INDEX 382, 281, 282, 446, 383, 362 428, 432 445 317 282, 295 435 403 426 447 428, 435 427 364 295, 300 403 349, 366 393 440 452 411 429 429 429 442 439 296, 297 450 360 417 441 427 433 427 364 426 324 407 309 331 336 416 419 412 450 296 287, 288 396 396 404, 409 446, 448 d Baeyers' reagent Bakelite Barbiturates Benzylic alcohols Benzylic halides Biodegradable polymers Biomolecules Branched chain polymers Broad spectrum antibiotics Buna - N Buna - S Cannizzaro reaction Carbocation Carbohydrates Carboxylic acids Carbylamine reaction Catalytic action of enzymes Cationic detergents Cellulose Chain initiating step Chain propagating step Chain terminating step Chemical messengers Chemotherapy Chirality Cleansing agents Clemmensen reduction Coagulation Competitive inhibitors Condensation polymers Copolymerisation Copolymers Cross aldol condensation Cross linked polymers Cumene Cyclic structure DDT Dehydrogenation Denaturation Denaturation of protein Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Detergents Dextrorotatory Diazonium salt Diazonium salts Diazotisation Disaccharides Disinfectants he 315, 317, 349, 350, 297 327 328 440 392 427 323 321 352 363 363 412 390 288 282 392 368 354 441 316 295 292 381 412 384 410 410 444 369 411 452 408 443 445 444 448 443 446 445 448 317 449 283 391 445 297 400 447 447 Page No © no N C tt E o R be T re pu Achiral Acidity of alcohols Acidity of phenols Active site Acylation Addition polymers Adduct Alcohols Aldehydes Aldol condensation Aldol reaction Aldopentose Alkanamines Alkenes Alkyl halides Alkylation Alkylbenzenes Alkynes Allosteric site Allylic alcohols Allylic halides Ambident nucleophiles Amines Amino acids Ammonolysis Amylopectin Amylose Analgesics Anhydrides Animal starch Anionic detergents Anomers Antacids Antibiotics Antidepressant drugs Antifertility drugs Antihistamines Antimicrobial drugs Antipyretic Antiseptics Aromatic ring Artificial sweetening agents Aryl halides Arylamines Aspirin Asymmetric carbon Azo dyes Bactericidal Bacteriostatic Terms is Page No bl Terms 461 Index C:\Chemistry-12\Index.pmd 28.02.07 317, d 296, Hinsberg's reagent 393 Histamines 443 Hoffmann bromamide reaction 386 Hydroboration 322 Hyperacidity 443 Intermolecular bonding 333 Intramolecular bonding 333 Inversion of configuration 293 Invert sugar 409 Ketones 349, 352, 353 Kolbe electrolysis 375 Kolbe's reaction 334 Lactose 410 Laevorotatory 296 Laundry soaps 451 Lewis bases 399 Limited spectrum antibiotics 447 Linear polymers 426 Low density polythene 429 Lucas test 330 Maltase 417 Maltose 409 Markovnikov's rule 321, 322 Medicated soaps 451 Medicines 439 Melamine - formaldehyde polymer 431 Messenger - RNA 421 Molecular asymmetry 296 Molecular targets 440 Monosaccharides 404 Narrow spectrum antibiotics 447 Natural polymers 426 Natural rubber 433 Neoprene 428, 434 Network polymers 426 Nitration 395 Nomenclature 283 Non-biodegradable 454 Non-ionic detergents 452 Non-narcotic analgesics 445 Novolac 431 Nucleic acids 419 Nucleophilic substitution 291 Nucleosides 420 Nucleotides 419 Nylon 431 Nylon 6, 425, 427, 431 Oligosaccharides 404 Optical isomerism 296 Optically inactive 299 Organo-metallic compounds 301 he 333, 287, 441 440 439 427 372 372 341 305 415 291 449 298 454 441 417 329 322 355 319 418 366 361 428 414 289 307 286 429 309 356 408 408 386 355 397 284 415 405 405 406 411 410 301 291 324 341 408 375 359 419 430 Page No © no N C tt E o R be T re pu Drug - enzyme interaction Drug - target interaction Drugs Elastomers Electron donating group Electron withdrawing group Electrophilic aromatic substitution Electrophilic substitution Electrostatic forces Elimination reaction Emulsifiers Enantiomers Environmental pollution Enzyme inhibitors Enzymes Esterification Esters Etard reaction Ethers 315, Fat soluble vitamins Fatty acids Fehling's test Fibres Fibrous proteins Finkelstein reaction Fittig reaction Free radical Free radical mechanism Freon refrigerant Friedel-Crafts reaction Fructose Furanose Gabriel phthalimide synthesis Gatterman - Koch reaction Gatterman reaction Geminal halides Globular proteins Gluconic acid Glucose Glyceraldehyde Glycogen Glycosidic linkage Grignard reagent Haloalkane Haloarene Halogenation Haworth structures Hell - Volhard Zelinsky reaction Hemiacetal Heterocyclic compounds High density polythene Terms is Page No bl Terms Chemistry 462 C:\Chemistry-12\Index.pmd 28.02.07 306, 283, 409, 281, 281, 334, 404, 427, 449, d Sp3 hybridised 381 Starch 405 Stephen reaction 354 Stereo centre 297 Structure - basicity relationship 390 Structure of proteins 414 Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular 293 Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular 294 Sucrose 405, 409 Sulphonation 395 Swarts reaction 289 Sweeteners 449 Synthetic detergents 451 Synthetic polymers 426 Synthetic rubber 434 Teflon 430 Terylene 428 Thermoplastic polymers 428 Thermosetting polymers 428 Toilet soaps 451 Tollens' test 361 Tranquilizers 444 Transfer - RNA 421 Transparent soaps 451 Trisaccharides 404 van der Waal forces 290 Vasodilator 443 Vicinal halides 283, 284 Vinylic alcohol 317 Vinylic halides 283 Vitamins 417, 418 Vulcanisation 434 Water soluble vitamins 418 Williamson synthesis 337 Wolff - Kishner reduction 361 Wurtz reaction 302 Wurtz-Fittig reaction 307 Ziegler - Natta catalyst 430 Zwitter ion 414 he 315, 417 353 414 414 435 318 358 430 431 431 316 425 425 410 429 450 308 412 295 408 298 296 440 404 335 436 412 421 376 361 354 433 406 446 397 450 451 426 451 450 Page No © no N C tt E o R be T re pu Oxidoreductase Ozonolysis Peptide bond Peptide linkage PHBV Phenols Polarity Polyacrylonitrile Polyamides Polyesters Polyhydric compounds Polymerisation Polymers Polysaccharides Polythene Preservatives Propellants Proteins Protic solvents Pyranose structure Racemic mixture Racemisation Receptors Reducing sugars Reimer - Tiemann reaction Resins Ribose Ribosomal - RNA Ring substitution Rochelle salt Rosenmund reduction Rubber Saccharic acid Salvarsan Sandmayer's reaction Saponification Scouring soaps Semi - synthetic polymers Shaving soaps Soaps Terms is Page No bl Terms 428, 287, 463 Index C:\Chemistry-12\Index.pmd 28.02.07 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL d he © no N C tt E o R be T re pu Hormones are molecules that act as intercellular messengers These are produced by endocrine glands in the body and are poured directly in the blood stream which transports them to the site of action In terms of chemical nature, some of these are steroids, e.g., estrogens and androgens; some are poly peptides for example insulin and endorphins and some others are amino acid derivatives such as epinephrine and norepinephrine Hormones have several functions in the body They help to maintain the balance of biological activities in the body The role of insulin in keeping the blood glucose level within the narrow limit is an example of this function Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in blood glucose level On the other hand hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in the blood The two hormones together regulate the glucose level in the blood Epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate responses to external stimuli Growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development Thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland is an iodinated derivative of amino acid tyrosine Abnormally low level of thyroxine leads to hypothyroidism which is characterised by lethargyness and obesity Increased level of thyroxine causes hyperthyroidism Low level of iodine in the diet may lead to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland This condition is largely being controlled by adding sodium iodide to commercial table salt (“Iodised” salt) Steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) Hormones released by the adrenal cortex play very important is 14.5 HORMONES role in the functions of the body For example, glucocorticoids control the carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory reactions, and are involved in reactions to stress The mineralocorticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney If adrenal cortex does not function properly then one of the results may be Addison’s disease characterised by hypoglycemia, weakness and increased susceptibility to stress The disease is fatal unless it is treated by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sex characters Testosterone is the major sex hormone produced in males It is responsible for development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, facial hair, general physical constitution) and estradiol is the main female sex hormone It is responsible for development of secondary female characteristics and participates in the control of menstrual cycle Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilised egg bl UNIT XIV: Biomolecules Chemistry 464 C:\Chemistry-12\Index.pmd 28.02.07 UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life 16.4.3 Antioxidants in Food These are important and necessary food additives These help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food These are more reactive towards oxygen than the food material which they are protecting The two most familiar antioxidants are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) The addition of BHA to butter increases its shelf life from months to years Sometimes BHT and BHA along with citric acid are added to produce more effect Sulphur dioxide and sulphite are useful antioxidants for wine and beer, sugar syrups and cut, peeled or dried fruits and vegetables ... Hemiacetal Heterocyclic compounds High density polythene Terms is Page No bl Terms Chemistry 462 C: Chemistry- 12 Index. pmd 28.02.07 306, 283, 409, 281, 281, 334, 404, 427, 449, d Sp3 hybridised... Semi - synthetic polymers Shaving soaps Soaps Terms is Page No bl Terms 428, 287, 463 Index C: Chemistry- 12 Index. pmd 28.02.07 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL d he © no N C tt E o R be T re pu Hormones... characteristics and participates in the control of menstrual cycle Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilised egg bl UNIT XIV: Biomolecules Chemistry 464 C: Chemistry- 12 Index. pmd