Part 1 of ebook Plant Nematology (2nd edition) provide readers with content about: taxonomy, systematics and principal genera; structure and classification; molecular systematics; root-knot nematodes; cyst nematodes; migratory endoparasitic nematodes; migratory endoparasitic nematodes; nematode biology and plant–nematode interactions; reproduction, physiology and biochemistry;...
Plant Nematology 2nd Edition To Clare and Monique, with thanks for their patience and support during the preparation of this second edition Plant Nematology 2nd Edition Edited by Roland N Perry Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, UK and Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium and Maurice Moens Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium and Laboratory for Agrozoology, Ghent University, Belgium CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: info@cabi.org Website: www.cabi.org CABI 38 Chauncey Street Suite 1002 Boston, MA 02111 USA Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org © CAB International 2013 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plant nematology / edited by Roland N Perry, Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK, and Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, and Maurice Moens, Agricultural Research Centre, Burg., Merelbeke, Belgium and Laboratory for Agrozoology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Second edition p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-78064-151-5 (hbk : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-78064-153-9 (pbk : alk paper) Plant nematodes Nematode diseases of plants I Perry, Roland N II Moens, Maurice SB998.N4P56 2013 632'.6257 dc23 2013021167 ISBN: 978 78064 151 (hardback) 978 78064 153 (paperback) Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Editorial assistant: Emma McCann Production editor: Tracy Head Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound by Gutenberg Press Ltd, Tarxien, Malta Contents The Editors xi Contributors xv Preface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi PART I TAXONOMY, SYSTEMATICS AND PRINCIPAL GENERA Structure and Classification Wilfrida Decraemer and David J Hunt 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Morphology 1.3 Life Cycle Stages 1.4 Feeding Groups 1.5 Classification of Plant-parasitic Nematodes 1.6 Common Morphometric Abbreviations 3 29 31 32 37 Molecular Systematics Sergei A Subbotin, Lieven Waeyenberge and Maurice Moens 2.1 Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics 2.2 Species Concepts and Delimiting Species in Nematology 2.3 Phylogenetics and Classification 2.4 Molecular Techniques 2.5 Genes used for Molecular Systematics 2.6 Microsatellites 2.7 DNA Bar Coding 2.8 Phylogenetic Inference 2.9 Reconstruction of Historical Associations 2.10 Databases 2.11 Examples of Molecular Phylogenies 40 Root-knot Nematodes Gerrit Karssen, Wim Wesemael and Maurice Moens 3.1 Introduction to Root-knot Nematodes 3.2 Life Cycle and Behaviour 3.3 Host Response to Parasitism 3.4 Post-infection Biology 3.5 Effect on Plant Growth and Yield 3.6 Survival 73 41 42 43 44 52 57 57 57 62 63 64 74 74 77 80 82 83 v 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Cytogenetics General Morphology Principal Species Biochemical and Molecular Identification Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens Management and Control 84 84 91 102 103 105 Cyst Nematodes Susan J Turner and Sergei A Subbotin 4.1 Introduction to Cyst Nematodes 4.2 Life Cycle and Behaviour 4.3 General Morphology of the Subfamily Heteroderinae 4.4 Genera and Principal Species 4.5 Pathotypes and Races 4.6 Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis 4.7 Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens 4.8 Management 109 Migratory Endoparasitic Nematodes Larry W Duncan and Maurice Moens 5.1 Introduction to Migratory Endoparasitic Nematodes 5.2 The Pratylenchids: Lesion, Burrowing and Rice Root Nematodes 5.3 Anguinids and the Stem and Bulb Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci 5.4 Plant-parasitic Aphelenchs 144 Ectoparasitic Nematodes Wilfrida Decraemer and Etienne Geraert 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definition of Ectoparasites/Ectoparasitism 6.3 Classification 6.4 Tylenchina (Chromadorea, Chromadoria) 6.5 Enoplea 6.6 Biochemical and Molecular Diagnostics 6.7 Ectoparasitic Nematodes as Vectors of Plant Viruses 6.8 Management 110 111 116 120 135 137 139 141 145 146 162 166 179 180 180 181 181 193 212 213 214 PART II NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PLANT–NEMATODE INTERACTIONS Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry Roland N Perry, Denis J Wright and David J Chitwood 7.1 Reproduction and Development 7.2 Musculature and Neurobiology 7.3 Biosynthesis 7.4 Respiration and Intermediary Metabolism 7.5 Osmotic and Ionic Regulation and Excretion 7.6 Survival Strategies vi 219 220 224 227 230 233 235 Contents Behaviour and Sensory Perception Roland N Perry and Rosane H.C Curtis 8.1 Sense Organs or Sensilla 8.2 Undulatory Propulsion 8.3 Random Movement 8.4 Movement in Response to Stimuli 8.5 Nematode Feeding and Movement within Plant Tissue 8.6 Other Types of Movement and Behaviour Molecular Aspects of Plant–Nematode Interactions Godelieve Gheysen and John T Jones 9.1 Nematode Parasitism of Plants 9.2 Invasion and Migration 9.3 Wound and Defence Responses of the Plant 9.4 Suppression of Host Defences and Protection from Host Responses 9.5 Molecular and Cellular Aspects of the Development of Nematode Feeding Cells 9.6 Nematode Signals for Feeding Site Induction and Other Processes 9.7 Comparisons Between Cyst and Root-knot Nematodes 9.8 Resistance and Avirulence Genes PART III 10 11 12 246 247 249 255 259 266 273 274 275 277 281 283 285 292 295 296 QUANTITATIVE NEMATOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Plant Growth and Population Dynamics Corrie H Schomaker and Thomas H Been 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Relationships of Nematodes with Plants 10.3 Predictors of Yield Reduction 10.4 Different Response Variables of Nematodes 10.5 Stem Nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci) 10.6 Root-invading Nematodes 10.7 Effect of Nematicides 10.8 Validation of the Model 10.9 Population Dynamics 301 Distribution Patterns and Sampling Thomas H Been and Corrie H Schomaker 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Practical Application 11.3 Horizontal Distribution 11.4 Vertical Distribution 331 International Plant Health – Putting Legislation into Practice Sue Hockland, Renato N Inserra and Lisa M Kohl 12.1 Introduction and Terminology 12.2 Historical Considerations 12.3 International Phytosanitary Frameworks 359 Contents 302 302 303 305 305 307 319 321 322 331 332 333 356 360 362 364 vii 12.4 Early Legislation Enacted against Plant-parasitic Nematodes 12.5 International Phytosanitary Initiatives against Plant-parasitic Nematodes 12.6 Phytosanitary Problems Posed by Plant-parasitic Nematodes 12.7 Determining the Risk Posed by Plant-parasitic Nematodes Using Pest Risk Analysis 12.8 Phytosanitary Measures for Plant-parasitic Nematodes 12.9 Phytosanitary Measures and their Associated Cost: Benefits 12.10 Future Challenges for the Control of Regulated Nematodes 12.11 Challenges Facing Scientific Advisers and Researchers 13 14 15 viii Biological and Cultural Management Nicole Viaene, Danny L Coyne and Keith G Davies 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Suppressive Soils 13.3 Biological Control Agents 13.4 Interactions with Rhizosphere Microflora 13.5 Application of Biological Control Agents 13.6 Integration of Biological Control with Other Control Measures 13.7 Nematode-free Planting Material 13.8 Sanitation 13.9 Physical Soil Treatments 13.10 Biologically based Practices 13.11 Amendments 13.12 Time of Planting 13.13 Other Control Practices Nematode Resistance in Crops James L Starr, Alexander H McDonald and Abiodun O Claudius-Cole 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Concepts of Resistance 14.3 Inheritance and Mechanisms of Resistance 14.4 Virulence in Nematodes 14.5 Origins and Functions 14.6 Exploitation 14.7 Successes and Opportunities Genetic Engineering for Resistance Amanda Cottage and Peter Urwin 15.1 Genetic Engineering for Resistance: General Introduction 15.2 Genetic Engineering for Nematode Resistance: Use of Natural Resistances 15.3 Targets in the Early Nematode–Plant Interaction for Engineered Resistance 15.4 Genetic Engineering to Target the Nematode Directly 15.5 Targeting the Nematode Feeding Site 366 367 370 370 373 375 378 379 383 384 385 386 394 395 397 399 401 402 405 408 410 410 411 411 412 414 418 423 424 434 437 438 439 442 444 450 Contents 15.6 Stacked Defences 15.7 The Research Approach to Engineering Nematode Resistance 15.8 The Future 16 Chemical Control of Nematodes Patrick P.J Haydock, Simon R Woods, Ivan G Grove and Martin C Hare 16.1 History and Development of Nematicides 16.2 Active Substances: Chemical Groups and Modes of Action 16.3 Formulation and Application 16.4 Nematicides in the Environment 16.5 Human Safety 16.6 Naturally Occurring Nematicides 457 457 458 459 459 463 464 471 475 477 References 481 Glossary 523 Index 533 Contents ix ... Nematodes as Vectors of Plant Viruses 6.8 Management 11 0 11 1 11 6 12 0 13 5 13 7 13 9 14 1 14 5 14 6 16 2 16 6 17 9 18 0 18 0 18 1 18 1 19 3 212 213 214 PART II NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PLANT? ??NEMATODE INTERACTIONS... Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0 )14 91 83 211 1 Fax: +44 (0 )14 91 833508 E-mail: info@cabi.org Website: www.cabi.org CABI 38 Chauncey Street Suite 10 02 Boston, MA 0 211 1 USA Tel: +1 800 552 3083... Measures 13 .7 Nematode-free Planting Material 13 .8 Sanitation 13 .9 Physical Soil Treatments 13 .10 Biologically based Practices 13 .11 Amendments 13 .12 Time of Planting 13 .13 Other Control Practices