(BQ) Part 2 book Mobile communications has contents: Mobile network layer, mobile transport layer, support for mobility, outlook, the architecture of future networks, references, wireless application protocol.
09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 303 Mobile network layer his chapter introduces protocols and mechanisms developed for the network layer to support mobility The most prominent example is Mobile IP, discussed in the first section, which adds mobility support to the internet network layer protocol IP While systems like GSM have been designed with mobility in mind, the internet started at a time when no one had thought of mobile computers Today’s internet lacks any mechanisms to support users traveling around the world IP is the common base for thousands of applications and runs over dozens of different networks This is the reason for supporting mobility at the IP layer; mobile phone systems, for example, cannot offer this type of mobility for heterogeneous networks To merge the world of mobile phones with the internet and to support mobility in the small more efficiently, so-called micro mobility protocols have been developed Another kind of mobility, portability of equipment, is supported by the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) presented in section 8.2 In former times, computers did not often change their location Today, due to laptops or notebooks, students show up at a university with their computers, and want to plug them in or use wireless access A network administrator does not want to configure dozens of computers every day or hand out lists of valid IP addresses, DNS servers, subnet prefixes, default routers etc DHCP sets in at this point to support automatic configuration of computers The chapter concludes with a look at ad-hoc networks in combination with the network layer This is a fast-growing field of research with standards that are unclear as yet How can routing be done in a dynamic network with permanent changes in connectivity? What if there are no dedicated routers or databases telling us where a node currently is? The last section deals with some approaches offering routing by extending standard algorithms known from the internet Knowledge of the current situation of the physical medium or of the current location can be utilized T 303 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 304 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 304 Mobile communications 8.1 Mobile IP The following gives an overall view of Mobile IP, and the extensions needed for the internet to support the mobility of hosts A good reference for the original standard (RFC 2002, Perkins, 1996a) is Perkins (1997) and Solomon (1998) which describe the development of mobile IP, all packet formats, mechanisms, discussions of the protocol and alternatives etc in detail The new version of Mobile IP does not involve major changes in the basic architecture but corrects some minor problems (RFC 3344, Perkins, 2002) The following material requires some familiarity with Internet protocols, especially IP A very good overview which includes detailed descriptions of classical Internet protocols is given in Stevens (1994) Many new approaches related to Internet protocols, applications, and architectures can be found in Kurose (2003) 8.1.1 Goals, assumptions and requirements As shown in chapter 1, mobile computing is clearly the paradigm of the future The internet is the network for global data communication with hundreds of millions of users So why not simply use a mobile computer in the internet? The reason is quite simple: you will not receive a single packet as soon as you leave your home network, i.e., the network your computer is configured for, and reconnect your computer (wireless or wired) at another place (if no additional mechanisms are available) The reason for this is quite simple if you consider routing mechanisms on the internet A host sends an IP packet with the header containing a destination address with other fields The destination address not only determines the receiver of the packet, but also the physical subnet of the receiver For example, the destination address 129.13.42.99 shows that the receiver must be connected to the physical subnet with the network prefix 129.13.42 (unless CIDR is used, RFC 1519, Fuller, 1993) Routers in the internet now look at the destination addresses of incoming packets and forward them according to internal look-up tables To avoid an explosion of routing tables, only prefixes are stored and further optimizations are applied A router would otherwise have to store the addresses of all computers in the internet, which is obviously not feasible As long as the receiver can be reached within its physical subnet, it gets the packets; as soon as it moves outside the subnet, a packet will not reach it A host needs a so-called topologically correct address 8.1.1.1 Quick ‘solutions’ One might think that a quick solution to this problem would be to assign to the computer a new, topologically correct IP address This is what many users with the help of DHCP (see section 8.2) So moving to a new location would mean assigning a new IP address The problem is that nobody knows about this new address It is almost impossible to find a (mobile) host on the internet which has just changed its address 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 305 Mobile network layer One could argue that with the help of dynamic DNS (DDNS, RFC 2136, Vixie, 1997) an update of the mapping logical name – IP address is possible This is what many computer users if they have a dynamic IP address and still want to be permanently reachable using the same logical computer name It is important to note that these considerations, indeed most of mobile IP’s motivation, are important if a user wants to offer services from a mobile node, i.e., the node should act as server Typically, the IP address is of no special interest for service usage: in this case DHCP is sufficient Another motivation for permanent IP addresses is emergency communication with permanent and quick reachability via the same IP address So what about dynamically adapting the IP address with regard to the current location? The problem is that the domain name system (DNS) needs some time before it updates the internal tables necessary to map a logical name to an IP address This approach does not work if the mobile node moves quite often The internet and DNS have not been built for frequent updates Just imagine millions of nodes moving at the same time DNS could never present a consistent view of names and addresses, as it uses caching to improve scalability It is simply too expensive to update quickly There is a severe problem with higher layer protocols like TCP which rely on IP addresses Changing the IP address while still having a TCP connection open means breaking the connection A TCP connection is identified by the tuple (source IP address, source port, destination IP address, destination port), also known as a socket pair (a socket consists of address and port) Therefore, a TCP connection cannot survive any address change Breaking TCP connections is not an option, using even simple programs like telnet would be impossible The mobile node would also have to notify all communication partners about the new address Another approach is the creation of specific routes to the mobile node Routers always choose the best-fitting prefix for the routing decision If a router now has an entry for a prefix 129.13.42 and an address 129.13.42.99, it would choose the port associated with the latter for forwarding, if a packet with the destination address 129.13.42.99 comes in While it is theoretically possible to change routing tables all over the world to create specific routes to a mobile node, this does not scale at all with the number of nodes in the internet Routers are built for extremely fast forwarding, but not for fast updates of routing tables While the first is done with special hardware support, the latter is typically a piece of software which cannot handle the burden of frequent updates Routers are the ‘brains’ of the internet, holding the whole net together No service provider or system administrator would allow changes to the routing tables, probably sacrificing stability, just to provide mobility for individual users 8.1.1.2 Requirements Since the quick ‘solutions’ obviously did not work, a more general architecture had to be designed Many field trials and proprietary systems finally led to mobile IP as a standard to enable mobility in the internet Several requirements accompanied the development of the standard: 305 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 306 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 306 Mobile communications ● ● ● Compatibility: The installed base of Internet computers, i.e., computers running TCP/IP and connected to the internet, is huge A new standard cannot introduce changes for applications or network protocols already in use People still want to use their favorite browser for www and not want to change applications just for mobility, the same holds for operating systems Mobile IP has to be integrated into existing operating systems or at least work with them (today it is available for many platforms) Routers within the internet should not necessarily require other software While it is possible to enhance the capabilities of some routers to support mobility, it is almost impossible to change all of them Mobile IP has to remain compatible with all lower layers used for the standard, non-mobile, IP Mobile IP must not require special media or MAC/LLC protocols, so it must use the same interfaces and mechanisms to access the lower layers as IP does Finally, end-systems enhanced with a mobile IP implementation should still be able to communicate with fixed systems without mobile IP Mobile IP has to ensure that users can still access all the other servers and systems in the internet But that implies using the same address format and routing mechanisms Transparency: Mobility should remain ‘invisible’ for many higher layer protocols and applications Besides maybe noticing a lower bandwidth and some interruption in service, higher layers should continue to work even if the mobile computer has changed its point of attachment to the network For TCP this means that the computer must keep its IP address as explained above If the interruption of the connectivity does not take too long, TCP connections survive the change of the attachment point Problems related to the performance of TCP are discussed in chapter Clearly, many of today’s applications have not been designed for use in mobile environments, so the only effects of mobility should be a higher delay and lower bandwidth However, there are some applications for which it is better to be ‘mobility aware’ Examples are cost-based routing or video compression Knowing that it is currently possible to use different networks, the software could choose the cheapest one Or if a video application knows that only a low bandwidth connection is currently available, it could use a different compression scheme Additional mechanisms are necessary to inform these applications about mobility (Brewer, 1998) Scalability and efficiency: Introducing a new mechanism to the internet must not jeopardize its efficiency Enhancing IP for mobility must not generate too many new messages flooding the whole network Special care has to be taken considering the lower bandwidth of wireless links Many mobile systems will have a wireless link to an attachment point, so only some additional packets should be necessary between a mobile system and a node in the network Looking at the number of computers connected to the internet and at the growth rates of mobile communication, it is clear that myriad devices will participate in the internet as mobile components Just 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 307 Mobile network layer ● 307 think of cars, trucks, mobile phones, every seat in every plane around the world etc – many of them will have some IP implementation inside and move between different networks and require mobile IP It is crucial for a mobile IP to be scalable over a large number of participants in the whole internet, worldwide Security: Mobility poses many security problems The minimum requirement is that of all the messages related to the management of Mobile IP are authenticated The IP layer must be sure that if it forwards a packet to a mobile host that this host receives the packet The IP layer can only guarantee that the IP address of the receiver is correct There are no ways of preventing fake IP addresses or other attacks According to Internet philosophy, this is left to higher layers (keep the core of the internet simple, push more complex services to the edge) The goal of a mobile IP can be summarized as: ‘supporting end-system mobility while maintaining scalability, efficiency, and compatibility in all respects with existing applications and Internet protocols’ 8.1.2 Entities and terminology The following defines several entities and terms needed to understand mobile IP as defined in RFC 3344 (Perkins, 2002; was: RFC 2002, Perkins, 1996a) Figure 8.1 illustrates an example scenario ● Mobile node (MN): A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point of attachment to the internet using mobile IP The MN keeps its IP address and can continuously communicate with any other system in the internet as long as link-layer connectivity is given Mobile nodes are not necessarily small devices such as laptops with antennas or mobile phones; a router onboard an aircraft can be a powerful mobile node Figure 8.1 Mobile IP example network COA Home network Router HA Router FA MN Foreign network Internet CN Router 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 308 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 308 Mobile communications ● ● ● ● ● ● Correspondent node (CN): At least one partner is needed for communication In the following the CN represents this partner for the MN The CN can be a fixed or mobile node Home network: The home network is the subnet the MN belongs to with respect to its IP address No mobile IP support is needed within the home network Foreign network: The foreign network is the current subnet the MN visits and which is not the home network Foreign agent (FA): The FA can provide several services to the MN during its visit to the foreign network The FA can have the COA (defined below), acting as tunnel endpoint and forwarding packets to the MN The FA can be the default router for the MN FAs can also provide security services because they belong to the foreign network as opposed to the MN which is only visiting For mobile IP functioning, FAs are not necessarily needed Typically, an FA is implemented on a router for the subnet the MN attaches to Care-of address (COA): The COA defines the current location of the MN from an IP point of view All IP packets sent to the MN are delivered to the COA, not directly to the IP address of the MN Packet delivery toward the MN is done using a tunnel, as explained later To be more precise, the COA marks the tunnel endpoint, i.e., the address where packets exit the tunnel There are two different possibilities for the location of the COA: ● Foreign agent COA: The COA could be located at the FA, i.e., the COA is an IP address of the FA The FA is the tunnel end-point and forwards packets to the MN Many MN using the FA can share this COA as common COA ● Co-located COA: The COA is co-located if the MN temporarily acquired an additional IP address which acts as COA This address is now topologically correct, and the tunnel endpoint is at the MN Co-located addresses can be acquired using services such as DHCP (see section 8.2) One problem associated with this approach is the need for additional addresses if MNs request a COA This is not always a good idea considering the scarcity of IPv4 addresses Home agent (HA): The HA provides several services for the MN and is located in the home network The tunnel for packets toward the MN starts at the HA The HA maintains a location registry, i.e., it is informed of the MN’s location by the current COA Three alternatives for the implementation of an HA exist ● The HA can be implemented on a router that is responsible for the home network This is obviously the best position, because without optimizations to mobile IP, all packets for the MN have to go through the router anyway ● If changing the router’s software is not possible, the HA could also be implemented on an arbitrary node in the subnet One disadvantage of this solution is the double crossing of the router by the packet if the MN is in a foreign network A packet for the MN comes in via the router; the HA sends it through the tunnel which again crosses the router 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 309 Mobile network layer ● 309 Finally, a home network is not necessary at all The HA could be again on the ‘router’ but this time only acting as a manager for MNs belonging to a virtual home network All MNs are always in a foreign network with this solution The example network in Figure 8.1 shows the following situation: A CN is connected via a router to the internet, as are the home network and the foreign network The HA is implemented on the router connecting the home network with the internet, an FA is implemented on the router to the foreign network The MN is currently in the foreign network The tunnel for packets toward the MN starts at the HA and ends at the FA, for the FA has the COA in this example 8.1.3 IP packet delivery Figure 8.2 illustrates packet delivery to and from the MN using the example network of Figure 8.1 A correspondent node CN wants to send an IP packet to the MN One of the requirements of mobile IP was to support hiding the mobility of the MN CN does not need to know anything about the MN’s current location and sends the packet as usual to the IP address of MN (step 1) This means that CN sends an IP packet with MN as a destination address and CN as a source address The internet, not having information on the current location of MN, routes the packet to the router responsible for the home network of MN This is done using the standard routing mechanisms of the internet The HA now intercepts the packet, knowing that MN is currently not in its home network The packet is not forwarded into the subnet as usual, but encapsulated and tunnelled to the COA A new header is put in front of the old IP header showing the COA as new destination and HA as source of the encapsulated packet (step 2) (Tunneling and encapsulation is described in more detail in section 8.1.6.) The foreign agent now decapsulates the packet, i.e., removes the additional header, and forwards the original packet with CN as source and MN as destination to the MN (step 3) Again, for the MN mobility is not visible It receives the packet with the same sender and receiver address as it would have done in the home network Home network Router HA Router FA MN Foreign network Internet CN Router Figure 8.2 Packet delivery to and from the mobile node 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 310 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 310 Mobile communications At first glance, sending packets from the MN to the CN is much simpler; problems are discussed in section 8.1.8 The MN sends the packet as usual with its own fixed IP address as source and CN’s address as destination (step 4) The router with the FA acts as default router and forwards the packet in the same way as it would for any other node in the foreign network As long as CN is a fixed node the remainder is in the fixed internet as usual If CN were also a mobile node residing in a foreign network, the same mechanisms as described in steps through would apply now in the other direction The following sections present some additional mechanisms needed for mobile IP to work, some enhancements to the protocol, and some efficiency and security problems 8.1.4 Agent discovery One initial problem of an MN after moving is how to find a foreign agent How does the MN discover that it has moved? For this purpose mobile IP describes two methods: agent advertisement and agent solicitation, which are in fact router discovery methods plus extensions 8.1.4.1 Agent advertisement For the first method, foreign agents and home agents advertise their presence periodically using special agent advertisement messages These advertisement messages can be seen as a beacon broadcast into the subnet For these advertisements Internet control message protocol (ICMP) messages according to RFC 1256 (Deering, 1991) are used with some mobility extensions Routers in the fixed network implementing this standard also advertise their routing service periodically to the attached links The agent advertisement packet according to RFC 1256 with the extension for mobility is shown in Figure 8.3 The upper part represents the ICMP packet while the lower part is the extension needed for mobility The fields necessary on lower layers for the agent advertisement are not shown in this figure Clearly, mobile nodes must be reached with the appropriate link layer address The TTL field of the IP packet is set to for all advertisements to avoid forwarding them The IP destination address according to standard router advertisements can be either set to 224.0.0.1, which is the multicast address for all systems on a link (Deering, 1989), or to the broadcast address 255.255.255.255 The fields in the ICMP part are defined as follows The type is set to 9, the code can be 0, if the agent also routes traffic from non-mobile nodes, or 16, if it does not route anything other than mobile traffic Foreign agents are at least required to forward packets from the mobile node The number of addresses advertised with this packet is in #addresses while the addresses themselves follow as shown Lifetime denotes the length of time this advertisement is valid Preference levels for each address help a node to choose the router that is the most eager one to get a new node 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 311 Mobile network layer 15 16 23 24 31 type code checksum #addresses addr size lifetime router address preference level router address preference level type = 16 length registration lifetime sequence number R B H F MG r T reserved COA COA The difference compared with standard ICMP advertisements is what happens after the router addresses This extension for mobility has the following fields defined: type is set to 16, length depends on the number of COAs provided with the message and equals + 4*(number of addresses) An agent shows the total number of advertisements sent since initialization in the sequence number By the registration lifetime the agent can specify the maximum lifetime in seconds a node can request during registration as explained in section 8.1.5 The following bits specify the characteristics of an agent in detail The R bit (registration) shows, if a registration with this agent is required even when using a colocated COA at the MN If the agent is currently too busy to accept new registrations it can set the B bit The following two bits denote if the agent offers services as a home agent (H) or foreign agent (F) on the link where the advertisement has been sent Bits M and G specify the method of encapsulation used for the tunnel as explained in section 8.1.6 While IP-in-IP encapsulation is the mandatory standard, M can specify minimal encapsulation and G generic routing encapsulation In the first version of mobile IP (RFC 2002) the V bit specified the use of header compression according to RFC 1144 (Jacobson, 1990) Now the field r at the same bit position is set to zero and must be ignored The new field T indicates that reverse tunneling (see section 8.1.8) is supported by the FA The following fields contain the COAs advertised A foreign agent setting the F bit must advertise at least one COA Further details and special extensions can be found in Perkins (1997) and RFC 3220 A mobile node in a subnet can now receive agent advertisements from either its home agent or a foreign agent This is one way for the MN to discover its location 311 Figure 8.3 Agent advertisement packet (RFC 1256 + mobility extension) 09Chap08 8804 (303-350) 312 30/5/03 11:05 am Page 312 Mobile communications 8.1.4.2 Agent solicitation If no agent advertisements are present or the inter-arrival time is too high, and an MN has not received a COA by other means, e.g., DHCP as discussed in section 8.2, the mobile node must send agent solicitations These solicitations are again based on RFC 1256 for router solicitations Care must be taken to ensure that these solicitation messages not flood the network, but basically an MN can search for an FA endlessly sending out solicitation messages Typically, a mobile node can send out three solicitations, one per second, as soon as it enters a new network It should be noted that in highly dynamic wireless networks with moving MNs and probably with applications requiring continuous packet streams even one second intervals between solicitation messages might be too long Before an MN even gets a new address many packets will be lost without additional mechanisms If a node does not receive an answer to its solicitations it must decrease the rate of solicitations exponentially to avoid flooding the network until it reaches a maximum interval between solicitations (typically one minute) Discovering a new agent can be done anytime, not just if the MN is not connected to one Consider the case that an MN is looking for a better connection while still sending via the old path This is the case while moving through several cells of different wireless networks After these steps of advertisements or solicitations the MN can now receive a COA, either one for an FA or a co-located COA The MN knows its location (home network or foreign network) and the capabilities of the agent (if needed) The next step for the MN is the registration with the HA if the MN is in a foreign network as described in the following 8.1.5 Registration Having received a COA, the MN has to register with the HA The main purpose of the registration is to inform the HA of the current location for correct forwarding of packets Registration can be done in two different ways depending on the location of the COA ● ● If the COA is at the FA, registration is done as illustrated in Figure 8.4 (left) The MN sends its registration request containing the COA (see Figure 8.5) to the FA which is forwarding the request to the HA The HA now sets up a mobility binding containing the mobile node’s home IP address and the current COA Additionally, the mobility binding contains the lifetime of the registration which is negotiated during the registration process Registration expires automatically after the lifetime and is deleted; so, an MN should reregister before expiration This mechanism is necessary to avoid mobility bindings which are no longer used After setting up the mobility binding, the HA sends a reply message back to the FA which forwards it to the MN If the COA is co-located, registration can be simpler, as shown in Figure 8.4 (right) The MN may send the request directly to the HA and vice versa This, by the way, is also the registration procedure for MNs returning to their home network Here they also register directly with the HA However, if the MN received an agent advertisement from the FA it should register via this FA if the R bit is set in the advertisement 15Index 8804 (477-492) 478 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 478 Index backoff timer 216 Baird, John L 10 bandwidth low 17 management in TCP 361 Barker code 57 base station 61, 324 base station controller (BSC) 102 base station subsystem (BSS) 101, 102 base station subsystem GPRS protocol (BSSGP) 129 base transceiver station (BTS) 102 management (BTSM) 112 basic service set (BSSi) 209 BCA (borrowing channel allocation) 63 BCCH (broadcast control channels) 108 bearer services GSM 98–9 non-transparent 99 transparent 98 WAP 1.x 393 WAP 2.0 435 Bell, Alexander Graham BFSK (binary frequency shift keying) 49 binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) 49 binary phase shift keying (BPSK) 49–50 blocking of radio signals 37, 38 Bluetooth 13, 60, 269–93 architecture 271–6 baseband layer 276–81 link manager protocol (LMP) 282–5 logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) 285–6 networking 271–4 profiles 290 protocol stack 274–6 radio layer 276 security 287–9 service discovery protocol (SDP) 289–90 synchronous connection-oriented link (SCO) 279 user scenarios 270–1 borrowing channel allocation (BCA) 63 BPSK (binary phase shift keying) 49–50 BRAN (broadband radio access networks) 239, 255–7 ‘breathing’, cell 64 broadband radio access networks (BRAN) 239, 255–7 broadcast control channels (BCCH) 108 broadcast disk 185 broadcast systems broadcast disks 185 convergence of mobile communications and 195–6 cyclical repetition of data 185–6 digital audio broadcasting (DAB) 3, 186–91 digital video broadcasting (DVB) 191–5 overview 183–4 browsers wireless session protocol/browsing (WSP/B) 405–12 WMLBrowser 418 BSC (base station controller) 102 BSS (base station subsystem) 101, 102 BSS application part (BSSAP) 113 BSSGP (base station subsystem GPRS protocol) 129 BTS (base transceiver station) 102 BTSM (base transreceiver station management) 112 bursts 105 business, wireless communications systems in 4–5 caching 186 call control (CC) 112, 134 call drop 117 call management (CM) 112 CAMEL (customised application for mobile enhanced logic) 138 capacity units (CU) 187 carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) 76–7 1-persistent 77 non-persistent 77 p-persistent 77 carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) 77, 215 carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) 70 CBS 10 CC/PP (composite capabilities/ preference profiles) 435 CCA (clear channel assessment) 211 CCCH (common control channels) 108 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 479 Index CCH (control channels) 108 CCIR (Consultative Committee for International Radiocommunication) 27 CCK (complementary code keying) 231 CDM (code division multiplexing) 45–6, 64, 82 CDMA (code division multiple access) 12, 29, 30, 82–7 cdma2000 138 cdma2000 1x 95 cdma2000 1x EV-DO 96 cdma2000 1x EV-DV 96 cdma2000 3x 96 cdmaOne 95 CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) 82 cell breathing 64 Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) 82 cellular IP 324–5 cellular IP gateway (CIPGW) 324 cellular systems 61–4 advantages 62 disadvantages 62–3 CGSR (Clusterhead-Gateway Switch Routing) 342–3 Chappe, Claude chipping sequence 56, 57 chips 56 cHTML (compact HTML) 431 CIF (common interleaved frames) 187 CIPGW (cellular IP gateway) 324 cipher key (Kc) 102 ciphering key sequence number (CKSN) 127 CKSN (ciphering key sequence number) 127 clear channel assessment (CCA) 211 clear to send (CTS) 80–1, 218, 225 CLMS (connectionless message service) 134 closed user groups 100 Clusterhead-Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR) 342–3 clusters 63 code division multiple access (CDMA) 12, 29, 30, 82–7 code division multiplexing (CDM) 45–6, 64, 82 coded OFDM (COFDM) 53, 187 COFDM (coded OFDM) 53, 187 comfort noise 111 commercial radio station 10 commercial transatlantic connections 10 common control channels (CCCH) 108 common interleaved frames (CIF) 187 compact HTML (cHTML) 431 complementary code keying (CCK) 231 composite capabilities/preference profiles (CC/PP) 435 COMS (connection oriented message service) 134 connection oriented message service (COMS) 134 connectionless message service (CLMS) 134 Consultative Committee for International Radiocommunication (CCIR) 27 contention window 216 continuous phase modulation (CPM) 49 continuous variable slope delta (CVSD) 279 control channels (CCH) 108 control multiframe 109 cookies 388 cordless telephone 11, 30 correlator 58 country code (CC) 113 CPM (continuous phase modulation) 49 CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) 76–7 CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) 77, 215 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) 70 CTS (clear to send) 80–1, 218, 225 customised application for mobile enhanced logic (CAMEL) 138 CVSD (continuous variable slope delta) 279 DAB (digital audio broadcasting) 3, 186–91 DAMA (demand assigned multiple access) 77 data link control layer (DLC) 69 data link layer 19 DCA (dynamic channel allocation) 63 DCCH (dedicated control channels) 108 decapsulation 315 479 15Index 8804 (477-492) 480 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 480 Index decision unit 58 DECT see digital enhanced cordless telecommunications dedicated control channels (DCCH) 108 dedicated physical channel (DPCH) 147 dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) 147 dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH) 146 DeForest, Lee 10 delay spread 39 delays 17 delivery traffic indication map (DTIM) 228 demand assigned multiple access (DAMA) 77 destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) 335–6 device portability DFWMAC (distributed foundation wireless medium access control) 214 DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) 303 DHSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) 213 differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) 52, 187 diffraction of signals 38 Digestor 390 digital audio broadcasting (DAB) 3, 186–91 single frequency networks (SFN) 186 digital cellular networks 93 worldwide market 93–4 digital cellular system (DCS) 1800 12, 97 digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) 11, 12, 30, 130–4 data link control layer (DLC) 134 medium access control layer (MAC) 134 network layer 134 physical layer 132–4 protocol architecture 132 system architecture 131–2 digital modulation 47, 57 digital sense multiple access (DSMA) 82 digital versatile disk (DVD) 192 digital video broadcasting (DVB) 191–5 data broadcasting 193–4 for high-speed internet access 194–5 Digital-AMPS 95 dipole (Herzian) 33 Direct Current (DC) 31 direct sequence spread spectrum (DHSS) 213 directional antennas 34 directive effects 33 distributed file systems see file systems distributed foundation wireless medium access control (DFWMAC) 214 diversity combining 34 DLC (data link control layer) 69 Doppler shift 41 downlink 73 DPCCH (dedicated physical control channel) 147 DPCH (dedicated physical channel) 147 DPDCH (dedicated physical data channel) 146 DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying) 52, 187 drift RNC (DRNC) 155 DRNC (drift RNC) 155 DSDV (destination sequence distance vector) 335–6 DSMA (digital sense multiple access) 82 DSR (dynamic source routing) 336–9, 341 DTIM (delivery traffic indication map) 228 DTMF (dual tone multiple frequency) 112 dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) 112 dummy burst 106 duplex channel 72 DVB (digital video broadcasting) 191–5 DVD (digital versatile disk) 192 dwell time 59 dynamic channel allocation (DCA) 63 dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) 303 dynamic source routing (DSR) 336–9, 341 dynamic spectrum allocation 451 ECHO satellite 165 EDGE (enhanced data rates for global (GSM) evolution) 95, 138 EDTV (enhanced definition TV) 192 EHF (extremely high frequency) 27 EIR (equipment identity register) 105 elimination-yield non-preemptive priority multiple access (EY-NPMA) 77, 240 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 481 Index embedded controllers emergencies, wireless communications systems in emergency number 99 EMS (enhanced message service) 100 encapsulation 315–19 generic routing encapsulation (GRE) 317–19 IP-in-IP encapsulation 315–16 minimal encapsulation 316–17 end-systems 18 enhanced data rates for global (GSM) evolution (EDGE) 95, 138 enhanced definition TV (EDTV) 192 enhanced message service (EMS) 100 ensemble 187 equalizer 40 equipment identity register (EIR) 105 ESS (extended service set) 209 Ethernet 268 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) 28 European Conference for Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) 27 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 28 explicit reservation scheme 77 exponential backoff 217 extended service set (ESS) 209 extremely high frequency (EHF) 27 EY-NPMA (elimination-yield nonpreemptive priority multiple access) 77, 240 FACCH (fast associated control channels) 108 Faraday, Michael fast associated control channels (FACCH) 108 fast hopping 60 fast information blocks (FIB) 187 fast information channel (FIC) 187, 188 FCA (fixed channel allocation) 63 FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 27 FCCH (frequency correction channel) 108 FDD (frequency division duplex) 72 FDM (frequency division multiplexing) 43, 47, 72 FDMA (frequency division multiple access) 72 FEC (forward error correction) 99, 111, 279 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 27 feedback information field (FBI) 147 Fessenden, Reginald A 10 FH-CDMA 273 FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) 211–13 FIB (fast information blocks) 187 FIC (fast information channel) 187, 188 file systems 376–81 Coda 378–9 consistency 377 Ficus 380 Little Work 380 Mlo-NFS 381 Rover 381 fisheye state routing (FSR) 341 fixed channel allocation (FCA) 63 fixed radio termination (FT) 132 flat ad-hoc routing 340–1 FM (frequency modulation) 10, 26, 47 follow-on services FOMA (freedom of mobile multi-media access) 30 forward error correction (FEC) 99, 111, 279 forwarding of calls 100 Fourier equation 31 FR (frame relay) network 129 fragmentation of data 219–20 frame relay (FR) network 129 free space loss 36 freedom of mobile multi-media access (FOMA) 30 frequencies for radio transmission 26–30 regulations 27–30 frequency 31 frequency correction burst 106 frequency correction channel (FCCH) 108 frequency division duplex (FDD) 72 frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 72 frequency division multiplexing (FDM) 43, 47, 72 481 15Index 8804 (477-492) 482 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 482 Index frequency domain 32 frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 211–13 frequency modulation (FM) 10, 26, 47 frequency shift keying (FSK) 47, 49 advanced 50–1 frequency spectrum 26–7 FSK (frequency shift keying) 47, 49 advanced 50–1 FSLS (fuzzy sighted link-state) 341 FSR (fisheye state routing) 341 FT (fixed radio termination) 132 fundamental frequency 31 fuzzy sighted link-state (FSLS) 341 GAM-Rail 97 gateway GRPRS support node (GGSN) 127 gateway link (GWL) 168 gateway MSC (GMSC) 103 Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) 51 general packet radio service (GPRS) 95, 124–30 GPRS register (GR) 127 GPRS support nodes (GSN) 127 GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 128, 152 generic routing encapsulation (GRE) 317–19 GEO (geostationary (geosynchronous) earth orbit) 171, 173 GeoCast 343 geographic-position-assisted ad-hoc routing 343 geostationary (geosynchronous) earth orbit (GEO) 171, 173 GGSN (gateway GRPRS support node) 127 global multimedia mobility (GMM) 138 global positioning system (GPS) global system for mobile communication (GSM) 3, 12, 95, 96–7 data services 122–30 frame hierarchy 107–10 GSM 400 97 GSM 900 97 GSM 1800 97 GSM 1900 97 GSM public land mobile network (PLMN) 98 GSM TDMA frame 105 handover 117–20 localization and calling 113–17 logical channels 107–10 protocols 110–13 radio interface 105–10 security 120–2 time slots 105 Globalstar 177 GMM (global multimedia mobility) 138 GMSC (gateway MSC) 103 GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift keying) 51 gossip protocols 380 GP (guard period) 148 GPRS (general packet radio service) 95, 124–30 GPRS register (GR) 127 GPRS support nodes (GSN) 127 GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 128, 152 GPS (global positioning system) GPSR (greedy perimeter stateless routing) 343 GRE (generic routing encapsulation) 317–19 greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) 343 ground wave 37 group fax 100 Groupe Spéciale Mobile (GSM) 11 GSM see global system for mobile communication guard period (GP) 148 guard space 42, 43, 44, 45, 105, 187 GWL (gateway link) 168 handover gateway 177 GSM 117–20 horizontal 449 inter-satellite 176 inter-system 177 intra-satellite 176 quality of service 252 satellite 176–7 smooth, mobile IP 321 in UMTS 154–6 vertical 449 harmonics 31 HAWAII 325–7 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 483 Index HDB (home data base) 131 HDLC (high-level data link control) 99 HDTV (high definition TV) 192 header compression 366 Henry, Joseph HEO (highly elliptical orbit) 173 Hertz, Heinrich 10 hierarchical ad-hoc routing 342–3 hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) 327–8 hierarchical state routing (HSR) 343 high-altitude platforms 180 high definition TV (HDTV) 192 high frequency (HF) 26 high-level data link control (HDLC) 99 high speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) 123–4 highly elliptical orbit (HEO) 173 HIPERACCESS 256 HIPERLAN 240–4, 256 elimination phase 242 prioritization phase 241–2 quality of service support 243–4 transmission phase 243 yield phase 243 HIPERLAN 12–13, 239–69 HiperLAN2 14, 30, 256, 257–69 convergence layer 268–9 data link control layer 263–8 physical layer 261–2 reference model and configurations 258–60 HIPLINK 256 history of wireless communication 9–15 HLR (home location register) 104, 176 HMIPv6 (hierarchical mobile IPv6) 327–8 hoarding 378 home data base (HDB) 131 home location register (HLR) 104, 176 HomeRF 294 hopping sequence 59 HSCSD (high speed circuit switched data) 123–4 HSR (hierarchical state routing) 343 HTML (hypertext markup language) 385–6 HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) 382–5 hyperframe 110 hypertext markup language (HTML) 385–6 hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) 382–5 identification, user 100 IEEE 802.11 standard 13, 207–239 direct sequence spread spectrum (DHSS) 213 frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 211–13 infra red transmission 214 MAC management 225–31 medium access control (MAC) layer 214–25 basic DFWMAC-DCF using CSMA/CA 215–18 DFWMAC-DCF with RTS/CTS extension 218–20 DFWMAC-DCF with polling 220–2 MAC frames 222–5 newer developments 238–9 physical layer 211–14 power management 227–30 protocol architecture 210–11 roaming 230–1 synchronization 226–7 system architecture 208–10 IEEE 802.11a 15, 30, 234–7 IEEE 802.11a PPDU 236 IEEE 802.11b 30, 231–3 IEEE 802.11c 238 IEEE 802.11d 238 IEEE 802.11e 238 IEEE 802.11f 231, 238 IEEE 802.11g 14, 238 IEEE 802.11h 239 IEEE 802.11i 239 IEEE 802.15 291–2 IEEE 802.15.4 292–3 IEEE 1394 (Firewire) 268 IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) 102 i-mode 13, 430–3 implicit reservation scheme 78 IMSI (international mobile subscriber identity) 102, 104, 112, 114 IMT (international mobile telecommunications) 2000 136–49 IMT-2000 (international mobile telecommunications) 13 IMT-DS 139 IMT-FT 140 IMT-MC 140 483 15Index 8804 (477-492) 484 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 484 Index IMT-SC 140 IMT-TC 139 indirect TCP (I-TCP) 355–8 information services infotainment, wireless communications systems in infra red (IR) transmission 27, 204–5, 214 inhibit sense multiple access (ISMA) 82 INMARSAT satellites 166 In-Phase (I) 32 integrated services digital network (ISDN) 98, 103 integrator 58 INTELSAT 166 interaction channels 195 interferences 17 Intermediate Circular Orbit 178 international mobile equipment identity (IMEI) 102 international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) 102, 104, 112, 114 international mobile telecommunications (IMT) 2000 136–49 international mobile telecommunications see entries under IMT International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 27 Radiocommunication (ITU–R) 27, 28 Internet Protocol 126 intersatellite links (ISL) 168 intersymbol interference (ISI) 40 interworking functions (IWF) 103 inverse square loss 36 IP-in-IP encapsulation 315–16 IPv6 323 Iridium system 13, 177 ISDN (integrated services digital network) 98, 103 ISI (intersymbol interference) 40 ISL (intersatellite links) 168 ISM band 30 ISMA (inhibit sense multiple access) 82 isotropic radiator 33 I-TCP (indirect TCP) 355–8 ITU (International Telecommunications Union) 27 Radiocommunication (ITU-R) 27, 28 IWF (interworking functions) 103 Japanese cordless telephone (JCT) 30 Japanese digital cellular (JDC) 30 JCT (Japanese cordless telephone) 30 JDC (Japanese digital cellular) 30 L2CAP (logical link control and adaptation protocol) 285–6 LA (location area) 104 LAI (location area identification) 102 LAPDm protocol 112 laptop LAR (location-aided routing) 343 least interference routing (LIR) 339 LEO (low earth orbit) 173, 174 LF (low frequency) 26 Lieben, Robert von 10 line-of-sight (LOS) 36, 37 link manager protocol (LMP) 282–5 LIR (least interference routing) 339 Little Work 380 LLC (logical link control) 69, 285–6 LMP (link manager protocol) 282–5 location-aided routing (LAR) 343 location area (LA) 104 location area identification (LAI) 102 location aware services logical link control (LLC) 69, 285–6 logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) 285–6 long-term fading 40, 41 LOS (line-of-sight) 36, 37 low earth orbit (LEO) 173, 174 low frequency (LF) 26 low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN) 292 LR-WPAN (low-rate wireless personal area networks) 292 MAC see medium access control MACA (multiple access with collision avoidance) 79–81 main service channel (MSC) 187, 188 MANET see mobile ad-hoc networks MAP (mobility anchor point) 327 Marconi, Guglielmo 10 Marconi antenna 33 MARISAT satellites 166 market for mobile communications 15–16 Maxwell, James C 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 485 Index MCC (mobile country code) 114 MCI (multiplex configuration information) 189 MCM (multi-carrier modulation) 53–4 medium access control (MAC) 69 in DECT 134 hidden and exposed terminals 70–1 IEEE 802.11 standard 212–25 motivation for specialized 70–2 near and far terminals 71–2 medium earth orbit (MEO) 173, 175 medium frequency (MF) 26 MEO (medium earth orbit) 173, 175 message queuing 438–9 MExE (mobile execution environments) 439 MF (medium frequency) 26 microwave ovens 17 military satellites 166 MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) 450 minimal encapsulation 316–17 minimum shift keying (MSK) 50–1 MM (mobility management) 112, 134 MMS (multimedia message service) 100 MNC (mobile network code) 114 mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) 330–43 ad-hoc routing protocols 340–3 alternative metrics 339–40 destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) 335–6 dynamic source routing (DSR) 336–9 routing 332–5 mobile country code (MCC) 114 mobile execution environments (MExE) 439 mobile IP 304–28 agent advertisement 310–11 agent discovery 310 agent solicitation 312 dynamic host configuration protocol 328–30 encapsulation 315–19 entities and terminology 307–9 goals, assumptions and requirements 304–28 IPv6 323 micro-mobility support 324–8 packet delivery 309–10 quick ‘solutions’ 304–5 registration 312–15 requirements 305–7 tunneling 315–19 optimizations 319–21 reverse tunneling 321–3 mobile network code (MNC) 114 mobile originated call (MOC) 115 mobile phones frequencies 29–30 mobile services switching center (MSC) 103 mobile station (MS) 98, 101, 102, 135 mobile station (subscriber) international ISDN number (MSISIDN) 104, 113 mobile station (subscriber) roaming number (MSRN) 104, 114 mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN) 114 mobile TCP (M-TCP) 360–2 mobile terminated call (MTC) 114 mobile termination (MT) 98 mobile transmitters 10 mobile user link (MUL) 168 mobility anchor point (MAP) 327 mobility management (MM) 112, 134 MOC (mobile originated call) 115 modulation 46–54 MOT (multi-media object transfer) protocol 190–1 Mowgli 391 MS (mobile station) 98, 101, 102, 135 MSC (main service channel) 187, 188 MSC (mobile services switching center) 103 MSIN (mobile subscriber identification number) 114 MSISIDN (mobile station (subscriber) international ISDN number) 104, 113 MSK (minimum shift keying) 50–1 MSRN (mobile station (subscriber) roaming number) 104, 114 MT (mobile termination) 98 MTC (mobile terminated call) 114 M-TCP (mobile TCP) 360–2 MUL (mobile user link) 168 multi-carrier modulation (MCM) 53–4 multi-element antenna arrays 34 485 15Index 8804 (477-492) 486 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 486 Index multi-media message service (MMS) 100 multi-media object transfer (MOT) protocol 190–1 multi-party communication 100 multiple access versions, comparison of 89–90 multiple access with collision avoidance (MACA) 79–81 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 450 multiplex configuration information (MCI) 189 multiplexing 25, 41–6 code division (CDM) 45–6 frequency division (FDM) 43, 47 orthogonal frequency division (OFDM) 53 space division (SDM) 41–3 time division (TDM) 44–5 narrowband interference 54–6 NAT (network address translation) 322 national destination code (NDC) 113 NAV (net allocation vector) 218 navigation, satellites for 167 NDC (national destination code) 113 net allocation vector (NAV) 218 network address translation (NAT) 322 network and switching subsystem (NSS) in GSM 100, 103–4 network layer 19 in DECT 134 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 11, 28, 95 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 11, 28, 95 normal burst 105 North American TDMA 29, 30 notebook computers NSS (network and switching subsystem) in GSM 100, 103–4 O interface 101 OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) 53 OLSR (optimized link-state routing) 341 OMA (open mobile alliance) 392 OMC (operation and maintenance center) 104 open mobile alliance (OMA) 392 operation and maintenance center (OMC) 104 operation subsystem (OSS) in GSM 100, 104–5 optimized link-state routing (OLSR) 341 orthogonal codes 45, 83 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) 53 orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) 143 OSS (operation subsystem) in GSM 100, 104–5 over the air (OTA) protocol 426, 428 overlaying networks 449 OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor) 143 packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) 152 packet data networks (PDN) 127 packet data optimized (PDO) Voice+Data (V+D) 135 packet data traffic channels (PDTCHs) 129 packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) 78–9 packet switched domain (PSD) 151 PACS-Unlicensed Band (PACS-UB) 30 PACS-Unlicensed Band (PACS-UB) 30 PAD (program associated data) 188 pager 7–8 paging channel (PCH) 108 PAP (push access protocol) 426, 427 path loss 36 PCF (point co-ordination function) 220 PCH (paging channel) 108 PCM (pulse code modulation) systems 113 PDA (personal digital assistant) 3, PDC (personal digital cellular) 30, 95 PDCP (packet data convergence protocol) 152 PDN (packet data networks) 127 PDN (public data networks) 104 PDTCH (packet data traffic channel) 129 periodic signals 31 personal communications service (PCS 1900) 12, 97 personal digital assistant (PDA) 3, personal digital cellular (PDC) 30, 95 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 487 Index personal identity number (PIN) 102 PIN unblocking key (PUK) 102 personal operating space (POS) 270 phase domain 32 phase lock loop (PLL) 50 phase modulation (PM) 47 phase shift 31 phase shift keying (PSK) 47, 49–50 advanced 51–2 physical layer 19 physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) 210 physical random access channel (PRACH) 147 PI (push initiator) 426 piconet 271 PIN (personal identity number)) 102 PKI (public key infrastructures) 437 PLCP (physical layer convergence protocol) 210 PLL (phase lock loop) 50 plug-in 386 PM (phase modulation) 47 pocket computer point co-ordination function (PCF) 220 point-to-multipoint (PTM) 126 point-to-point (PTP) 125 PTP connection network service (PTP-CLNS) 125 PTP connection oriented network service (PTP-CONS) 125 polling 82 portability portable radio termination (PT) 132 POS (personal operating space) 270 positioning 439 power efficiency 48 PPG (push proxy gateway) 426, 427 PRACH (physical random access channel) 147 privacy PRMA (packet reservation multiple access) 78–9 program associated data (PAD) 188 protocol architecture DECT 132 IEEE 802.11 standard 210–11 WAP 393–6 protocol stack 18 PSD (packet switched domain) 151 pseudo-noise sequence 57 PSK (phase shift keying) 47, 49–50 advanced 51–2 PSTN (public switched telephone network) 98, 103 PTM (point-to-multipoint) 126 PTP (point-to-point) 125 PTP-CLNS (PTP connection network service) 125 PTP-CONS (PTP connection oriented network service) 125 public data networks (PDN) 104 public key infrastructures (PKI) 437 public switched telephone network (PSTN) 98, 103 PUK (PIN unblocking key) 102 pulse code modulation (PCM) systems 113 push access protocol (PAP) 426, 427 push architecture 426–8 push initiator (PI) 426 push over the air (OTA) protocol 426, 428 push proxy gateway (PPG) 426, 427 push/pull services 428–9 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) 52 QoS profile 126 QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) 51–2 Quadrature (Q) 32 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 52 quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) 51–2 RACH (random access channel) 108 radiation pattern 33 radio broadcast, first 10 radio frequency identification (RFID) 296 radio link protocol (RLP) 99, 129 radio modulation 57 radio network controller (RNC) 149, 150 radio network subsystems (RNS) 142, 149 radio resource management (RR) 112 radio satellites 166 radio sub system (RSS) in GSM 100, 101–3 rake receiver 59 RAND 121 487 15Index 8804 (477-492) 488 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 488 Index random access channel (RACH) 108 random backoff time 216 redirection of calls 100 reference signal 51 reflection of signals 37, 38 refraction of signals 38 regulations 17, 27–30 Reis, Philip request to send (RTS) 80–1, 218, 225 reservation TDMA 79 RFID (radio frequency identification) 296 RLP (radio link protocol) 99, 129 RNC (radio network controller) 149, 150 RNS (radio network subsystems) 142, 149 roaming 113 robustness 48 RR (radio resource) management 112 RSS (radio sub system) in GSM 100, 101–3 RTS (request to send) 80–1, 218, 225 SACCH (slow associated control channels) 108 SAMA (spread Aloaha multiple access) 87–8 satellite ATM services (SATM) 248 satellite systems 165–80 applications 166–9 basics 169–75 examples 177–9 handover 176–7 history 165–6 localization 176 routing 175 satellite user mapping register (SUMR) 176 satellite-digital multi-media broadcasting 180 SATM (satellite ATM services) 248 scattering of waves 38, 39 scatternet 273 SCH (synchronization channel) 188 SCPS (space communications protocol standards) 270 SCPS-transport protocol (SCPS-TP) 370 scrambling 144 SDCCH (stand-alone control channels) 108 SDM (space division multiplexing) 41–3, 72 SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) 72 SDR (software defined radio) 30, 450 SDTV (standard definition TV) 192 SEC-SAP (security SAP) 394 sectorized antenna 34, 63 security 17 security SAP (SEC-SAP) 394 selection diversity 34 selective negative acknowledgement (SNACK) 370 sensor service discovery 439 serving GPRS support node (SGSN) 127 serving RNC (SRNC) 155 session-SAP (S-SAP) 394 SGSN (serving GPRS support node) 127 shadowing of radio signals 37, 38 SHF (super high frequencies) 27 short message service (SMS) 99, 112 short wave (SW) 10, 26 short-term fading 40 signal propagation 35–41 path loss of signals 36–7 multi-path propagation 39–41 signaling system No (SS7) 104, 113 signals 31–2 blocking 37 detection range 36 diffraction 38 interference range 36 multi-path propagation 39–41 path loss 36–7 propagation 35–41 reflection 37 refraction 38 scattered 38 shadowing 37 transmission range 36 SIM (subscriber identity module) 102 sine waves 31 sky wave 37 slow associated control channels (SACCH) 108 slow frequency hopping 107 slow hopping 60 smart antennas 35 SMS (short message service) 99, 112 SN (subscriber number) 113 SNACK (selective negative acknowledgement) 370 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 489 Index SNDCP (subnetwork dependent convergence protocol) 128 snooping TCP 358–60 software defined radios (SDR) 30, 450 space communications protocol standards (SCPS) 270 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 72 space division multiplexing (SDM) 41–3, 72 spectral efficiency 48 spectrum 17 spread Aloaha multiple access (SAMA) 87–8 spread spectrum 54–61 direct sequence (DSSS) 56–8 frequency hopping (FHSS) 59–61 spreading factor 57 SPUTNIK 165 SRES 121 SRNC (serving RNC) 155 S-SAP (session-SAP) 394 stand-alone control channels (SDCCH) 108 standard definition TV (SDTV) 192 subnetwork dependent convergence protocol (SNDCP) 128 subscriber identity module (SIM) 102 subscriber number (SN) 113 SUMR (satellite user mapping register) 176 super high frequencies (SHF) 27 superframe 110 supplementary service (SS) 112 in GSM 100 support services SW (short wave) 10, 26 switched diversity 34 switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) 135 SwMI (switching and management infrastructure) 135 synchronization burst 106 synchronization channel (SCH) 188 SyncML 433–4 SYNCOM 165 system architecture DECT 131–2 IEEE 802.11 standard 208–11 GSM 100–5 UMTS 142–3 www 389–92 tandem free operation (TFO) 107 target beacon transmission time 226 TBRPF (topology broadcast based on reverse path forwarding) 341 TCH (traffic channels) 107 full rate (TCH/F) 107 half-rate (TCH/H) 107 TCH/FS 107 TCP see transmission control protocol TD-CDMA 139, 148–9 TDD (time division duplex) 74 TDM (time division multiplexing) 44–5 fixed 74–5 TDMA (time division multiple access) 12, 29, 73–82 TD-SCDMA 95, 139 tele services 98, 99–100 telecommunication management network (TMN) 104 Teledesic 179 telephony 99 teleteaching 10 television broadcasting color 10 history 10 regular 10 satellites 166 temporary logical link identity (TLLI) 127 temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) 102, 112, 114 terminal TE 98 Tesla, Nikola 10 TETRA 3, 134–6 TFCI (transport format combination identifier) 147 TFO (tandem free operation) 107 TIM (traffic indication map) 228 time division duplex (TDD) 74 time division multiple access (TDMA) 12, 29, 73–82 time division multiplexing (TDM) 44–5 fixed 74–5 time slot 76 timing synchronization function (TSF) 226, 227 489 15Index 8804 (477-492) 490 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 490 Index TLLI (temporary logical link identity) 127 TMN (telecommunication management network) 104 TMSI (temporary mobile subscriber identity) 102, 112, 114 topology broadcast based on reverse path forwarding (TBRPF) 341 TPC (transmit power control) 147 traffic channels (TCH) 107 full rate (TCH/F) 107 half-rate (TCH/H) 107 TCH/FS 107 traffic indication map (TIM) 228 traffic multiframe 109 training sequence 40 trains, telephones in 10 transaction SAP (TR-SAP) 394 TranSend 390 transfer services in WAP 2.0 436 transmission control protocol (TCP) classical improvements 355–65 congestion control 352 fast retransmit/fast recovery 353, 362 indirect TCP (I-TCP) 355–8 mobile TCP (M-TCP) 360–2 mobility 354–5 over 2.5/3G wireless networks 366–8 performance enhancing proxies 368–9 selective retransmission 363–4 slow start 352–3 snooping TCP 358–60 traditional 352–5 transaction-oriented TCP 364–5 transmission/time-out freezing 363 vs UDP 351 transmit power control (TPC) 147 transparency 98–9 transport format combination identifier (TFCI) 147 transport layer 19 transport layer service access point (T-SAP) 394 TR-SAP( transaction SAP) 394 T-SAP (transport layer service access point) 394 TSF (timing synchronization function) 226, 227 tunneling 315–19 reverse tunneling 321–3 UDDI (universal description, discovery and integration) 439 UHF (ultra high frequency) 26 ultra high frequency (UHF) 26 ultra wideband technology (UWB) 296 UWC-136 138 Um interface 102 UMTS see universal mobile telecommunications system unidirectional broadcast systems 184 universal description, discovery and integration (UDDI) 439 universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) 3, 13, 30, 136–49 core network 151–3 handover 154–6 radio interface 143–9 releases and standardization 141–2 system architecture 142–3 UMTS (universal) terrestrial radio access see UTRA 138 universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) 3, 13, 30, 136–49 core network 151–3 handover 154–6 radio interface 143–9 releases and standardization 141–2 system architecture 142–3 UMTS (universal) terrestrial radio access see UTRA 138 uplink 73 user mobility UTRA network (UTRAN) 142, 149–51 UTRA network (UTRAN) 142, 149–51 UTRA-FDD 96, 145–8 UTRA-TDD 96, 148–9 UWB (ultra wideband technology) 296 UWC-136 138 vacuum tube, electronic 10 VAD (voice activity detection) 111 vCalendar 412 vCard 412 VCC (visitor country code) 114 VDB (visitor data base) 131 vehicles, wireless communications systems in 15Index 8804 (477-492) 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 491 Index very high frequency (VHF) 26 very low frequency (VLF) 26 VHE (virtual home environment) 138 VHF (very high frequency) 26 virtual home environment (VHE) 138 visitor country code (VCC) 114 visitor data base (VDB) 131 visitor location register (VLR) 104, 176 visitor national destination code (VNDC) 114 VLF (very low frequency) 26 VLR (visitor location register) 104, 176 VNDC (visitor national destination code) 114 voice activity detection (VAD) 111 voice over IP 8–9 WAE (wireless application environment) 394, 412–14 WAP see wireless application protocol WARC (World Administration Radio Conference) 10 WATM see wireless ATM W-CDMA (wideband CDMA) 139, 145–8 WCMP (wireless control message protocol) 393, 397 WDP (wireless datagram protocol) 393, 396–7 weather forecasting 166 WebExpress 391 WebWhacker 389 WGY 10 wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 139, 145–8 WIM (wireless identity module) 418 wired networks, replacement by wireless communications systems wireless application environment (WAE) 394, 412–14 wireless application protocol (WAP) 13, 375, 392–430 architecture 393–6 forum (WAP Forum) 392 WAP 1.x 429–30 WAP 2.0 434–7 wireless ATM (WATM) 244–55 access scenarios 253–5 generic reference model 248 handover 249–50 location management 250–1 mobile quality of service 252 motivation 245 services 247–8 Wireless ATM Working Group 245–6 wireless control message protocol (WCMP) 393, 397 wireless datagram protocol (WDP) 393, 396–7 wireless devices 1, applications 3–7 categories of 7–9 wireless identity module (WIM) 418 wireless LAN (WLAN) 3, 17–18, 30 ad-hoc networks 205–7 advantages 201–2 design goals 203–4 disadvantages 202–3 infra red vs radio transmission 204–5 infrastructure 205–7 see also Bluetooth; HIPERLAN; IEEE 802.11 wireless markup language (WML) 412, 414–16 WML user agent 413 wireless personal area networks (WPAN) 270 wireless sensor networks 295–6 wireless session protocol (WSP) 394, 404–12 wireless session protocol/browsing (WSP/B) 405 as connectionless session service 411–12 over WTP 405–11 wireless telephony application (WTA) 412, 419–26 WTA user agent 413 wireless telephony application interface (WTAI) 419 wireless transaction protocol (WTP) 394, 400–3 class 400–1 class 401–2 class 402–3 wireless transport layer security (WTLS) 394, 397–9 491 15Index 8804 (477-492) 492 30/5/03 11:06 am Page 492 Index wireless world research forum 16 WLAN see wireless LAN WML (wireless markup language) 412, 414–16 WML user agent 413 WMLBrowser 418 WMLScript 412, 416–18 WMLScript Crypto Library 418 World Administration Radio Conference (WARC) 10 World Radio Conference (WRC) 28 world wide web (www) 375, 381–92 hypertext markup language (HTML) 385–6 hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) 382–5 improving wireless access 386–8 system architecture 389–92 WPAN (wireless personal area networks) 270 WRC (World Radio Conference) 28 WSP (wireless session protocol) 394, 404–12 WSP/B (wireless session protocol/ browsing) 405–12 WTA (wireless telephony application) 412, 419–26 WTA user agent 413 WTAI (wireless telephony application interface) 419 WTLS (wireless transport layer security) 394, 397–9 WTP (wireless transaction protocol) 394, 400–3 www see world wide web XHTML with a mobile profile (XHTMLMP) 435 zone routing protocol (ZRP) 343 ... can be either set to 22 4.0.0.1, which is the multicast address for all systems on a link (Deering, 1989), or to the broadcast address 25 5 .25 5 .25 5 .25 5 The fields in the ICMP part are defined as... Internet protocols’ 8.1 .2 Entities and terminology The following defines several entities and terms needed to understand mobile IP as defined in RFC 3344 (Perkins, 20 02; was: RFC 20 02, Perkins, 1996a)... entry for a prefix 129 .13. 42 and an address 129 .13. 42. 99, it would choose the port associated with the latter for forwarding, if a packet with the destination address 129 .13. 42. 99 comes in While