Part 1 of ebook Nematodes as biocontrol agents provide readers with content about: nematode morphology and taxonomy; morphology and systematics of nematodes used in biocontrol; entomopathogenic nematodes; biology and behaviour; mass production; formulation and quality; application technology; forum on safety and regulation; lawn, turfgrass and pasture applications; glasshouse applications; nursery and tree applications; mushroom applications; orchard applications;...
Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents This page intentionally left blank Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents Edited by Parwinder S Grewal Department of Entomology Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio USA Ralf-Udo Ehlers Department of Biotechnology and Biological Control Institute for Phytopathology Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Raisdorf Germany David I Shapiro-Ilan United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, Georgia USA CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CAB International Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: ỵ44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: ỵ44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org CABI Publishing 875 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Tel: ỵ1 617 395 4056 Fax: ỵ1 617 354 6875 E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org ò CAB International 2005 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nematodes as biocontrol agents / edited by Parwinder S Grewal, RalfUdo Ehlers, David I Shapiro-Ilan p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-85199-017-7 (alk paper) Nematoda as biological pest control agents I Grewal, Parwinder S II Ehlers, Ralf-Udo III Shaprio-Ilan, David I SB976.N46N46 2005 632’.96–dc22 2004030022 ISBN 85199 0177 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn This volume is dedicated to Dr Harry K Kaya in recognition of his numerous contributions to insect pathology His early contributions to the ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes provided a solid foundation for the development of application strategies for use of nematodes in insect biocontrol Dr Kaya has co-edited four books on entomopathogenic nematodes and insect pathology/biological control and co-authored a book on insect pathology He has published more than 230 research papers on the ecology and application of insect nematodes and other pathogens and is one of the co-founding editors of the journal Biological Control His outstanding leadership and scholarly accomplishments, spanning nearly three decades, have played a key role in expanding research and application in insect nematology to laboratories and industries around the world This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xi Preface xv Glossary of Terms PART I NEMATODE MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY Morphology and Systematics of Nematodes Used in Biocontrol S.P Stock and D.J Hunt PART II ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES xvii 45 Biology and Behaviour C.T Griffin, N.E Boemare and E.E Lewis 47 Mass Production R.-U Ehlers and D.I Shapiro-Ilan 65 Formulation and Quality P.S Grewal and A Peters 79 Application Technology D.J Wright, A Peters, S Schroer and J.P Fife 91 Forum on Safety and Regulation R.-U Ehlers 107 Lawn, Turfgrass and Pasture Applications P.S Grewal, A.M Koppenhoăfer and H.Y Choo 115 Glasshouse Applications M Tomalak, S Piggott and G.B Jagdale 147 Nursery and Tree Applications R.W.H.M Van Tol and M.J Raupp 167 vii viii Contents 10 Mushroom Applications S Jess, H Schweizer and M Kilpatrick 191 11 Orchard Applications D.I Shapiro-Ilan, L.W Duncan, L.A Lacey and R Han 215 12 Soft Fruit Applications R.S Cowles, S Polavarapu, R.N Williams, A Thies and R.-U Ehlers 231 13 Vegetable and Tuber Crop Applications G Be´lair, D.J Wright and G Curto 255 14 Cereal, Fibre, Oilseed and Medicinal Crop Applications H.E Cabanillas, R.J Wright and R.V Vyas 265 15 Forestry Applications P Torr, M.J Wilson and S Heritage 281 16 Applications for the Control of Pests of Humans and Animals I Glazer, M Samish and F.G del Pino 295 17 Applications for Social Insect Control D.H Gouge 317 18 A Systems Approach to Conservation of Nematodes M.E Barbercheck and C.W Hoy 331 19 Interactions with Plant-parasitic Nematodes E.E Lewis and P.S Grewal 349 20 Compatibility and Interactions with Agrochemicals and Other Biocontrol Agents A.M Koppenhoăfer and P.S Grewal 363 PART III 383 ENTOMOPHILIC NEMATODES 21 Application of Beddingia siricidicola for Sirex Woodwasp Control R.A Bedding and E.T Iede 385 22 The Entomophilic Thripinema J Funderburk and K.S Latsha 401 23 Mermithid Nematodes E.G Platzer, B.A Mullens and M.M Shamseldean 411 PART IV 419 SLUG-PARASITIC NEMATODES 24 Biology, Production and Formulation of Slug-parasitic Nematodes M.J Wilson and P.S Grewal 421 25 Application of Slug-parasitic Nematodes A Ester and M.J Wilson 431 PART V 445 PREDATORY NEMATODES 26 Potential of Predatory Nematodes to Control Plant-parasitic Nematodes A.L Bilgrami and C Brey 447 Contents PART VI 27 Potential of Fungal-feeding Nematodes for the Control of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens N Ishibashi PART VII 28 FUNGAL-FEEDING NEMATODES CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Critical Issues and Research Needs for Expanding the Use of Nematodes in Biocontrol P.S Grewal, R.-U Ehlers and D.I Shapiro-Ilan Index ix 465 467 477 479 491 This page intentionally left blank ... Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: ỵ44 (0 )14 91 83 211 1 Fax: ỵ44 (0 )14 91 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org CABI Publishing 875 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor Cambridge, MA 0 213 9 USA... K.S Latsha 4 01 23 Mermithid Nematodes E.G Platzer, B.A Mullens and M.M Shamseldean 411 PART IV 419 SLUG-PARASITIC NEMATODES 24 Biology, Production and Formulation of Slug-parasitic Nematodes M.J... P.S Grewal 4 21 25 Application of Slug-parasitic Nematodes A Ester and M.J Wilson 4 31 PART V 445 PREDATORY NEMATODES 26 Potential of Predatory Nematodes to Control Plant-parasitic Nematodes A.L