata of eedstocks, neadng woody biomass, n 2007, DOE Proved uranis to support number ofeomtercal scale celllosc ethane! plant, having a casbined planned eapactyof about 130 millon gallons of cellulosic staal perysar(US DOE 217) Most of hes plans ate expected to bes startup ovduetian ia the nex eouple of years, Oaly oa af 1097 demonsation plants ‘ill solely use wood brass aa feedstock (4 million gallonssear capaci), sand 190 others (38 milion gallons ear capacity in ial will se Wood wastes combination with thse feedstocks Onc ton of dry wood biomas will race pqwoximaoly $95 gal of ellos ethanol (BRD 2008), At that conversion rt, producing 20 million allonsf led ethanol would! require about 223.000 oven dry tons (od of wood biomass

Although ethanol receives much ofthe aenton, he production of methanol Fiom wood as alo Been coasidred fe, Hokaasow and Rosell 197 Zerhe 9l) In recent yeas others have promoted producing liquid chemicals (ncadine guid {uss and sete pas fr enersy’ production fom Black liguor—a byproduct of ‘raft pulp production (Landy 2009), Despite lonstran interes the proction ‘oF methanal rom woody biomass has sen found 4 not be economically fficien:

(4 Hokanson an Rowsl 1972, Zerbe 1991) and naturel gos is entre sed produes mast methanol Much ofthe black liquor byproduet is eurent used produce heat and electricity for pulp and paper plant operations and itis yet oe sem if pulp and paper aus will make the capital investments to put borefinery facilis pace Although ts echnially possible to produce biodiesel fom ‘wood biomass, is generally produced fom sosbean oi

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1m 2000, about 6 percent of the eneray ‘consumed in the United States came from renewable

«ot 3381 aspx tproeetID~S82), Woods biomss nse for these materials fs generally considered in the coment of creating value-added products, reducing ‘wasc, and creating markets for currenllynonmerchantable timber, rather than in consideration of elite change, and we donot consider these product ers,

General Projections of Bioenergy Production

‘The DOE provides estimates of curren case use rom renewable sources as ell es reference projetions ta year 2030 In 20S, abou 6 pereent 6 guadilion BTUs of the energy consuried in the United Stats ame fom renewable sources (excloing ethanol) (US DOL 20099) Farthe year 2004 fo 2008, shout 21 gual lion BTUs of this renewable energy was supplied rom woody biomass, Energy consumed from woody biomass accounted fr about 30 percent ofthe renewable neray consumed annuals, ut just about 2 percont of anual energy consupsion Irom all sarees (US DOE 2008) Renewable energy consumption excluding chal is pojete to increase to 8.4 guadillon BTUs (8 potceat of ener consumption by 2015 and to 97 quadilion BTUs (9 percent by 2030, Assuming ‘he cute share of renewable ener’ coming fon woody biomass remains state ‘woady biomass woul be the soureeof about 2 quadilin BTL of ener i 2015 and 29 quadrillon BTU of enoepy sn 2030, At preset, wood enorss eon sniplion requires about 122 millon ol of way materia! anally Gesuming 172 milion BTUs pero of wood, Ue the teferenee projection fon the DOE,

pproximately 14S million od of wood wil be use fr energy in 2015 and 168 sillon ot will be used n 263,

‘The Renewable Fuss Stondard (RFS) ofthe Energy’ Independence and Seca sity Act of 2007 requires inreased reduction of ethanol, nekuing signifeal ‘expansion of advanced bof! rodvtion By 2022, the RES targets that 3 bil on gallons of ethanol be used, ids 2 blion gallons ofthat coming inthe forme of advanced bolls mhading a last 1 billion gallons of clllosc han Although no commercial scale production faites fr cellulosic ethanol are current in place, several should bepin inital production i the next several years A Teast one ofthese plats (ihe Range Fuel plant in Soperten, Georgia i foeased solely on the production of celluiosic ethanol and methanal from weoty biomass ‘Ay wood biomass demanded to support the RES isin alii to tha identified shove inthe baseline DOE projections

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tssðnolosiet his potion woud require abou 48 millon at of wood As price 9 Sod, approximate 45 percent 20 milion od of the forest resource feed stock is espected io come fom logging residues 25 percent (1 million od) from {hianings for azatd-Fel retin, and Li peroent (6 milion od from other fost resouee removals for suc things a land clearing, The remner is expect to ` 111.111.1111 hat mish ihersise be so for comsentonsl wood pradution (person) The ‘jected use of 4S millon dry tons of woody teil fr eeluose ethan pro dhevion serves asa useful baseline for expected future demand for woody materi Ir bitusls

Congress is curenly considering a renewable eletricity standard (RES) to Inroase the production of electri generated fom encuaDlesorces AIilosh the proposed esislton as yt to be Soemally presented iis reasonable to expoet {he RES would ad to a least some intease in electricity generation from wood biomass over any baseline inoreases The DOE reference projecions for electric

(hich do no include an RES} ean provide @ projection ofthe Baslin expetaions for Fature renewable electricity yeneration ftom biomass In 2008, proximately 43 Inlion kWh (48 TWh) of clei was generated from wood and other biomass ‘most of which was woody biomass (US DOE 29) The curent eel of electric: ‘ty prodveton i estimated to require abou 30 alion ot of woody materi Because the majority of he woods bias lett is generate by the Fest produets scctr, much of de material currently used to generat electri ky ‘comes from mil resides, bth woody and black liquor The DOE projects tha, leetrctygoneration Fem wood and er biomass will netease to 81 billion [Wh by 2105 and 218 billion kWh by 2050 i, 2), These proested Gres incade expected expansion ofthe biomass supply fom eneray crops—inclading pore isl grasses an energy cane-—rown on agiculre lands Assuming the shore «of woody bows contribution to renewable eeetrivity and electricity generation

efficiency from woody biomass rensins costa, sprosimates 7 milion ol of ‘wood biomass will be demanded in 2015 and 154 milion ot of wood material in 2030 for electricity yencraionEtficeney improvements would reduce the volume of material required, The establishment of an RES would likely tal oan increase over this baseline

Bioenergy Production and Carbon Policies

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Bees 838 8 §

‘misions are expected to increase use of woody biomass fr energy generation because itresuts in less carbon emissions than using coal although greater than natural gs) Johansson and Avar (2007) examined the impact of carbon tx oF cap and trade system on US, bioenergy and agricultural production Inthe Johans- son and Azar model, bioenergy Fedstock was avilable frm enerey crops grown on cropland and grazing land and from agriculture and forestry residues Under a policy where carbon i highly valued a $S0on in 2010 and inreasing inary 0 ‘800m in 2100 and wit no carbon offset opportunites, biemass i expected to be the soure of about 16 percent of he ener generated in the United States in

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{Changes in erop mix stl agricltral lanl uses ate expected under a sarbon poliey The Johansson and Azar model doesnot inehide a frest sco, 50 lan use change between forests and surculare was not modeled, Ror the ariclae soot, carbo poliy ha ereates a carbon pigs of hetween $20 and Sita leads 8 comerson of yp to 24 millon ares of eropland to proce biomes for bioenerzy (sansson and Aar 2007, estimated from sensitivity analysis results, At carbon ices hisher than Sito, high-quality eran land begins tobe sed for enor op proston, Ata SUton carbon price, about 24 milion aeres of eropand and + milion ares of high-quality wrazing lands would be deveted to enerey ro, Production, At carbon prices above $15on, low-quality grazing land begins tà be comerted to ener crap prostion, Despite having (ewer acres in ener sop

eoduetion, cropland provided most a he enor crop volume rom agviulure lands because of higher sills, Undo te simalated eabon pole: farm pies for

ops ae projected to increase o mote than S30Nen a 2020 and to about ‘titan in 2040 Uobsnsson and Azar 2007,

Woody Biomass Feedstocks

‘Woody biomass or us in icone’ and biofuel production is generally eoasidersd

Jom the fallowing sources shoctsotaon woody crops (SRIWC), residues om tin Bjomass products that bor harvests that would typically be let ensit (either dispersed or in pile) residues are low-cost or no-cost From the milling process thal mayor may no acady be used moter processes, to procure ave already ‘vaste wood and yard dobriscollcted via municipal solid waste ssstems timber widely used forthe resources that could be harvested fo tks products fe, sa Togs or pulpwood), production of energy oF nd tems thal ae eurrenily considered nammerchanable ining thos that other wood products ‘could be harvested inthe couts o fest management seit

‘Same woods biomass materials are avatlale tthe bisenegy production process cost fice oF a very low cast Inthe case ofa few woody biomass led: stocks, heir use forbioenerey may avoid disposl costs aided wast hang cots), Otho biomass materials ae avaiable to the bioeneegy production processes only procured and ranspote Those biomass products that ar low-cost ot no-cost to procure (eg, niling residues, blak liquor are alendy widely used For the production of ener fneluding through wood pees or eer wood products (45, oriented strand board, back mle) Other Forms of Woedy hionae expente to procure (eg, nonmerchanable stems) or that are curren not widely produced (eg, SRWC) might become widely used only after addtional investment in eit rodielon(eg edensve lanins of SEAVC).ineressd iel ncrasod prices of Fossil ues, andi nereased support fr bioenery predation

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Foor“iypes of sais have typically been reported in wood biomass studies competed date Some stndles fg, Milirandt 2005) report al or ncay

allo the quan of wey biomass a5 “potentially aylale.” Other sides eg Posack ot al 2005}, epee the amount of biomass thai "Yecniealy sve ni could be used This has generals been accomplished by aplsing a perce ‘ge factor, representing the amount of biomass that is expected to be recoverable using current or expected echnolng, ta the potentially avilable quantity of woody Tnomsss smaller numberof sadies hae quaatied the amount of wood biomass that could be avslale a given market pice fe BRDB 2008, Walsh etal, 2003), Finally, aw studies have estimated a supply curve, a schedule of supplied quan lies over range of prices, for woody biomass e Ga 2007, Walsh ea 2000,

‘Tn sarous places inthis report, we rely on each ype of availabilty” and make aa fort differentiate these types forthe reader

Short-Rotation Woody Crops

‘Shortetation woods crops ae tee tops stow on short rations, ey pcally with ‘move intensive masagerent sha timbor plantains, All ofthe sti deseo hore considered SRIWC grown strily on agriculture and However is possible hat SRIVC could be plated on land even i rest plantations oF naturals regenerated forests The ue species most comealy considered as SRWC are sbi poplars opal spp}and willow (Sa spp }—although sycamore (Pla ‘i 5 and slvr maple (Acer soecharinun L) have als been considered Tashan

1998) Shortzaton woods erops se on component of a ager group of plotings ‘known as energy erops, whic also include the perennials switchgrass (Pani

rgocun Land energy cane thigh sugar varieties of

both of which are also typically planed on agriculture land In addon ta ho potential use fr bioenergy and biol, SRIWC ean also be used Ta ply and paper

m1 peodugion and sawtinbsr(Rincbot 1090, Santo st al 2012) Inthe 1970s oi embargo, SRWC were considered as a pon bine! source Stanton eta 2042), During mos of te pri snes then an until recent yeas, the primary int SRINC has been a a quiek-prowing bia BÌd nhe supp$ (san 598)

Rotation lengths for SAWC range fon abou 60 12 yeas lihoush the cam be shorter G years, Adegbidi et 2001 the materials sold fr bioener

1 1

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hime assumed tat 28 percent ofthe material harvested fom SRWWC stands (oa bark and small nbs) canbe so Fr energy wih the romainder going to higher

‘ald product (eq, MeCarl etal 20), Harvested SRWC stan en be regener tel va stump coppicing or pasting of mew cuttings Stamp coppicing reduces the cos ofreysneration, bul eoppcing can add labor costs wen thing of he coppice sprouts is required, Regeneration through stamp coppicing also requires allen harvest iing and ean rest in missed oppoctuntes ote advantage of genetic improvements new planing sock (Stanton etal 2002, Tashan 1998), CCoppieerogeneraion is mare common when the sland wil be ervested or boen production (eg, Adegbid tal 2000, Coppiced willow may nay be thề most popular emp for boonersy prution under low-price bioenergy feedstock scenarios (nee and Moiseyev 2002),

SRWC seteage— “The numberof ares en

{he total areaye is not extensive (Tuskan 1998 Inge (2009) estimated tat oss dan (01 percent ofthe privacy onned agriculture and fret land bases curently dedi aod 1 SRC poplar plantations, Zalesry (200), ting the work af Eaton 2007, reports approximately 152,000 ae of hsbrid poplar curently planted in te United States Hy poplars planted on approsimatey 0,000 a nthe Pacific North ‘sest—forpulpnood and sastiborpraduction-—tStanion etal 2002) ado aboot £6,000 ae in Minnesota fr both palpwood and enery production Shoeoaton ‘woody erops have also beem planted in the South (Tashan 98) and the Northeast Cincoding willow for bioclecticiy production) (Adegbidi tal 200) Is expected that expansion ofthe matt for bioenersy feedstocks would support snifcan expansion of RWC aereage on marginal to good agrieukure ands (Wright ỉ 1992) lige (2000) astmed that shout 178 million acts of eropland was plysially suitable fr plating SRWC, mostly in the Corm Bll, Lake States, and Sovth Cental sates able,

ry plated in SRIWC 01 deintively know, although

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12008, approximately 46 ilion cubic fot of harvest residues were generated

SRWC yields—

(Curse estates of expected siolds fom SRWC come fom liniled numbers of sfonds planted on variety of sites in ferent regions of the country ws ie et planting stacks, However, gees sel ures for SRW using contemporary planting sock under eurent manayement systems range fom Sto 12 dy tons por ace per year of Woody material Adegbid et al 2001, BRDB 2008, Volk ea 200), Under ear rtations with 00 tres per acre, Ston etal C2002) sponled ‘elds fom fybrid poplar planed fr bivenergy of 3 10 5 dry tons pe acte a the ime a harvest, Under a management regime aimed primarily at use SRWC

[br pulpvood production, tem dense of G0 toes po are yielded 28 0 5 dry {ons pe are ofelean chips for pulpwood and an aiional 10 to 1S dry tons of Ait chips for bioenergy production, In dhe Paitic Northwest, y brid poplar grown

forsale production estimated to xi upto 12 ry tons er ae of chips fo energy production atthe nse of harvest Stanton eta 20

Biomass From Harvest Residues

Harvest sides are dhe unused portions of growing-stosk woos, ops, fms, stems, and stump) that are eat or ile by harvesting operations and curently Jeflonsite Sri eal 2009} Harvest resis may be eh distributed aeross the harvesting site or may be pled, fn some managements stems, harvest esiducs te mulehed (the South and on gente slopes i the Wes or bared ia the Pacific Norwest) whereas in oter systems the residues are le distributed duoughout de harvest site wo naturals decay In 2006, spproimatly 46 billion clbe feet of harvest residues were generated (Smith et a 2009), The reported ‘volume of harvest residues has hoe increasing since the 19805 (Smith eal 20) however, this increase is ntuence tot ast some evn hy changes in soporte Sng an sampling stems In adi othe sides Fam hạrtoding ppertians some studies (¢ Perlack eal 2005) aso consider the resiuegonerated in “other removals" whic include forest harvests conducted fo atv ies ike land clearing sind procrmmercial hinnings.In.2000, there was approximately 1.6 billion cube Feet of woods material in “other removal” (Smith el, 200,

Assuming 278 dy pourds of material por enbic foot, the harvest esiducs in 2006 amount o about 64 million dry cons of eu or killed mata et on harvest sites Only portion ofthis material would he avalble fr use in the production of bigenergs 0 bowel given eueret techuology and cst of handing and ranspert 1 thei report, Perlick tal, 2005) assum that twas tsnicall essbe to remove about 65 poreant of harvest esd, equating Lo about 2 willon dey tons

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senslly ellos the spatial distribution of harvests, with the South 2.3 billion bie fot) andthe North (13 billion cube fet) accounting forthe majority ofthe residue goncrated (ig 3)

Harvest residues regional availability—

‘The amount of harvest residucs that are economically avaiable le than the mount echniealy available (measured in Perack etal 2008), With the goal of ro- «deing 4 billion gallons of cellulosic chanol fom a combination of woody bom feedstocks BRDB (2008) estimated that about 20 milion dy tons of forest residues ‘would be supplid annually from nontederaltimbsslands ata roadside price oF $44 per dry ton, Counties i the southern Delta resin, the Northeast along the Pacific (Coast, and in the northern Lake States were projected o ave the greatest quanliies of forest biomass suplicd (BRDB 2008) Counts inthe Mountain West would

have the las forest residue supplied

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harvest residues given the eurrem volume generated per harvest are al else being qual However, the South generates the greatest volumes of residue ow ng to high harvesting rates, The predominanes of coa/-red powerplants in the East may’ offer ‘opportunities to cate harvest vesidue woody bunts, The existing infrastrscture 7 1111111111 soe pans of(he Midase tin bệ call st ft estaishment of harvest esiduc Feedstock use in that region

‘One uncertainty for the Northeast and Midwest in regard to expanding harvest residue use for bioenergy is any signlfcat silts in Forest species composition in

espouse oelimate change, There sth pent that eiats change may est ‘in the movement north to Canada of hardwood species and a northwatd prog sion of Southern US, softnood species Timber harvests involving sftwonds tend to generate fewer resis than haves involving edwoods (Smith ets 2009), Forthormore, the amount of esduss generated and If onsite in softwood harvest ‘ng operatins has declined over he lst several decades (Smith etl 2009% The Ineressed wilizaton of harvested softwood reflects both technologie improves rents in softwood harvesbing systems a8 well a additions markets er sflcod biomass, AC the same time, the volume of softwood harvested nationally hasbeen declining singe about 1976, Handwoud harvests have declined in ecent peri but se sil yeater than 1976 and 1986 voles (Sith eta, 200,

Harvest residues, harvest site implieations—

In management systoms where harvest esidacs have taal Been lel onsite, ‘moving all harvest residues ean hate npliekioss lv all sts an si! caybon This ean lead to reduction in tee growth in subsequent rotations fg ‘Walmsley ta 2009), However, the impact of whole-tee harvest on sit mre an growth inthe second rotation i highly earisble and likely site specie (Carter ‘tal 2006, Walmsley eta 2000),Henioval of loging residues fe to widespsad reductions in future timber elds, timber supplies eld decline eng

neeseed stmpage pres and inberland vals, ll ele being equal, Allerate managers may choose to use fertilizer to augment available soil nutrients om areas whore louging esues have beew removed This may lead to inercased ferlize ss which might have plications fr greens gos emissions and water qua sty Ultimately, the widespcad impact, Fan, os general shi to removing lo sing resides fom harvesting oper

‘moniiocing i the future One potential bene fom whole-sce harvesting is hat can reduce ste preparation costs for subsequent timber rotations (Westbrook etal 2007),

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Biomass From Ming Residues

Milling residues include wases from stl, slabs and eden, bark, vonecr chip pings and black liquor (Rinebolt 1996) In 2006, woody biomass milling resides from primary wood processing mills amounted to approximately 87 milion dry toas of material (Smith et al 2009) This is up sigh’ from the #8 million dry tons ‘of milling reside generated in 2001 (Sm etl 2003) Black har prodetion

‘snot considered here: Reflctng thee low cost of procurement or avoided cost, ‘of disposal) neat all milling resiaes—shout 86 milion dry tons—ae currently

sod in production of other produto bioenergy: This pattern of use continues a practice in plaes since about 1986 (Rinsbol 196) In 2006, nary equal amounts of residues (36 milion dry tons) were used fr energy production and fiber products ‘wth an ational 13 million dry tons used fr other poduets (Smith ea 20,

slacks al 2005, Risbalt 1996) sugeeded th

silability of milling resides inthe Future assuming inreased timber mil eovduetion (6, in esponse to ayant thinng), However, this sms to ignore the pattern of ineceating eficeny in mber mill reduction practices over past decades, which has been projected to comtnucin the fature (hog 2007) Kf obust marks for wood biomass fr bioenerey-and biofuel develop i the fare the Asivered prices for woody biomass could draw some miling

production of other product to biocnery and biofuel preduction This would ikely ther lead t atleast shor-erm inreases in the costs of products eurrenily produced from mili residues may be inreased ues from the

Mil resides, regional availability —

‘The South Cental an Nostheast regions hays the geatest volume of milling residues not ete used fig) Most of his unused residue si he frm of | slabs es (.¢, come materia, This could be Fortous, as the ‘orthast senertes significant stnount of lets from coal and would likes lame an opportunity to espa eofcing of wood tesducs with coal, However, even Jn the South Cenirl and Nertheast regions the aroun of unused resi

‘Woody biomars supplied fom SRWC may offer geete long-term opportuaity foe coring woods biomass with coal than do milling residues,

Mill resides, secondary wood product faiiies—

‘lil esives eresod at secondary wood product manutaeturing faiiies (eg ca Inet preduction furniture makers) ae another mil residue source Unfrtunaly {he amount of woody mara aaa Hom secondary wood processing industries 'sifielt to ascertsin, Nilbrandt 200) estimated approsimately$ milion tons of woody resus are generated annually from secondary wood prodect rms, là

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16 a i ‘Soun Cental kemouniin PacleNanhuest Pacife Southwest

previous study competed in the late 19015 approximately | million dry tons of secondary mill sis were estimated tobe available stl fr feedstock wse a approximately $20 pr on (1995 dollars) (Rooney 1998), Although potentially lable resides from secondary mills are distributed throughout the forested regions ofthe country (he representa fration ofthe ether potentially available ‘wood material Further, asthe secondary wood products manufeetring industry continues to contract (Quesada and G70 2006), the anount of residue available will ike also decline Uhimately, secondary wood product esidaeis perhaps best characterized asa niche sours af wand iomass Fr bioenergy and biofuel produc ‘ion in some locales

‘Municipal and Construction/Demolition Wastes

‘Wood and paperboard ina varisty of consumer products re discarded as municipal solid waste (MSW) A portion ofthat wast is recovered for oesling or aor uses, and the remainder is generally discarded into landfills In MSW, wood biomass «can be found in paperboard and paper wast, dsearded wood products such as Furniture durable goods crates and packaging and in yard trimmings In 2007,

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ssos (US EPA 2008), Crags hoses mse up the sretet single component of the paper and papesoatd waste seam and flr newspapers, the highest ate of product recovery: The generation of poper and paperboard waste has Hatened in recent years after a decades-long inerese, Over the sae period, the rae of ree sy ofthis waste has continued te increase (US EPA 2008}, Discarded wood in far niu, durable goods, and wood packaging amounted 19H 2 million tons in 2007

A estimated 13 milion tons of discarded wood from pallets was recovered for sch things as mulch and animal bedding, Yard wastes ve diicul to messue, bat Aispsal is blieved to have declined from highs nthe eal 1980s in response to legislation limiting yard waste disposal i landils (US EPA 2008) In 2007 about 6

rillion tans of rush and leaves were sensrted but nal covered frm yard debris ‘eludiag pap and paperboard, approsinataly S7 millon was of wood biomass ‘surrently discarded and not entonly recovered, Exchaling paper stl paperboard sppreximately 19 million tos of wood i nt reeoered from the MSWV sugam Tá both stances one could expect that ony portion of his maria recoverable

focus in the production of bioenergy and bal

{hat aporenimatel 77 milion ons ‘Im adition to that contained in MSW, discarded solid wood is potetially availe of slid wood was available from MSW ble inthe debris eeated from building construction and demain Between 20 ind 30 powcont of coastueton and demolition debris is estimated tobe solid wood rovhls ¢ dimension lumber, wood doors and Hooring wood shingles) (US EPA 2000), n 2008, approximately 164 million (ons of debris masral was created from construction and demotion (US EPA 2109), Assuming 28 percent ofthat material 95 Wood, approsinataly A milion ts of wood waste was created om canstrudion and demeldiep in 2003, This is very similar oa previous es

39 millon tons of debris wood in 2002 fom MeKeever (2008), McKeever 2004) Potlack ot al, 2008) estimated

has estimated that approximately 80 person of constriction and demlition wood ‘west is potentially recoverable or currently recovered, Assuming this percentage, len 20 milion tons of wood was aaiabe from constrain a demolition dbus in 2003,

Biomass From Hazard-Fuel Reduction

‘Much ofthe material on public and priate frets identified as avestacked oa high sk ire because of sand conditions is small-iameer mara for whieh here curently marker With mo market fr his prevomamerial material, ‘heres limited opportunity te fst the cots of thinning hss

Withee

‘nercal material in hazards eatments as woody material fedsioek fr binen= forested stands eed

onto bioenergy here is mach interest in using the precom- ‘ry and biofuel production x, WGA 2006), The focus of hazatd-fel etme

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The majority ofthe simulated moved biomass material fom hhazard-uet eduction is associated with timberland on national forests

Js the Western United Sats, and Sho al (2006, 2008) dented approximately 24 million ates in the 12 Western lates on all ownership types as pss sites for reatment This acreage Rue compares well wit th

terand in 15 Western Staes likely to need meetanical fel tetment as denied by Rummer a sl (2008),

28 milion ates of in

Hazard fact reduction, potential biomass—

‘Skog el 2006, 2008 simulted both even thinning opera tions The uneven-ge scenarios included to aimed at achieving high sraseral Airs in the rmmaining tnd an aimed a achieving inte structural de nhe romsining stand Inthe eveh-age seenrio, lems i 9 sarily of diameters were romaved nthe evereageseenaries, larger diameter stoms were removed only if all smaller amcer stems had bssn emoved (hin from bela) ‘No diameter limis were included inthe seenarios, Some seenarios ha lint on the amount of bash ae tha eal he removed in he thing la al ase, seres ‘were deemed treatable only ifthey would provide 300 of

por acre—a akin thot is olin considered the minimusn necessary old nt revenue (Sha eta 2006, 3009),

Scenario that eat ares using an uneven-age management thinning regime slimed a usiotaining high structural diversity’ and coniinin no limits on basal aca removed yielded the preatet umber of acres reatable—I' million ares inl mera emoved-—27 million oat (Skog et al, 2006, 2008) An even-age of oe fenibe on about 7.3 million aces, yielding about 190 milion ot of material Fewer ares ae reat+ rhantable material

{hinning fro below with no Bal aca limits esti

ble unde th ven-age regime because lesser amouns of merchantable material ‘would be generated in he teat, making thi regime feasible only under limited

conto In he unexen-age management reyime aboot 28 percent of the removed ‘matril would come fom California inberlands i 5) Orego, Idaho, and Montana timberland each would secount for an aditional 13 percent of romoved imate, The remaining approximately 25 percent of material would come mostly from Washington, Colorado, and New Mevice

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a H 35 7Š Atzens AI Sout Dakota | —

ime, The contribution of malta fom private tinbglands would be lowest ess {amt million odin Ariza, Nevada, New Mevio, South Dakots, Utah, hd ‘Wyoming because of small reas of tibeeand i hose sates

An uneven-age thinning egime without basal area iis and promoting high stevctral diversity would yield shoot 9 odt por acre of ma

than 7 inches in diameter and from the branches an ops of lems wsed Fx igher ‘vale products (Shog et al 2006) This materia is mos likes tobe used forbes ‘rey production Tretment onal 178 million acres where this unesen-age thinning

vime is feasible would yet abou 166 milion od af sal wood materi, The Lhinning-from-below even-age eine would yield apywosimatey Ie pe se

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‘Table 2—Volume of material moved under a simulated unevon-age hazard fuel thinning regime by tmberand ownership ype

atonal Other State and

state Private “Wore faders inal Total

lion oven dry ome a Avizane 20 “ nà nó Cobos so về 24 0a Tho Be 387 35 3 “New Mesto | 33 107 oo và 1 Washington wa

sligh simpliicaon, as it igares stand growth over that period, which may move some stems inta higher valeed uses and ignores the growth of now small-diameter malernl

Prac et al (2005) reported that 49 million dry tons of woody biomass could be generated fom iberland unough hazards harvest hen hoạl the county anally Petlack ea estimate an aditional 11 million dey tons alle fom Forest land Hands nt productive enough tobe elassifed a timberland) anc ally, The vast majority ofthis volume is expoetd io be generate i the Western Sates The resus af the te studies provide good sdcboards on likely woody biomass availability, Tho stad by Peack et 2008) contains a any bel setof assumptions on likely treatable acres and generated volume, Skog etl (2096) adopted a ily stringoat set oF assumptions on uealable ates, eluding the requirement of producing at eat

‘oF Shog ea, 2006) holy provide a more easonabe estimate of the potential production from hacan-uel thinning This is paticulr' trae he short ran whore institadons are no in place to support wiespread hazard-eduton thin hing, markets currently support nly nw prices for bioenergy cis, a dere are 2 number of social obsacest thin

‘The results rported in Shag ta (200, 2008) are consistent with he analsis {invalving many ofthe same auors tepeted bụ the Weston Governors Associa tion on forest biomass availabilty (WGA 2006) In that analysis, 106 millon ares of ester timberland i availabe fo havard fe eduetion siding 270 lio

1 of merchantable material The esis

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‘of biomass Assuming these acres wore rested over 22-year perio and hat 50 percent of th esloted biomass could potentially be avalable fr bioeneray and byte production, the annual volume of avaiable woody biomass would be 52 rillion oat, Aga, this igure is wel below tha ported in Prac etal, 2005),

Mechanical weatment and removal tothe Harard Tud red i revenues—

Mechanica estment and removal othe radi isan espensve specs a wrard fuels, In general eating the fuss ia prescribed burning is less ‘spensive {Rammer 200) sthongh the resulting reductions in fr harard ‘may sot be snila co that achieved via mechanical hinaing, Mechanical Ueatiment aun! removal to the rondside i estnated to have an average cost of between S34 and $8odt fora varey of western forest types.on amis af ite types (Rum rmeret 200) (able 3) These teatnent east donot inch the sditonl costs For hauling the removed materi fro the voadsie othe will, Treatment ests

ste stronlyillaened by site conditions, anltr>gimenfs on slopes eater tha 40 poresnt ae estimated o cost at east double tha of weatmentson gene slopes (Skog ta 2006)

‘Tao uncertaimy around whether hazard-fl reduction could yenoate net revenues po are challenge Lo widespread implementation of hszard thinning Fora simulated uneven-age thinning epime, Skog etal 2006) estimated weatment sri! removal to he roadside would cst on average about $PTiodt on gle slopes nd $b on Slopes greater tha 40 erceat A typical delivered vale assured forint chips for eneray production is Sieh, Based o those costs and vals, nif all material suse fr dirty chip, tore isa net east of about S2Lodt at the roadside for treatment on slopes rete han A percent ad small net revenue oF about $3 a the roadside on gentle slopes thy 6), The $3 of mt revenue on gels

Foadstde is estimated

tohave an average cost

of between 334lodt and ‘$86 fora variety of, ‘western forest types ‘wansportaton to the roadside of hazard fuels Dollard Interooanain poco pie 532 Intermountain lodgepole pine tai

Rogty Monnbit panlsroe pine Rocky Mountain ado pine (Gen Bain negate ne

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slopes is prior to incurring transport costs othe processing site At an assumed teansporaton cost of 35 cents per mil, in this example roadside net revenues ‘would be negated afer an 8.5 mi transport othe processing facility

Based an the expected costs and delivered vals is unlikely that harard- fuel retment could widely be economically feasible fal removed material is required to be sold for eneray chips n their studs after accountng for expoeted tsansport costs, Skog etal (26) found that no simulated hazard thinning, regime yielded net revenue por ace if all woods material was reqiced be sold

for chips at $306dt (able 4) However, if some of the thinned material could be sold “or higher valud pulp and sawtimber products, some thinning regimes became

cconomically feasible, When stems above 7 inches in diameter canbe sod for higher valued products, uneven-age thinning regimes eonduced on gene slopes vield et revenue (abl 4), However ever-age thinning regimes and any thinning

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lo 4—Nat revenue or cost pr are for simulated thinning regimes on public and private timberlana Inthe Wester United States Mershantabe volume Nghe valu prt ip only Nghe lệ, chip ab Uneven, 50 basal area ‘eroval hi igh sect ‘heer erenege iL baths 6 hey —¬— 490 ose 4g 4P — 50c RuglueitehordimMl H2 MNS Hm 1s m Exsaosge thine + Fe DI ME ‘a Flare real it WO cvenage spruces eb pe 23%

thinning egies on gene slopes and init mumber on seep slopes did yield ‘not revere Skog eal 206 Ina sty of hszard-tul redaction of sa anber material in eastern Oroga, Adams aa Lata (2008) found that the form snd appli cation ofthe subsidy had important implications forthe number of eres ea ‘lla lonseti of he milling capacity is lvl communities A lack of ul ‘ng eapacty could make havan-el reduction less feasible, articular fr lower ‘valved material that snot worth anspor

ong distances

Biomass Feedstock Supply Curves

‘Walsh et al 004 estimate state eve biomsss supply curves, though dated provides useful “data poi” as oe estimate ofthe potential brass fedstocks svailable for bioeneray proueton a schedule of eedstoek prices Rests fram

ch effort to compl cl biomass supply eurves (Dykstra tal, 2008) wore unsafe hs report owing the Fe that postions of

the esearch are sill underway and others are restricted fom distribution because ‘of an extensive poeraesiew proces, At the lowest dicted priees (S20,

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resides are primarily drawn fom web va "` residues (Walsh et al 2000) (Gg 7) In many eass, handlers ofthese products avoid disposal cos by providing them to bioenergy users and thus ae willing todo so ly dsiered costs, ALS30ton delivered, some forest residues become aval andthe supply ofl residues increases Because most ofthe mill residues are curreuy used fr ater products (¢.ark mulch, at leas someof this supply wil come from mill residues curently being used in other products A small amount of agriculture residues become available at $3ton delivered Enoray’erops and the mun of aercultare resides available increase substanally as delivered pres Increase These two sources become the primary supply of biomass residue a high avered prices nthe Walsh et a (2000) analysis, FRWCs were not ineluded as 8 bioenergy source

Based om the estimated supply curves the North Central and South Central regions have the greatest supplies of biomass available (Walsh ta, 2000) igs

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provlue a moderale amount of forest residues, Ashe biomass price rises to SI ton delivered, the supply of biomass frm ener eropsinereass in both the North Central and Great Plains States ig, 9) At the same time, there drop in crop reside fom dose regions, ellsting a change in planting mis to support cnerey

¬ —— woody ‘raps have been proposed as an energy

Modeling Studies for Specific Biomass Resources bar nh)

‘Short-Rotation Woody Crops produciloncaniate,

‘Shortotation woods erops have been proposed as ah nergy’ ep, provide provide savtimbe clip for pulp and paper proton, and inthe Pacific Northwest, o provide

savstimber Curront markets fr products and existing Yields frm SRWWC have not been sufficient to spur widespread SRWC planting However tis amcipated thai

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— Ee teem 35 somo | P oe} l P 3š € 6 § § @ 3 8 1 isin

gcd Ei hon sr fy met Sone Dares A supply of pulp chips from traditional forestry sources because ofinereasd carbon sequestration effort)

Several studies hane considered the wse of SRWWC fr energy’ pal prode= fon Walsh etal 2003) considered bioenere erop production using the POLVSYS ‘model ofthe agriculture sector The authors considered thre enerey crop: sith

128, bybeid poplar, and willow The authors assumed switchgrass could grow from the Intermountain region eastward and tha hsbrid poplar cold be grown ‘ion approximately the Corn Bot castvard and in the Pacific Coast staes Willow ‘vas constrained to being grown inthe Norther Sats Two scenarios that diem

{in the farm pice fr biomass fr hybrid poplar, $32.90 ton anđ $I3 70 lợn) vere considered Inthe first seenari, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) acres ‘were treated as being managed primarily to support wildlife diversity, and inthe second CRP acres were treated a being managed primarily Fr bioenergy erop rodetion In both scenarios, landowners recived only 78 percent oftheir CRP psyment in exchange for being able to sel bioeneray crops In dhe Walsh tal (2003) sud, abou 20 million acres of agriculture land were planted to bigenergy eros under the lower pre scenario, and 2 milion ares ‘wor planted under the high prigesconaro ta oth scenarios, eropland contributed

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ore than haf the ares planeta ener srops: CRP eonribste mast othe other sees, Heid poplar was laut only inthe est scenario and then oly on CRE lands which were being managed with lower cost wildlife management practice) Although willow was one ofthe scenario options fo boomers, it was ne elected bythe model Under the first seenaio hybrid poplar plantations contibued 35.5 milion dry tons of bess for bioenergy anmually, Simulated hyd pop bioenergy supplies were focused in the Corn Bek region, rm Ohio west throagh Towa, and from southern Missouri to northern Miaesota Hybrid poplar was alo plated in some stea ofthe Dea Region ‘ofthe Northeast T

ep choices in te tess of Walshe a (2008) reflected the assumed comparative yieks ofthe thre cops Model resis were Tản tesponsive to across-the-board increases and deeceases in yes, Changes ia vields among the bioenergy crops were no ested,

Inge and Moiseyev (2002) extended the model reported in Walsh eta 2003)

Pacific Northwest, a Kimi

by combining the sgriulure sector model withthe Nosth Ameri Pulp and Paper (NAPAP) mode io examine the impact at hybrid poplar plated as SRW might have on the pulp ara paper sector Akthough the focus of Ice and Morseyev (2002) (and dhe paper discussed next Alig tab, 2000) son SRW production for pul,

1 provides a useful rlerence forthe amount and location of SRW that might be planted on agriculture lands Under eurtent markt conitons, the use of SRWC fr pulp and paper prouction seems more likes than use in bioenergy production (Unce and Miseyer 2002,

Under thir baseline scenario, Ince and Moise (22 projected itl l= ‘wood prodsston trom ly bri poplar plated on agricul lands, However, under 2 scenario whete panting of hsbrid poplar by farmers was ineentvized represented ty fowering the model discount rte fom 6 poteent to 3 perce), the pulp produc tion fromm hybrid poplar plantations increased more than theta The production Som by bei poplar was about 13 tines the baseline ia simulations where avail abily rơm the traditional pap supply declined an the planting of hs brid poplar by farmers was incouvized Pulp supply fom radaionalfrestrysourees could decline fra numberof reasons, including forest ownership change ora chang in timber management goals Inthe Ise and Moiseyev nods, the foes ison hybrid poplar or pap ad paper proivction, so most ofthe simulate agriculture aces planted to hyd poplar ae located nthe South near existing pulp an paper ‘manofieturing files Under “high demand” scenarios, simulated hybrid poplar Plantations om agriculture lands re also found io the Lae Sites ani dk Now asi—elhor regions with strong pulp ad pap sectors

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Itis possible that under a climate policy where Jonger forest rotations le SRWCS hhave the capacity to offset some of the chip ‘material that would have otherwise gone to the pulp and pap Industry ate desir 2

Bath ofthe prvieus sais relied on modeling ors built n a modelo the great sector, Alig etl, (2000) differed from those tudes by relving on a spa ial optimization model the Forestry and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model 'FASOM) that capers both he agriculture and forest sectors, One significant, vantage ofthis approach isthe ability to accommodate land transfers bsten forestry and agriculture s well aso capture dhe substiabiity of product ows from aeriuure and forest and (e.pip production from SRWC on sieu Jands traditional pulp production fom forest ands) Model resus indicate hybrid poor for pulp proaction wonld be planted on a most 2.8 milion acres of agieulare and in th coming decades Ts Pace Northwest and Lake State

regions showed the greatest land ares planed to hybrid poplar Reflecting the high ‘opportuniy costs of converting xapland 0 anther use and he lek of palp mar Facturing fides, relaxes litle yb poplar wa planed fr pup the Corn

igct a model The Sous had elaively fw aetes planted 19 brid poplar for pal ihe last decades of the model rm This paltern elects the quamty of available pulp fom traditions forest esourees within thal region

Despite the atively smal land sre devoted wo hybrid poplar in the Alig tal 2000) model, the pulp material harvestd from these ares represented about) peteetof te pulpwod material harvested inthe United State inthe nie 19M “The silt of high SRWC yields to offset svt large volumes of pulp materia could

‘ee many traditional forest sector gees to he managed on longer rotations for her products eg sastimber) or fr other management goals carbon soques- sation, Is possible that under a climate poiey wher loner forest rotations are eseale, SRWCs hax the capacity @ oe some of the chip material that would have otherwise sone tothe pulp and paper industry

‘Several implications of SRINC supply exist or the agriculture and are Tand bases hough intensively managed, SRWCs require less cultivation fertilizer i other ehemicalteatents than many of the traditional agricuure crops and «could ply ke role in natal resoures conservation and earbo seqaestrtion on existing agriculture lands te, Inge and Moise 2002} The inereased supply of hardwood pp fom SRIVC lessens the demand for plp from teitional hardwood

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(One ofthe sales of ASON's combined modeling ofthe agriculture an fore ctor isthe ability to estimate the combined welfare changes of consumers and producers in the forest an a

so strongly, examining welfare changes for oaly one sector couk! eat inappeo tri conelasonsresneing welfre impacts o soci fom new policies oe marke ‘changes Across consumers and producers in oth sccors and fosign ewporiers ‘ot agricuhural and forestry poduets, te establishment of SRWWC em sgrieulue

"1 1 leads to an increas i net welfae of about ‘6billion, Because ofa projected drop in imber pres with SRC fares product, consumers aesumblated mostof the welfare gains Those agriculture producers ‘wha planted SRWWC also gsin with SRIWC plantations Because imber prices re reduced in the presence of SRWC, traditional imberland owners were pojected tw experience a loss relative (the baseline Bocas cropland values inersase ad shorterm agricul commodity psicton levels decrease when som cropland ‘splated to SRWWC, agriculture produces in agutegae, rẽ pmyesledl la sls sufer losses alative 1 the basing cae, Finals arcuate consumers wil suffer some Josses because of higher prices-although these losses are eaves small Flow

vets important to recall hat consumers who any sue welfare losses from ‘consuming agrcultare products are els projected to experience welfare gins from {he consumption of forest sector products, paper and paperboard)

Although willow re species didnot Fast ino the resul of either SRWWC mad ling efforts deseribed above ts potctial use a a bicenersy crop inthe Northeast has been examined in oer studies Tharakan etal 2008, Volk eal 2006) Willow i tn considered fr bioenery use by coring it wth coal iw North asiorn United States coa-red powerplants In he contest fa potential eatbon missions cap under a climate change pole, eofiiag willow (er any exer Wood bom) vith coal would yield rednoton i earn emissions because woody biomass curently is deemed carbon nual, Coiting willow also edvees emissions ‘oC nious aides (NO, ) at uli dove ($0), bth of which are covered unde 3

ap ang trade program inthe Northeast (Tharakan eal 2005),

CCarvnis the delivered price for willow bromass snot competitive withthe Aired price of coal, making widespread adoption a

Northeast unlikely unser the eurrent marke conditions (Velk ot a 2006) Using syst simulation modo, Tarakan cal (2005) found that a I ceu/AWh pris premlum for eron ener pai by consumers or a 2.4 cemhWh ta ered to eerie producers fr biomsss energy would make willow production for coring economically Fesbl for electric producers, biomass agaregators, and willow pro ‘ducers The modeled green price premium is consistent with “gen energy” price

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Residues trom logging representa potentially extensive souree of currently unused woody biomass material for bioenergy production 20

remus Ìnlssslr slecricly elsowhese i the country (harsh et 2005), An inorease in willow yield of about S ode por yea, citer through iproved planting sock or management systems, reduced the necessary rie promiany 10 poteeu (0119 ces Wh) an het eet 12 percent to 21 cea: Wh) The ‘dele yield improvemont alone wa net nowgh lo make willow production economically feasible, Allowing willow tobe plated on CRP lands fr bioenergy production in exchange for reduced CRP payment ro the landowner ina karves, ‘ear reduced the necessary price premium 25 peteen o 075 cents) andthe lay ered 25 percent lo 18 con/RWh) with caren yes Tharakan ea, 200) did wor examine the impact ofa earboa price 02 will easibiis The Renewable Portflio Stars adapted by New York al some aber Northeastern Sates equites increased use of renewable fuels in electricity generation and may make 'SRINC willow plantations more feasible the Noctheast (Wolk et 2006),

Harvest and Milling Residues

Residues from logging represent a potentially exensve source of currently unused ‘woods biomass maoval for boenersy praduction, Heweve

— cal limits othe amount ofthis masa tha an be accessed and removed, costs sociated with electing and tansparting logging residues and, some si lel< ture sysems, concer about he potential impacts wo soi mtiems when Toa residues age removed

Inthe context af firing elected plants using woods biamass, Gan and Smith 2.006) have ested the sate-osel avails of resides fom lagging ope tions another remnvals ui 1997 FIA data, Tho estimated about 36 milion dey

tons oft sing an thor removal esidoes wore aaa i 1997 This is consistent ‘vith the natonal-level supply estimate to be available at $d tm dissed by ‘Walsh ot (2000) ad that estimated by Palace a, (2008), Base on Gan and ‘Stith (2006), the South Central lest amount of logging residues

sail, ith lesser tounts avaiable in she Noeheastern, Noi) Cental, sổ Southeastern regions able 5) The 36 milion de lon flogging residues were

tstinted tobe capable of producing 675 TWh of eestricty (Gan and Smith 2006) If al of residue

coal-red plants, which is wolibels, 176 million tons oearbon emissions wold be voided (Gn and Sith 2108)

xtendng the Gan an Smith (2006) stds, Gan 2097) used 2002 satel FIA data to ctimate a national harvest esidue supply curve, The estimated supply

yeneraed electricity were to ffiet electricity peneratd by

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Table 6—Harvost and other removal residues, lectcity potential and carbon emissions asplaced by region, Senualy Region ental dpe rn 10 6a octet 7st ih 37 Xanh Ceninl 20950 Gres Pin lạ Pace Northvest 368 — Total aie 1515

curves highly elas for most prices, That means that small changes in Gedstock rice veld lege changes in the amownt of harvest resis supplied Fora Redsioek price range of between $38 and Siig dslverd approvimately St 35 million oat orhorvest resides ate asilbl,respootves: Those pices assume dat all he costs of wholesiee harvesting are applied tothe delivered price of he biomass [Fenly the addons coats olen sn aspertng the biomsss mera is nce dalivred prices decline by about Sey ton Ÿ9 stumpaye price was assumed ‘nthe Gan (2007) sal: The median cst For producing cece Gow logging residues aan optimally sized powerplant, when only the aditinal costs of callet- sng an tramsporing biomass spd bythe pln, was estiated ta be shout S47 MWh, This estima cost i rear than the current cost of S3IMWh for produc ing elecrcty vi coal iri Th gia whore loging ress may be sui ‘0 supply bios

ofthe recoverable ling esd in the United Si

Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, ‘orth Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennesse, Teves, Virgina, West Virginia, and Wisconsin,

tcty may be limit Gan (207) estimates thal about two-thirds

m1

Despite its potetil sop the inclusion of logging residues i any potenti ‘ure bioenergy production porto isnot certain This isin large part owing {othe high cos of procuring esis from the woods ela to other biomass esouress an radional fos fuel souress Biomass sources with very le "1.11

residues in fatrebiclcctricty portfolios Using FASOM wo model bioeleeiety xveton Irn forest seer reside sources and SRAWC, MCatl eta, 2000) ‘ound tha logeing residues an chip rom abols-rs harvesting were not used in

2 figure mote prominent than hares!

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There are alsoa umber of social, organizational, and inteastructure impediments to ‘widespread adoption of bioenergy production

the pradstion of bossy nthe, basline projections mil eiducs were ‘sled on almost exclusively for boeectrity’ pla firing Most ofthe modsled biveletricy fom ming residues was generated inthe South, Limited amounts of willow and switchgrass were also incorporated under baseline eenatios, When

FASOM was un with SRWC sill improvements, the primary biomass feedstock vas willow and some hyd poplar inthe Lake States (MeCar tal 2000), Bark from poplar harvested for pulp was also used under highevield SRWC scenarios ‘who highs scenario, milling resis and switchgrass were used onl when ore than 650 bioeleetrieit:lts each 100 MW) were in operation, MeCasl

(2000) suugested tats the goal oF agovermment subsidy program iso avoid Arstisineroases in costs to reduce emissions a asec program tha relics ‘on milling residues inthe short erm and SRWC inthe lng era ey be the most svantageous

Challenges to Biomass Utilization

‘Tac economic challenges and some ofthe technical challenges fo using woods biomass for energy have been highligh inthe previous setions, There are aso anuber of social, organizational, and inastructore impediments o widespread ‘sloption of bioenergy roduetion from woody biomass, and we highlight some of those inthis seeton Rosch and Kaltschmit (19%) idemified five eateyories of

clallengeso bioenergy production: lack of knowledge: Funding, faancing, and insuring: administeauve conditions, organizational dffeutes: and peeeption and seceptane, The focus of the Rosch and Kaltchmit paper is the European Union, tout many of the points ar applicable othe US situation,

Lack of knowledge i pervasive actos all the challenges identified by Rosch and Kaltschmit (1999) and isnot diseusad separa Masy ofthe funding inane ing, and insuring challenges have already been discussed inthis pape, The existing _xiministrative conditions, pally develope without focus on bossy Pe ‘duction, can make the peraiting proeess confusing and cumbersome with uncer taints about th preconditions and requirements fr issues unique to bioesery9 rodetin eg, ash disposal) Additionally, existing plant approval frameverks ‘may not be aplieble to center: resting in confusion abo the process and expectations, Adminsttive legislative rules tha define what qualifies as woody biomass for contribution wo renewable energy targets ta reli oF oer compre onsite climate plies could impact the magaitude of fare woods biomass sean he parties invoived in supplying wood biomass feedstocks The studies Inluded here have ot explored the