KINH NQHllN Vfl CflCH TIEP CeN Dl CHOYEN m o OQNG Cdfl TRONG OaOC PGS.TS PHAM TH! THANH BINH Vien Kinh te'vd Chinh tri the gidi TS N G U Y I N NGOC THANH Dili hgc Kinh te, Dai hgc quo'c gia Hd Ngi ^ ^ " ^ ^ V i chuyen lao ddng la khai f m m niem phat trien dfl(3c qud'c ^-"^ te thfla nhan rong khap d cae nfldc dang phat trien Tuy nhien tie dpng eua di chuyen lao dpng khac gifla cac nfldc Trong npi bp qud'c gia, di chuyen lao dpng khdng phai ludn ludn la dpng lUc eiia tang trudng kinh te cdng, t h i m chf ddi nd gay nhflng b i t binh ding ve kinh te va xa hpi ban cha't tfl phat va sfl kim ham eua td chflc hanh chinh Cach tiep can ddi vdi di chuyen lao dong Di chuyen lao dpng Trung Qud'c dem lai hieu qua va Icii ich cho t i t ca cic ben tham gia nhd cd sii thay ddi kjp thdi, phfl hdp vdi xu hfldng di chuyen lao dpng mdi thdi ky Thd nhdt, di chuyen lao dgng dugc xem Id cdch tiep can tdi sii phdt trien Ddi vdi hau het cac nUdc dang p h i t trien, cflng vdi cae nhan to' san xua't thi 16 lao dpng dU(3c xem la ngudn lflc quan trpng cho sfl phat trien va cung la ngudn lflc bj dfl thfla nha't Cac nfldc dang phat trien deu die trflng bdi nen kinh te kep (Dual Economy) cd lUc lUcing lao ddng dU thfla ndng nghiep va nang sua't lao dpng ndng nghiep tha'p Vi vay, di chuyen lao dpng la mpt nhflng each thflc khai thac, tan dung ngudn nhan lUc lao dong dfl thfla va phan bd ngudn nhan lflc hieu qua nha't Kinh nghiem ciia Trung Qud'c da chi ring, di cU la khia canh gia trj thiic cha't nhi't eua cupc sd'ng kinh te va xa hpi bdi eon ngfldi ludn tim kiem cd hdi de nang cao mflc so'ng ciia ban than va gia dinh Tuy nhien, di cU khdng phai luon ludn dflcjc dflng nhu cdng cu phat trien cd hieu qua Bai hoc kinh nghiem thfl nha't ciia Trung Qud'c la van de ehinh sich Chfnh sach di chuyen lao dpng la mpt phan chinh sich p h i t trien kinh te cua Trung Qud'c Bing viec thfla nhan di cfl lao dpng la edng eu thflc day tang trfldng kinh te, Chinh phu Trung Qude NGHIEN CiKU TRUNG QUOC so 2(114) - 2010 Kinh nghiem va each tiep can di chuyen lao dpng ludn dieu chinh ehinh sich di cfl lao dpng phfl hdp vdi tflng giai ddan cai each va p h i t trien kinh te giai doan dau eai each, phd chfla s i n sang vdi viec tiep n h i n lao ddng di cfl ndng thdn, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c khuyen khich lao ddng ndng nghiep chuyen ddi sang lam nghiep, danh bat ca va cdng nghiep dja phfldng Do lao dpng ndng nghiep dfl thfla qui nhieu, Chinh phii eho phep ngfldi ndng dan di cfl tdi cae thinh phd', thj tri'n nhd gin lang xa ndi ho cfl trfl Khi cupc cai cich d phd' cang manh va cae doanh nghiep ngoai qud'c doanh dfldc md rpng, nhu ciu lao dpng dfl thfla d phd' ting, di chuyen lao ddng gifla ndng thon vi thj trd nen thfldng xuyen Mac dfl thdi diem dd, lao dpng di cfl chfla dfldc cong khai thfla n h i n nhfl mdt lflc Iflcing thuc diy tang trfldng kinh te, song quyet sach cua Chinh phu da ri't dflng nhd quan tam den t i n g thu nhap cfla lao dpng nong nghiep Dieu chic chin la, di chuyen lao dpng tfl nong thdn den t h i n h thj ddng gdp ri't ldn eho tang trfldng kinh te giai doan cai cich Va Trung Qude gia n h i p WTO (2001) thi khu vflc phi ndng nghiep ciia Trung Quo'c da dfldc md rpng ding ke Chinh sich di chuyen lao ddng ngiy cing dfldc khuyen khich va dfl(3c coi nhfl li nhiem vu chinh cua nha nUde Thd hai, phdt trien kinh te tgo nhiiu ca hgi cho di chuyen lao dgng Ting trfldng kinh te, ddng thdi, dUde xem la nhan td' bd sung cho qui trinh di eU Bing chflng ljch sfl cho tha'y p h i t NGHIEN Ctini TRUNG QUdC sd 2(114) - 2010 trien va di cfl ludn ddng hanh; ti le di cU trung binh d mot nUdc ed mflc phat trien eon ngfldi tha'p khoang 4%, so vdi hdn 8% d eac nfldc cd mflc dp p h i t trien ngfldi eao hdn O Trung Qud'c, di chuyen lao dpng chiem Uu the qua trinh di cU b di v i nhflng khu v Uc ting trudng nhanh da tao ra't nhieu nhflng ed hpi viec lam (phat trien kinh te da tao nhieu cd hdi viec lim) Di chuyen lac dpng khdng phu thupc vao boat ddng phit trien kinh te nhUng ting trudng kinh te cd vai trd quan trpng cung cap cd hoi viee lam cho lao dpng di cU va la ddng lUc thflc diy di chuyen lao ddng Trong giai doan diu cai cich va md c\ia, Trung Qud'c dat Uu tien hing dau la thu hut vd'n nUde ngoai nham muc tieu tim kiem ting trudng kinh te Ddng thdi, Chinh phu coi di chuyen lao dong la nhan td' Uu tien thfl hai sau muc tieu ting trudng GDP Tang trudng kinh te nhanh cua Trung Quoc da tao hang t r i m nghin viee lim cho lao ddng di cfl Die biet tfl sau Trung Qud'c gia nhap VVTO va trd trung tam che tao the gidi, nhu ciu ngiy cing ting ciia lao ddng di chuyen bupc Chinh phu thay ddi quan diem chuyen ddi tfl di chuyen b i t bupc (tolerating Migration) nhim muc dich ting thu nhip eho ngfldi ndng dan sang khuyen khich di chuyen nhim dap flng dii lao dpng eho khu vflc cdng nghiep va iing hp boat ddng di cfl de tri sfl dn dinh xa hpi Do vay, \ci\ ich kinh te cua di chuyen lao dpng t i n g rat nhieu Nhflng l(3i ich m i di chuyen lao dpng dem lai eho nen kinh te bao gdm: Mgt Id, di chuyen cung ci'p lao dpng dfl thfla cho tang trfldng kinh te de hien thflc 17 PHAM THj THANH BINH - N G U Y I N NGOC THANH hoi ldi the so sanh cac nginh edng nghiep can nhieu lao ddng; hai la, nen kinh te Trung Qud'c thu dflcic toi Ich ldn hdn tfl viec tai phan phdi lao dpng; ba la, cic hd gia dinh ndng thdn kiem dfldc ngudn thu nhap ting tfl cic hdat ddng ngoii ndng nghiep Kinh nghiem di chuyen lao dong ciJa mot sd nudc dang phat trien Kinh nghiem cho thi'y, vd'n ngfldi chfl khdng phai vo'n tai nguyen la yeu to' then chdt cho cdng cudc phat trign kinh te Cupc canh tranh de gianh giat ngfldi lao dpng (die biet l i lao dpng lanh nghe) dang gay khd khan cho eac nfldc dang phat trien Vi viy, tham khao kinh nghiem di chuyen lao ddng cua mpt so' nfldc dang phit trien se la bai hpc ra't cd ich * Kinh nghiem di chuyen lao dgng cua Trung Qud'c Di chuyen lao dpng d Trung Qud'c b i t d i u t i n g manh tfl cudi nhflng nam 1980s va dUdc die trflng khdng chi bdi sfl chuyen ddi kinh te tfl nen kinh te chu yeu ndng nghiep sang nen kinh te edng nghiep, ma edn l i sU chuyen ddi kinh te tfl nen kinh te ke hoach hda sang nen kinh te thi trUdng Nhflng die diem ndi b i t da giup Trung Qud'c dd thj hda din d i n qua trinh cai each v i b i t kjp dfl(3c tinh hinh p h i t trien ehung eua toin khu vflc Nhflng kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc dU(3c xem l i b i i hpc cho cac nfldc dang phat trien Thd nhat, di chuyen lao ddng d i n den sfl phan phdi hieu qua hdn nguon n h i n lUe, tfl dd kich thich sfl p h i t trien kinh 18 te v i lam giam sfl ba't binh ding giiia khu VUc gfli v i nhan lao dong Tuy nhien, rui ro cd the xay ra, dd la sU qua ddng dan so' d thj va lam tang chi phf xa hpi, khu vUc ndng thdn thieu ving cd sd dao tao td't nha't; Thd hai, mac dfl xu hudng chung li di cu tfl ndng thdn t h i n h phd', song ro rang ndng thdn cung cd sU phat trien Giai doan dau cai each, nong thdn d cac nUde dang phat trien ddu cd sfl dU thfla lao dpng Khd cd the di chuyen lao ddng du thfla khdi khu vUc ndng thdn chi ddn gian dfla vao sfl p h i t trien eua khu vUc phd' Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quo'c da chi rang, cdng nghiep hda ndng thdn la giai phap hieu qiia de dat td'c dp tang trudng kinh te v i chuyen ddi lao dpng h(3p ly nha't Cflng vdi sfl phat trien kinh te, phat trien ndng thdn kem theo hang loat chinh sach bao gdm: giao due, dao tao, an ninh xa hoi, chinh sach thue khoa, cd che da't dai Thd ba, cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach ra't than trong chpn lfla budc di bdi sU phflc tap chinh trj qfla trinh cai cich Chien Ifldc iing ho cai cieh bude phai d i u tU quan tam den nhflng flu tien ngin ban, den h i u qua v i ein bing thUdng mai (Tradeoffs) Chien lfl(3c niy eung ri't quan t i m den lao ddng thj mi't ed hdi viec lim va phuc ldi xa hpi di chuyen lao ddng mac dfl muc dich eua di cfl la ro ring *Kinh nghiem chuyen dich lao dgng nong nghiep cda Thdi Lan Thii Lan l i qude gia dang p h i t trien chiu A eung ri't t h i n h cdng viee NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUQC so 2(114)-2010 Kinh nghiem va cich tiep can di chuyen lao dgng tidp n h i n ngudn di cfl lao ddng tfl nhflng nUdc dang phat trien khac Dae biet, Thii Lan cung r i ' t c d kinh nghiem di chuyen lao dpng ndng nghiep Nhflng kinh nghiem dfldc Thii Lan rflt ra, bao gdm: Thd nhdt, chuyen dich td hoat dgng thuan nong sang cdng nghiep, ddc biet la cong nghiep che'bien Chinh phii Thii Lan dfla mpt chfldng trinh hanh dpng nham vao nhflng mue dich sau: Mgt I d, tao vie c lim thdng qua thay ddi v i cd ci'u lai he thdng san xua't ndng nghigp; hai la, md rpng boat dpng cdng nghiep va djch vu; ba Id, da dang hoi san xui't ndng nghiep, nang cao gii trj san xua't nong nghiep va gan ket ndng nghiep vdi edng nghiep che'bien Thd hai, chuyen dich lao dgng td ndng nghiep sang ngdnh dich vu, ddc biet Id du lieh nong thon Chfnh phu Thii Lan die biet chfl trpng p h i t trien du ljch ndng thdn dfla vio l(3i the ve da dang van hoi, truyen thd'ng va ngudn t i i nguyen thien nhien d khu vflc ndng thdn Hien tai, du ljch ndng thdn dfl(jc phat trien theo hfldng: Mgt Id, du ljch nghi dfldng; hai Id, du ljch gin vdi tim hieu van hoi, ljch sii va khao cd; ba la, du ljch sinh thai gin vdi bao tdn ngudn tii nguyen thien nhien, tri gii trj nhin vin v i gia trj xa hdi truyen tho'ng ciia ngUdi din dja phUdng; bo'n Id, du ljch gin vdi ling ban, chia se cupc sd'ng vdi ngUdi dan ling, chia se nhflng qua kinh te v i cic ldi ieh khic; ndm la, du ljch ndng hpc, cd the nhin, quan s i t va thue hanh cic boat ddng ndng nghiep truyen NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUQC s d 2(114) - 2010 thd'ng, nhUng cac boat ddng khdng lam anh hudng den he sinh thai hoac nang sua't cua vflng Thd ba, ddo tgo cho lao dgng ndng thon nhdm ndng cao ca hgi tim kiem viec ldm Trpng tam ciia chinh sich dao tao lao dpng ndng thdn n h i m vao nhflng muc tieu sau: Mgt Id, dao tao lai lao dpng phuc vu san xui't ndng nghiep; hai Id, dao tao nginh phi ndng nghiep, nhi't la ve che bien thflc pham, thii cdng my nghe, du lieh sinh thai; ba la, dao tao cic ky ning marketing v i budn ban ndng nghiep quy md nhd; boh Id, hd trd lip eae doanh nghiep ndng thdn quy mo vfla va nhd nham thu hut lflc lfl(3ng lao ddng La mpt nfldc cd nen nong nghiep p h i t trien vdi hdn 700 trieu ngfldi sd'ng d ndng thdn, Trung Quo'c tfl sau khung hcang tai chinh My 2008 d i khdng ngflng tang d i u tfl cho ndng nghiep va ndng thon, tfl 300 ti NDT (2003) len 590 ti NDT (2008) v i dat mflc ky lue 764,1 ti NDT, khoang 112 ti USD (2009) Chinh sich Men dai hda ndng thdn Trung Quo'c van khdng can trd dUcfc ddng di cU lao dpng len phd' Hien Chinh phu Trung Qud'c dang bude phai tim kiem nhflng giai phip de dam bao an sinh xa hpi, tao ed hpi viec lam cho lao ddng di cfl va thu hep khoang cich thu n h i p gifla lao ddng thinh phd' v i lao dpng di cfl Mot sd giai phap khuyen khich di chuyen lao dong cua cac nUiDfc dang phat trien Do khdi Iflcing lao dpng di chuyen khu vflc cae nfldc dang phat trien 19 PHAM THI THANH BINH • N G U Y I N NGOC THANH t a n g n h a n h , eho n e n can ed nhflng bien chpn lUa va l a m t i n g t h e m ldi ich d p h i p can thiep ddng bp d c i c nfldc nhflng ndi dd t h a y vi t a n g chi phi k h u vflc n h i m d e m lai mdi trfldng tfl Thd nhdt, sogn thdo lgi chinh sdch di cU khu viic, bao gom cdc hiep dinh song phUcfng vd hiep dinh khu vUc eho ngfldi lao dpng di cfl eung nhfl cac bien p h i p phdi h(3p ddng bp de bao ve ngfldi lao dpng di cfl s a n g c i c nfldc p h i t trien ngoai k h u vflc N i m 2007, eac nfldc d a n g p h a t t r i e n ASEAN tuyen b d ve sfl bao d a m v i k h u y e n k h i c h quyen l(3i ciia nhflng ngfldi lao dpng di cfl, k h i n g djnh t i m q u a n trpng cang ldn eiia ngfldi lao dong di eU t r o n g n e n k i n h te va t r a c h nhiem cua C h i n h p h u c i c nUdc t h a n h vien t r o n g viec bao d a m quyen ldi cua ngUdi di cU cap dp qud'c te, dac biet d ci'p dp d a phUdng eac dieu k h o a n d a m p h a n cua GATS ri't ed hieu qua, bupc c i c nude p h i t t r i e n p h a i thflc Men eac cam ket sfl d u n g cang nhieu ngudn lao ddng di cfl - mpt each thflc md rdng san xua't va cai t h i e n p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n lflc Vi'n de m i e i e nfldc d a n g p h i t trien hien n a y thflc Men khdng phai la gifl ngfldi lao ddng khdng dfl(3c phep chuyen, m a la lam the nao de di djnh hfldng cho hp di chuyen mpt c i c h dung hudng va di chuyen vdi ly h(3p ly Vi v i y , t h a y vi niu keo de gifl ngfldi lao ddng, C h i n h p h u n e n x o i bd nhflng n h a n to day n g u d i lad ddng rdi xa gia dinh va nen k i n h te da't nfldc De lam dfldc dieu nay, C h i n h p h u c i c nUde d a n g p h a t t n e n c i n p h a i n i n g ci'p chi't lU(;ing cua lac dpng di cu va k h u y e n khich thuc day t i n g t r u d n g k i n h te di't nUde Su di chuyen l a o dpng bdi nhflng ly kinh te se d i n de'n sfl t i p t r u n g ldn mpi ngudn n h a n lflc va tri lUe d mpt so' quo'c gia 20 Cac nfldc A S E A N da xoa bd yeu eau ci'p visa eho mpi cdng d a n de hp eo the d l d i n g di lai t r o n g k h u vflc C h i n h s i c h can dUdc md r d n g vUdt n g o i i p h a m vi k h u vflc b mflc cd the Cac hiep djnh song phUdng cd xu hUdng chi bao gdm lao dpng di cfl cd ky n i n g thi'p Vi du nhfl Hiep djnh d M a l a y s i a t h i m chf bao gdm ca viec m i e n t h u e M F N Thd hai, dp dung GATS - visa nhdm tgo thuan lgi cho dich vu di chuyen lao dgng vd de xudt cdc chinh sdch di chuyen nhd co cdc ca m ket tii hoa thucfng mgi GATS - visa dU(3c de sua't khdng chi n h i m tao dieu kien t h u i n Icii cho thfldng m a i dich vu, dac biet djch vu di chuyen lao ddng, m a cdn dUa r a dUdc nhflng chinh sach di cfl t r o n g nfldc nhd ed c i c cam k e t tU b o a thfldng mai djch v u cua GATS De dUcJc ap dung GATS visa thi trUdc h e t p h a i thfla n h a n ed sd p h i p ly cho cac chinh sach di cU nUdc GATS - visa se chi d i n h cho cac ca n h a n hoac cac c h u y e n gia- nhflng ngfldi trflc tiep dfldc mdi hoac dfl(3c thue - thflc hien cong viec l a m t a m thdi d nfldc k h i c Thdi b a n l a m viec v i h o a t dpng chuyen mon p h a i dfldc x i c djnh v i khdng dfldc chuyen sa ng cac loai visa k h i c Do loa i h i n h visa n i y k h d n g cd nghia la tim viec l i m cd' dinh hoac trd t h i n h cU d i n cua nfldc chu nha, nhflng nd tao dieu kien t h u i n l(3i cho su di cU cua mdi e i n h i n de l i m nhflng edng viee NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC s o 2(114) - 2010 Kinh nghi§m va each tiep can di chuyen lao dgng tam thdi theo yeu cau cua cic td chflc v i ca nhan khac Loai hinh visa giflp lim ro y nghTa cua di cfl tam thdi Thd ba, tdng cUdng cdc bien phdp bdo hg vd bdo ve kip thdi cho lao dgng di chuyen theo GATS Mdt nhflng trd ngai ldn nha't mi cic qud'c gia gap phai thflc Men cae cam ket ve cung cap lao dpng di cfl la viee khong the tien doan dfldc nhflng vi'n de xay d thj trfldng lao ddng nfldc Cam ket cua GATS l i phai cd y thflc trach nhi§m neu vi pham phap Mat va chflc ning thfldng mai Do hinh thflc, khoi lfl(3ng va tinh thfldng xuyen cua ngudn lao dpng di cfl phu thudc vao sU dao dpng ciia thj trUdng, nen cac nUde chu nha cd the tri hoan cam ket di chuyen lao dpng trUdng hdp thj trudng khdng dam bao viec lam cho lao ddng nudc ngoai Viec thiic hien cam ket theo cung flng lao dpng dfl(3c xem nhfl cich thflc khdng thuin Ich Tuy nhien, viee tri hoan hoac xda bd cam ket se ehi ed the neu nhfl eac bien phap bao hd da ducic xic djnh rd r i n g va giai thich h(3p ly theo dieu le cua GATS Mpt sd bien phip bao ho dxicic de xui't nhUng khdng cd l(3i cho cae nUde dang phat trien Hien nay, cac bien phap deu dang dxicjc xem xet nghien cflu de thda man sfl quan tam cua mpi quo'c gia, khdng the i p dung cac phfldng phip mpt cich tfly tien Di cfl lao dpng la mpt nhflng van de quan trpng cua nghj trinh thao Man "Tuyen bd' CeBu ve bao ve v i thing tien quyen lOi cua lao ddng nhip cfl" dfldc cic nha lanh dao ASEAN ri't quan tam NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 2(114) - 2010 Thd tu, tgo mgi dieu kien thuan lgi cho di chuyen lao dgng gida cdc quo'c gia vd tren thi trUdng quoc te Vdi so lao dpng xap xi 300 trieu ngUdi, ASEAN thflc sfl trd thj trudng luc lUdng lao dpng rpng ldn Du doin so' lao dpng khu vflc se tang them 55 trieu ngUdi (2015) Tuy nhien, dd xu hudng t i n g d i n so' khdng deu, mflc lien ket kinh te cang chit che hdn v i sU khic biet ve mflc thu nhap van ldn gifla nfldc nhan lao dpng va giii lao dpng din tdi di cfl lao dong khu vUc cang tang Kinh nghie m cua cae nUde NIEs chau A, H i n Quo'c va Singapore da ehi rang: lao dpng di cfl cd vai trd ra't quan trpng viec tri nen san xui't va thuc diy p h i t trien kinh te, cdng sflc eiia hang trieu lao dpng di cU tfl cac nfldc ASEAN l i xfldng sd'ng cua nen kinh te d nhieu qud'c gia Malaysia, Singapore v i Thai Lan se la nhflng nfldc nhin dflcic nhieu lao ddng di cfl nhi't khoang thdi gian n i m tdi Xu hudng kinh te toan ciu Men cho thi'y nhu ciu lao dpng di cU ed tay nghe chuyen mdn cao se cdn tang Ong Manelo Abella — chuyen gia ve lao ddng di eU eua Td chflc lao dpng qud'c te ILO nhi'n manh "vdn ngUdi chd khong phdi vdn tdi nguyen Id yeu td then chdt cho cong cuoc phdt trien kinh te Cuoc cgnh tranh gidnh giat lao dgng thgo nghe tren the gidi dd cdnh bdo rdng, cdc nUdc dang phdt trien se gap kho khdn viec xdy diing vd phdt trien dgi ngu cong nhdn ky thudt vd chuyen nghiep dang rdt cdn thiet cho sii phdt trien kinh te cdc nudc ndy" Mdi n i m ed hang trieu 21 PHAM THI THANH BINH ã NGUYĐN NGOC THANH lao ddng chau A p h a i di cU r a nUdc n g o i i tim viee lam N h i e u ngUdi p h a i lam nhflng cdng viec cflc nhpc, n a n g sui't tha'p va h a u nhfl k h d n g dfl(3c hfldng che dp bao hiem thi't nghiep, b e n h tat, hflu t r i Do v i y , ti le ngfldi ngheo, ngfldi cd cupc sdng b a p b e n h tiep tuc t i n g k h i ngudn tai n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n giam, d n h i e m mdi trfldng c i n g nghiem trpng va k h i h a u t r e n t r i i di't n g i y cang trd n e n k h i c nghiet Dd la nhflng yeu to de doa mflc t a n g trfldng va p h a t trien eiia c h a u A ndi c h u n g va ciia ASEAN ndi rieng nhflng n a m tdi Cupc k h u n g h o a n g tai chinh toan c i u n i m 2008 cang thflc d i y xu hfldng di eU lao dpng qud'c te t a n g m a n h D u b i o lao dpng di cfl qud'c te t i n g len 213.9 trieu ngUdi vao n a m 2010 Dieu n i y k h a n g djnh la v i n c i n t h i e t tri thj trUdng lao dpng md cho lao dpng di cU bdi chfnh hp la n h i i n g ngUdi t h a m gia tfch cUc nhi't t r o n g q u i t r i n h p h i t trien k i n h te ke ea nfldc n h i n lae dpng va nfldc giii lad ddng Vi v i y , chinh s i c h k i n h te eua eie nfldc (nude n h a n lao ddng va nfldc giii lao dpng) phai dam bao dflcic quyen l(;ii v i ldi ich cua ngfldi lad dpng di cU de p h i t h u y dU(3e b e t n i n g s u i t , hieu qua cua lao dpng di cU qud'c te TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO l.Cai Fang, Du Yang and Wang Meiyan (2009), Migration and Labour Mobility in China, Huraan Development Research Paperr, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), N 9, April Ding Lu (2009), The Economic Consequence of Labour Mobility in China's 22 Regional Development, The Earth Institute at Columbia University and the Musachusetts Institute of Technology Labour Market in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Its Adjustment to Global Financial Crisis ADB Institute, Tokyo, June 2009 4.Amarjit Kaur (2006), Managing the Border: Regulation of International Labour Migration and State Policy Responses to Global Governance in Southeast Asia, University of England Anggraeni, Dewi (2006), Dreamseekers, Indonesian Women as Domestic Workers in Asia, Jakarta, Ewuinex (ILO) Publishing Carling, Jorgen (2005), Gender Dimensions of International Migration, Global Commission on International Migration, Geneva, May Chris Manning and Pradip Bhatnagar (2005), Liberalizing and Facilitating the Movement of Individual Service Providers under AFAS: Implications for Labour and Immigration Policies and Procedures in ASEAN, Australian National University, ANU Kaur, A, (2006), Order (and Disorder) at the Border: Mobility, International Labour Migration and Border Controls in Southeast Asia, in Mobility, Labour Migration and Border Controls in Asia in eds Amarjit Kaur and Ian Metcalfe, Basingstoke Palgrave/ Macmillan, chapter Shamsulbahriah Ku Ahmad (2007), ASEAN Development Dynamics and the Regional Labour Market: Implication on Labour Movement, Department of Development Studies, Facultj' of Economics and Adramistation, University of Malaya 10 Vietnam Economic Times, N 213 (5/9/2007) 11 Kinh te Quo'c te (2007), Ngn chdy mdu lao dgng lanh nghe gdy kho khdn cho cdc nUdc dang phdt trien, N29 NGHIEN CllfU TRUNG QUOC s d 2(114) - 2010 ... ich * Kinh nghiem di chuyen lao dgng cua Trung Qud'c Di chuyen lao dpng d Trung Qud'c b i t d i u t i n g manh tfl cudi nhflng nam 1980s va dUdc die trflng khdng chi bdi sfl chuyen ddi kinh te... ddng di cfl Die biet tfl sau Trung Qud'c gia nhap VVTO va trd trung tam che tao the gidi, nhu ciu ngiy cing ting ciia lao ddng di chuyen bupc Chinh phu thay ddi quan diem chuyen ddi tfl di chuyen... quan t i m den lao ddng thj mi't ed hdi viec lim va phuc ldi xa hpi di chuyen lao ddng mac dfl muc dich eua di cfl la ro ring *Kinh nghiem chuyen dich lao dgng nong nghiep cda Thdi Lan Thii Lan