TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 05 2017 ISSN 2354 1482 BAJV VE TU" DUY PHAN BIEN TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC Nguyen Tki Hoa TOM TAT Khde v&i ddo tgo nghe ehi dem thudn cung cdp kien thirc vd ky ndng[.]
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 05 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 BAJV V E TU" DUY PHAN BIEN TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC Nguyen Tki Hoa TOM TAT Khde v&i ddo tgo nghe ehi dem thudn cung cdp kien thirc vd ky ndng thyc hdnh nghe nghiep, gido due dgi hgc la bgc hgc ddo tgo ngudn nhdn lyc chdt lugng cao, sdn phdm ddu eita gido due dgi hgc phdi cd day dii cdc tiiu chi ve kien thuc, ndng lyc nhgn thuc, ndng luc tu chii, ky ndng, thdi do, trdch nhiim Di dgt chudn ddu ddi hdi qud trinh ddo tgo sinh viin phdi eo ndng lyc tu phdn biin Ndng luc tu phdn biin cd dnh huang mang tinh quyit dinh lin hiiu qud cua cde hogt dgng gido due kit qud hgc tap cua sinh viin, cda gidng viin vd edc nhd nghien cicu tiong mdi tru&ng gido due mang tinh todn cdu V&i tdm quan tigng dgc biet cua vdn di bdi viit nhdm ldm ro vai tid su cdn kip vd mgt sd phuangphdp thuc hdnh tu phdn biin cho sinh viin Tir kkoa: Tu phdn biin, bien lugn, dgi hgc sinh vien, ndng lyc Chiing cd kha nang chi phdi va Idm biSn dang thdng tin vS su vat, hien toong Tir Ngay td radi sinh ra, dila tte da dd cd khd nang dua nhiing nhan dinh biSt dgt nhtrng cdu hdi vS cdc su vat, su sai lam, thiSu chinh xdc DiSu ndy ly viec, hien toong xay frong thS gidi ty giai vi lgi cd nhiSu ludng y kien, nhiSn va xa hdi (thdng qua nhiing to dS nhieu nhdn dinh, ddnh gid khdc vS hdi nhu: Gi? Khi nao? Tgi sao? The eimg rapt vdn de nhu vdy Trong ddn nao? Bang cdch nao? ) Qua dd, fre gian van dimg cdu "Chin ngudi raudi y" nhdn biet, ddnh gid the gidi xung quanh dS diSn dgt su khdc biet ttong each suy va thda man nhfing hoai nghi cua rainh nghT va nhdn dinh ve van dS Dat van de Cdng tnrdng ngudi cang tiSp can vdi mdt luang khdng Id cac thdng tin tir ty nhien, xa hdi De thich ling vd phat triSn dupc thS gidi do, ddi hdi ngudi phai cd sy ddnh gia tiling ddn, khach quan vS su vdt, hien toong va phdi cd ky ndng to phan bien Mae du "to phdn bien" Id rapt thuat ngii khdng hS radi ttong cdc nen gido due tiSn tiSn ttSn thS gidi (dac biet Id gido due dai hpc), d Viet Nam cym tir cdn kha mdi me Dieu ly gidi vi cd mdt nghich ly vdn tdn tai ttong nen giao dye d nudc ta, la sinh viSn dai hpc - nhimg ngudi duoc cho Id mdt bd phdn cua ngudn nhdn luc chdt lupng cao lai it cd khd ndng phan bien khoa hpc Tren thuc tS, khdng phdi ciing cd kha nang to phan bien tdt Tu ngudi cd thS bi tac ddng bdi nhiSu ySu to: tmh bao thu, dinh kiSn, hep hdi, ludi suy nghT, tinh cam ca nhan ' Truang Dai hgc Thii Dau Mgt Email: hoant@tdmu.edu.vn Trong bdi cdnh hien nay, sinh vien khdng chl la mdt bd phdn cua tri thiic, la 23 ISSN 2354-1482 TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAT HOC F)ONO NAI SO 05 - 2017 nang, nang luc dap ung yeu cau toan ciu Theo Dien dan Kinh tS ThS gioi (2015) vS "Tdm nhin mai cho giao dtfc: Phdt triin cdc tiem ndng ciia ky nghe ", de dap iing dupc yeu clu ngu6n nhan luc thai dai toan cSu, nguoi hoc phai co 16 kJ nang thiet yeu [1], do, ky nang tu phan bien dong mpt vai tro chinh yeu, cot 15i, la nhan td kSt n6i cac ky nang lai d6 dat dSn ky nang cu6i cimg la ky nang hpc tap suot doi cong dan cua mot quoc gia ma la cong dan cua toan cau Dieu doi hoi sinh vien phai ren luyen ky nang tir phan bien dg phuc vu qua trinh hoc tap, CO kha nang dap ung cac yeu cSu nghe nghiep va trcf ngucri co kha nang tu doc lap, sang tao xa hoi VSy vSn dj dat la nhung cong dan toan c4u cin c6 nhung tieu chi gi? Giai quy8t duoc vin de co nghia cac qu6c gia da hinh dugc dpi ngu lao dpng vcri nhiing phim chJt, ky Bang \: Cacky nang thiet yiu cua mot cong dan todn cdu thekyll Cac ky nang va tu ch^t yeu cau / Nhdm ky nang nen Nhom ky ndng mim Cdc tu chat thudc ve tinh cdch Ky nang nghe, noi, dpc, viet Ky nang tinh toan Higu bilt ca ban vS khoa hpc Ky nang khoa hpc cong nghe Kha nang tinh toan tai chinh Hifiu biSt vS van hoa, loi sdng van minh Ky nang tu bien luan, giai quyet vdn de Kha nang sang tao Kha nang giao tiep 10 Kha ndng hpp tac 11 Co 6c to mo, mudn tim hieu 12 Co tinh tich cue, khdi xudng su thay ddi 13 Cd tinh kien djnh 14 Kha nang tir thich ling cao 15 Cd ky nang lanh dao 16 Co y thiic ve xa hdi va van hda (Ngudn: Duong Thi Hoang Oanh, NguySn Xuan Dat (2005), Gido ti-inh Tu bien ludn ieng dyng, NXB Dgi hpc Qudc gia TP HCM, fr 248-249) TAP CHI KHOA HOC - DAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 05 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 Thuat ngii "tu phan bien" hay "tu bien ludn" dupc dich tir thudt ngir "critical thingking" tiSng Anh Theo Russell Brooker [2], ky ndng to phdn bien Id ky nang suy nghT vupt ISn trSn nhiing phan tich vd logic theo ldi mdn thdng thudng Dd Id mdt qud trinh tu nham chat van cac gid dinh hay gid thiet Id each dS khang dinh rang mdt nhdn dinh ndo la tiling hay sai, ddi diing, hay cd phdn dting Tren thirc te, sinh viSn sau trudng thyc sy khd khan frong tim kiSm viec Idm Ly ehii ySu Id thieu hut ky nang (theo rapt diSu fra cua Bd Giao due va Dao tgo vao nam 2011, sd that nghiSp thiSu ky nang len dSn 63%), ttong dd nhieu ky nang HSn quan den to phdn bien Thuc ttgng phan dnh su thieu hyt trdm frpng radng kiSn thiic ttong chuong frinh ddo tgo bac dai hpc d nudc ta hien vd cho thdy cdc tiirdng cdn phai kip thdi Idp day khoang frdng dd Tir dd cd thS thay, de cd tu phdn bien, ngudi can cd cac khd nang/td chdt sau ddy [3]: Mpt sd vdn de ve tu phan bien VS ngudn gdc, to phdn biSn tdn tai tir rat ldu frong cac hpc thuySt d phuang Tdy nhu phuang phdp to tiieo ldi Socrates cua ngudi Hy Lgp cd hay d phuong Ddng nhu ttong kinh VS Da cua nhd Phdt vdi nhung triet ly so khai ndi tiSng nhu; "Diing tin bat cir dieu gi neu don gian Id bgn chi nghe ve dieu dd Dimg tin bdt eir diSu gi neu don gidn la chi vi dieu dd da dupc ndi va nhieu ngudi don dgi Dimg tin bdt cii diSu gi nSu don gidn vi cdc dieu dd dya tren tham quyen ciia thay cd gido hogc nhiing ngudi ldn todi ban ban" (Dirc Phat Thich Ca), hoac: "Tdi nghe vd tdi sS quen di Tdi thdy va tdi se nhd Tdi hanh ddng va tdi se hieu" (Khdng Tu) Nhiing to todng la nhiing to todng manh nha, khdi ngudn cho nhiing gia tri vd phdra chat cua tu phdn bien - HiSu dupe ket ndi logic giGa cde y todng - Xdc dinh, xay dyng vd danh gid cdc lap lugn - Phdt hien cac mdu thudn va sai Idra phd bien thudng gap lap Iuan - Giai quySt vdn de rapt each he thdng - Nhan sir liSn quan va tam quan frpng Clia cdc y todng - Phan xa bien minh ve niSra tin va gia tri cua mdt ngudi/sy vdt/su viec Cy ths, ddi vdi sinh vien dai hpc, dS hinh thdnh nang luc to phdn bien phuc vy qua trinh hpc tap, hp can: - Xdc dinh dupc nhihig van de quan frpng, nhiing van de cdn tranh cai - Biet phan tich, diSn gidi, ddnh gid chat lupng thdng tin thu dupc to ddi tupng - BiSt suy xet nhimg quan diSm khac nhau, biSt danh gid cac gia thuySt, 25 TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 05 - 2017 cac giai phdp khac va dua dupc lap luan, quan diem cua rieng minh Ket qua cudi cimg cua to phdn bien la dua mdt Idi nhdn dinh eua riSng cd nhdn ve vdn dS nao dd, vi vdy, nd Id CO sd dS hinh thdnh nang luc to ddc lap - tiSu chi co ban de ddnh gia mdt ngudi cd khd ndng trd rapt chuySn gia, rapt nhd khoa hpc hay khdng Xem xet ban chdt cua to phan bien frong radi toong quan vdi cdc phuong phdp hpc thudt vd phuong phap giai quySt vdn dS, cd thS thdy su gdn gui ciia nd vdi mot sd phuang phdp to khdc nhu: phuang phap danh gia muc tieu, qua frinh dgy hpc cua Bloora (Thang cap dp to Bloom); phuong phdp "Sdu chiec ndn to duy"; phuong phap "Ddng ndo"; phuong phap "Bdn dd to duy"; "So dd Ishikawa" va mdt sd phuong phap khdc Su cdn thiet ciia tu phdn bien hpc tap dgi hgc 3.1 Xudt pkdt tir vai trb cua tw phdn bi$n Triet gia ngudi Phap J.J Rousseau cho rang: "Neu chi nhao nan ngudi theo nhat mdt frgng thai thi se trd nSn vd dyng trudc mpi tinh hudng khdc" [4], vd nSu tinh ndng ddng vd ndng lyc to sang tgo bj thui chpt, ngudi/sinh vien chi biSt lam theo nhirng chi dgo, hudng ddn sdn cd thi chung ta se cd nhihig ngudi dS phyc tiing, lam theo, ndi theo, nhin sy viec ISSN 2354-1482 bdng mdt cua ngudi khdc, danh mdt to ddc lap, suy nghT vd hanh dpng bdng cdi ddu cua ngudi khac, xa la vdi ySu cau cudc sdng Ngupc lai, to phdn bien se raang lgi nhieu loi ieh hpc tap, cdng viee ldn cudc sdng eiia ngudi nhd kha ndng giai quyet van dS, suy nghT mdt cdch thdu dao, sang tgo, giam thieu kha nang sai lam frong viec dua quySt dinh 3.2 Xudt pkdt tir yiu cdu cua khu vwc kda, todn cau koa Kha nang tu phdn bien Id mpt phdn khdng the thieu ciia qud trinh toan cau hda, qudc te hda Thdm chi, nd cdn cd kha nang anh hudng mang tinh quyet dinh ddn kSt qua eiia qua trinh todn cdu hda, qude tS hda Parker, Ninomiya vd Cogan (1999) da rad td mdt sd ky nang ma cdc cdng dan can phdi cd de giai quySt cac vdn de mang tinh todn cdu [5]: - Cd kha ndng xem xet vd tiSp cdn cac vdn de nhu rapt thdnh viSn cua mOt xa hdi mang tinh toan cdu; - Cd kha ndng lam viec vdi cac viSn khdc mdt each hpp tac va tu chiu frach nhiem ddi vdi vai frd, nhiem vy cua minh ttong mdt xa hdi; - Cd khd nang thdu hiSu, chdp nhdn, danh gid eao vd kiSn nhan ddi vdi cdc khac biet vS van hda; - Cd khd nang suy nghT, can nhdc (ed phan xet va cd h? thdng); TAP c m KHOA HOC - DAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 05 - 2017 - Cd thiSn chi gidi quySt radu tiiuan khdng bgo luc; - Cd thien chi vd cd kha nang tham gia vao cac su kien chinh fri d cdp dia phuong, cap nha nudc va cap qudc tS; - Cd thien chi thay ddi ldi sdng va thdi quen tieu dung dS bdo ve mdi trudng; - Nhgy cdra ddi vdi cac vdn dS vd bdo ve quySn ngudi Nhiing tiSu chi cdng dan toan cdu cho thay ehiing cd nhieu diSra toong ddng vdi cac tiSu chuan ddu cua nhiSu nganh nghe ddo tgo ttong cac trudng dgi hpc d Viet Nam Trong xu the qudc te hda hien nay, Viet Nam ciing khdng thS tdch biet khdi ddng chdy cua su phdt ttiSn va hdi nhap Vi vay, de tien hanh thdnh cdng qua trinh hdi nhdp qudc te, nen giao due ciia nudc ta khdng chi xdy dung chuan ddu theo nhu cdu ciia tung nganh, nghS cua nen kinh tS - xa hpi qudc gia ma can phdi xdy dyng nhirng tiSu chi dau phu hpp vdi tiSu chi chung cua thS gidi 3.3 Xudt pkdt tir yiu edu cua qud trink kgc tap bgc dgi kgc Trong mdi trudng hpc tap truySn thdng, bai gidng ciia giao vien thudng tap tnmg chu yeu vao ndi dung vd kien thiic cua bai hpc, radn hpc Trong hoan cdnh dd, ngudi giao viSn ddng vai frd trung tdm Mpi kiSn thiic truySn dat tir ngudi thdy dupc xem la diing dan, la "chdn ly", ngudi hpc gan nhu khdng dupc phdn bien de hieu todng tan vd tu minh kiSra chiing van de kien thiic ISSN 2354-1482 Nhiing ndm gdn day, xu hudng giao due da thay ddi Nhieu he thdng gido due tien tidn da thyc hdnh phat huy vai frd trung tdm cua ngudi hpc, tao diSu kien thudn lpi cho ngudi hpc tham gia ti'ch eye vao bai, chu ddng ITnh hdi kiSn thiic Ngudi hpc/sinh viSn dd dan quen vdi viec lat nguoc lgi van dS, dat cau hdi vS cac hien toong va ban chdt cua khoa hpc, kinh te - xa hdi ciing nhu cdch ling dung Iy thuySt vao thyc tien hpc tap, sinh hogt, nghe nghiep Viec thay ddi xu hudng va phuang phap dao tgo nhu fren da dupc nganh giao dye Viet Nam hudng iing tich cue ttong khoang raudi nam frd Igi day Ngoai viec thay ddi phuang phap giang day, nhiSu trudng dai hpc da chinh tinic dua vao chuong trinh dao tgo tat cd cdc ngdnh nhiing hpc phdn vdi tSn gpi cu thS nhu: Tu phan bien, Tu phS phdn, Tu bien Iuan ling dyng Sinh viSn se dupc trang bi each hpc, each ung xii, each to tiuy, each lap luan hieu qua, chuySn nghiep ttong mdi trudng hpc tap, nghiSn ciiu d dgi hpc, sau dgi hpc ciing nhu chudn bi cho thuc hdnh nghS nghiep sau trudng Mgt so phuong phdp r^n luyen tu phan bien cho sinh vien 4.1 Ddn ddt sinh viin ddt cdu koi theo loi tw phdn biin Cau hdi theo Idi to phan bien Id dang cdu hdi cd the khai thdc thdng tin day du, da dien, he thdng ma qua dd TAP CHI KHOA HOC - DAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 05 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 ngudi ta thudng bat dau bdng cdc tu dS hdi nhu: What? (Gi/Cdi gi), Why? (Tgi sao) Where? (0 dau) When? (Khi ndo) Who? (Vdi ai) va How (Nhu thS ndo/Ldra thS nao) ngudi dupc hdi se tiSp nhdn vdn de mdt each sau sac nhat va todn dien nhdt Tren thyc tS, ky thudt dgt cdu hdi to "5W - IH" Id ky thudt dupc sii dung rdng rai vd dS ddng nhdt De hiSu ban chat mpt vdn dS/hien toong Hinh 1: Ky thugt ddt cdu hdi tu WIH (Ngudn;http://seokool.cora/cach-viet-bai-seo-theo-tieu-chi-5w hi) Vdi mdi viSn se dupc rdng cdu hdi muc dp khdc chang ban: tir de hdi nhu vdy, sinh hudng ddn trien khai md theo cac chieu hudng va xoay quanh vdn dS, Hogc v&i "How? ", cdu hdi cd the Id: - Dinh luat ap dyng nhu thS ndo? -Ndi dung nSn bdt ddu nhu the ndo? - Dy dn se tieu tdn bao nhiSu? V&i "What? " cdc cdu hdi dgt cd thi bao gdm: - Cde sy kien vd nhan vdt frong cudn tiSu thuyet ndy dupc ket ndi nhu the ndo? - Cai dd Id gi? - DiSn biSn tiSp theo cua ndi dung ndy nSn nhu thS nao? - Nd dS cap dSn van dS gi? - Nd cd y nghia gi? Nhin chung, tiiy vao vdn de hay linh vyc nghiSn ciru md 5W1H cd thS dupe vdn dyng linh boat khac Trong qud trinh triSn khai lam rd van de, ngudi hpc cdn dupc khuyen khich dua nhirng suy nghT ddc lap, ddt cdc logi cdu hdi khdc trudc mdt vdn de - KS tiSp sy kien ndy, thi edi gi khac xay ra? - Cudn sach ndy trinh bay vdn dS gi? - Bdi hpc ndy trinh bay vdn dS gi? - Cd nhiing gi khdc cd liSn quan? 28 TAP CHI KHOA HOC - DAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 05 - 2017 hdi tiling frpng tdm, diing chd, diing liic; duoc khuyen khich dua nhdn xet ca nhan, xet doan hodc danh gia van de; chu ddng gidi thich ly do, lap ludn, chiing minh eho quan diem ciia rainh; nhin nhan van de da chiSu, va cd khd nang dua nhung dan chiing thuySt phuc vS vdn dS 4.2 Khuyin khich, tgo diiu kiin cko sinh vien thw&ng xuyen dgng ndo VS CO ban, frong mdi trudng hpc tap phuong phap ddng nao se giup chiing ta trieu tap dupc nhieu y kiSn tii nhieu bd nao khdc frong mpt thdi gian ngdn dS cimg giai quyet mdt van dS Phuong phdp ndy dupc thS hien qua cdc hogt ddng thao Iuan, Iam viec nhdra Trong phuong phdp nay, ngudi hpc can dupc khuySn khich dua duoc cdng nhiSu y todng cang tdt, se khdng cd sy gidi hgn y todng (cd thS cd nhung y todng dien rd, ky quae) hoac binh phara, chS bai y todng Viec tim "con Idc" cac y todng mdi chi la budc khdi ddu ciia qua trinh dpng ndo Cac y todng sau sS dupc lupc lgi (xda bd nhirng y todng hodn todn khdng phii hpp vd khdng liSn quan; gdp cdc y todng cd sy toang ddng, toong ty ) vd bdt ddu dupc danh gid de tira kiSra vd chpn lya y todng hodn hao nhat Qua trinh se giiip ngudi hpc ty to vd to theo nhdra, giiip hp cd cai nhin khach quan va todn dien hon ve vdn dS de chpn lua mdt dap dn chinh xdc va phu hop nhdt ISSN 2354-1482 4.3 Lua chgn vd tkw&ng xuyen sw dung cde phwang pkdp, ky thu^t dgy hgc Ung dyng thang cap dp to duy, phuong phdp Bdn dd to duy, ky thuat "Sau chiec ndn to duy", phuang phdp "Nam ngudn lye", so "Xuong ca" phil hpp de ren luyen ky nang to phdn bien ttong sinh vien Day Id nhung phuong phap, ky thuat day hpc khdng the bd qua hogc xem nhe frong giang day dai hpc Cdc phuong phap cd ths dupc su dyng khd Iinh hogt, dS dang nhung lgi dem lgi hieu qud cao frong hpc tap, tgo hiing thii va giup ngudi hpc cd khd nang phdt hien vdn dS, nhin nhdn van dS dudi nhung gdc dp khdc nhau, giiip ngudi hpc hS thdng hda thdng tin thu thgp dupe dS tir ddnh gia, chpn Ipc va quyet dinh van de nhdn thiic rapt each khoa hpc, bai bdn nhdt Cdc phuang phap, ky thuat cung cap cho sinh viSn nhiing kiSn thiic co ban dS sinh vien nang cao kha nang thuc hanh, van dyng hpc tap, nghien ciiu, lam viec va thara chi ca cudc sdng ciia hp KSt luan Trudc yeu cau cua su phdt triSn, cac trudng dai hpc can dao tgo nhiing cdng dan todn cdu vdi day du phdra chdt vd nang Iuc theo nhiing gia tri chung Dieu ddi hdi ngudi giang viSn ngodi viee cung cdp kiSn thiic chuySn ngdnh can cd kha nang kSt hpp cac phuong phap gidng day, ky ndng ddn ddt, dinh hudng cho ngudi hpc biSt to TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC DONO NAI, SO 05 - 2017 phan bien cac v&i de sinh hpc tap, lam viec va doi s6ng xa hpi Nhimg h6 trp tir phia giang vien se giiip sinh vien dinh huong va hmh tinh tu hpc, tu ren luyen ban than va khong ngimg tim toi, hpc hoi Mac du hieu qua viec tu hpc cua sinh ISSN 2354-1482 vien la ban than mSi sinh vi6n quyjt dinh song d6i vcji mpt he thong giao due tot thi viec dinh huong va hS trp sinh vien la viec lam cSn thiSt, dac biet la viec cung cap cho sinh vien nhimg ky nang tu mang tinh phan bien TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Duong Thi Hoang Oanh, Nguyin Xuan Dat (2005), Gido trinh Tu bien luan ling dung, Nha xuSt ban Dai hpc Qu6c gia TP Ho Chi Minh http://w\vw.lypham.net/?p=l 110 www.thesaigontimes.vnyhome/diendan/ykien/41544/ Bui Loan Thuy, Pham Dinh Nghiem (2012), Gido trinh Ky ndng tu phan bien vd ky ndng gidi quyet van de, UEF Dirong Phuc Ty (2015), Sinh vien hoc thi ndo di cong, Nha xuit ban Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi ON CRITICAL THINKING IN COLLEGE EDUCATION ABSTRACT Unlike vocational training that purely provides knowledge and professional practice skills, higher education is the education level of training high quality human resources The output of higher education must fiilly meet the criteria of knowledge, cognitive ability, self-control ability, skills, attitudes and responsibilities To achieve such outcomes, it requires students to be capable of critical thinking in the training process Critical thinking capability has a decisive impact on the effectiveness of educational activities, the learning outcomes of students, faculty and researchers, and global education environment With the special importance of the problem, the article aims to clarify the role, necessity and some practices of critical thinking for students Keywords: Critical thinking: argumentation; umversity: student: competence (Received; 20/04/2017, Revised: 10/05/2017, Accepted for publication: 24/07/2017) 30 ... sw dung cde phwang pkdp, ky thu^t dgy hgc Ung dyng thang cap dp to duy, phuong phdp Bdn dd to duy, ky thuat "Sau chiec ndn to duy" , phuang phdp "Nam ngudn lye", so "Xuong ca" phil hpp de ren... qud trink kgc tap bgc dgi kgc Trong mdi trudng hpc tap truySn thdng, bai gidng ciia giao vien thudng tap tnmg chu yeu vao ndi dung vd kien thiic cua bai hpc, radn hpc Trong hoan cdnh dd, ngudi giao... hpc cua Bloora (Thang cap dp to Bloom); phuong phdp "Sdu chiec ndn to duy" ; phuong phap "Ddng ndo"; phuong phap "Bdn dd to duy" ; "So dd Ishikawa" va mdt sd phuong phap khdc Su cdn thiet ciia tu