THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
PHU Ntr V6l sir PHAT TRIEN BEN VUNG vA XAY DUKG MOI TRirClNG NHAN VAN LfiTHI* ^ ^ am 1993, Hoi ddng thd' gidi ve Mdi >3'A trudng va Phat triln cua Lien Hi6p qudc da dua mot dinh nghia chung nha't v6 su phat trien bin vung la "Nhan loai cd kha nang lam cho su phat trien ben vung, dam bao su phat trien dap ung dupc nhu cdu ciia hien tai ma v&n khdng lam ton hai den the he tuong lai, dap ling nhu cau rieng cua hp" Hoi dong da khien nghi: Viec phat trien kinh te toan cau phd'i hpp vdi gidi han sinh thai ciia hanh tinh chung ta Hien the gidi ciia chung ta dang diing trudfc nhung nguy co co tinh toan cau nhu suy giam chalt lupng va tru lupng cac tai nguyen thien nhien (dat, riing, nude, khoang san, thiiy san, nang lupng), dan so' the gidi tang nhanh, tdc dd phat trien luong thuc khong dap ung dupc, dan den nan doi, dae biet d cac nude ngheo va dong dan Nan nhiSm moi trudng sdng ciia ngudi lan toa pham vi rpng, hau nong len toan ciu dSn den bang tan va nude bien dang Dong thdi, hang Ioat cac vSh den xa hpi nhiic nhdi nhu nan doi ngheo, nan that nghiep, su phan hoa giau ngheo giua cac tang ldp dan cu, > dang diln cang gay gat Vl vay su phat trien bin vung (PTBV) gan Uln vdi giai quyet dong thdi nhung va'n dl cua mdi trudng tu nhi6n, mdi trudng xa hpi, moi trudng nhan van Tang trudng kinh te phai gan liln vdi giam ngheo doi, thai nghiep, thu hep su phan hoa giau ngheo, chdng khai thac can kiet cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, ngan ngiia suy thoai mdi trudng hien tai va tuong lai Dd chinh la khia canh nhan van PTBV Dong thdi su phat trien cung nham dam bao su cdng bang xa hpi cho cac t&ig ldp dan cu va su cong bang ddi vdi cac the he tiep theo Moi trudng nhan van noi len tinh tu giac, hanh dOng co van hoa ciia coii ngudi va trinh nhan thiic ciia hp Do dd, mdi qud'c gia mdi dan tdc cd mdi trudng nhan van vdi dae dilm ri6ng, phu thudc vao dieu kidn tu nhidn vdn CO va dilu kien kinh te xa hdi Su PTBV khdng chi tiiy thupc vao cha't lupng mdi trudng ma cac chinh sach kinh te, chfnh tri cua mdi qud'c gia, vdi su phan chia vl quyln luc Cach ling xii do'i vdi moi trudng la nIn van hda tao va bi cac mdi quan he xa hpi va co ca'u quyln luc chi phdi (gdn vdi lpi ich ca nhan, lpi ich tap doan) Bdi vay da co nhiing cuOc khiing hoang khac vl phat triln va mdi trudng Cac cupc khiing hoang diu ngudi la tac nhan va la ke chiu hau qua Mdi quan he chat che, qua lai giua phat trien, ngheo kho va mdi trudng cang dupc thiia nhan, dae biet la d cac nude dang phat trien I VE BA QUAN DifM TI^P C A N VAN f)i BAO Vfe VA GI0 GIN MOI TRlTdNG TRONG SACH Quan diem phat trien ben vumg gan vdi bao ve moi trur5ng Xem xet md'i quan he giiia phat trien va tang trudng kinh te: tang trudng kinh t6' la muc tieu hang ddu ciia cac k l hoach phat trien qudc gia, dan tpc de nang cao ddi so'ng nhan dan Nhung tang trudng kinh t l chi la mot phuong ti6n co ban de co the phat triln nhung nd khdng phai la mot chi bao hoan hao cua tien bp xa hpi Tang trudng kinh t l khdng nhat thiet dem lai phiic lpi cho mpi ngudi nhu nhau, cai thien chat lupng sdng cua hp mot each tuong xung Quan tam diing dan den su phat triln la nham nang cao hanh phiic cho mpi ngudi dan, ndng cao tieu chudn sd'ng ciia hp, cai thiSn tinh hinh giao due va siic khoe, tao su binh GS Le Thi, Ha Noi B Le Thi - Phu nil vdi si/phat trien ben vOng dang ve co hdi cho mpi ngudi Dd chinh la su PTBV, phat trien lau dai, gdn vdi bao ve, giu gin mdi trudng lanh Tu tudng CO ban ciia su PTBV la bao dam chat lupng mdi trudng cho nhiing ngudi dang sdng va cac the he tuong lai, dam bao tilm nang phat trien ciia ngudi hien tai va tuong lai, dam bao su cdng bdng giiia cac nhdm ngudi, cho cac the he va giiia cac thi he Su phat trien bin viing gdn vdi su phat triln cua ngudi, khdng ngiing nang cao chdt lupng sdng ciia hp, ciing vdi viec giii gin, bao ve mdi trudng, bao toan chat lupng moi trudng cho nhiing ngudi dang sdng va cac the he tuong lai PTBV Cling phai dam bao su cdng bdng phdn phd'i, chia se nang luc, tao phuc lpi cho tdt ca mpi ngudi, cac nhdm ngudi xa hpi va tuong lai Con ngucri dupc gido due to't hon, khde manh hon, chdt lupng sdng to't hon, nang sudt, kha nang lam viec tang len, dl ddng gdp vao su thinh vupng chung ciia xa hpi Nhu vay, phdt trien ngudi la muc tieu, la dpng luc, la phuong tien dam bao cho su PTBV Con su phdt trien kinh te la cdng cu, la phuong tien de ndng cao chat lupng sd'ng ma khong phai la muc tieu cuo'i ciing cua su phat trien Tang trudng kinh te co y nghia lai phu thupc vao khdu phdn phdi ciia cai lam Nang cao chdt lupng so'ng cua ngudi phu thupc rdt Idn vao viec giii gin vd bao ve mdi trudng sdng Hai yeu td cd md'i hen he chat che va tac dpng hai chilu Bao ve moi trudng lanh mdi dam bao su phdt trien ben viing cho cac the he hien tai va tuong lai Quan diem tiep can xa hpi hoc Vl quan diem tiep can xa hpi hpc, gdn mdi quan he giira mdi trudng vdi cdc quan he phiic tap giua ngudi vdi ngudi, giiia cdc nhom xa hpi, tap doan, giai cap, vdi co quan nha nude (the che, phdp luat, ) Giiia ngudi vdi mdi trudng cd mdi quan he true tiep va thudng xuyen nhung khong thi hilu don gian Mdi quan he dd lai bi chi phdi bdi mdi quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi vl nhu cau, lpi ich ciia tiing cd nhan, tiing nhdm xa hpi Stt dung thien nhien mpt each khac nhau, bao ve hay pha hoai moi trudng nhu the nao la nhu cdu, lpi ich cd nhdn hay nhom xa hpi quy dinh Nhdn thiic cua hp, hanh dpng ciia hp dd'i vdi mdi trudng bao quanh duoc dat nhiing the che phiic tap nhu quan he gia dinh, quan he vdi cdng dong, lang xdm, phd phudng, tdp thi, CO quan, va quan h6 vdi nha nude, vdi cac the chi phap ludt, chinh sach nhdt dinh Vi du, nhu cau lpi ich ciia nong ddn khai thdc rupng ddt, sir dung nguon nude khac vdi lpi ich, nhu cdu ciia cdc doang nghiep, chu XI nghiep, Cdc each tiep can sinh thdi hpc, kinh te hpc, cdng nghe hoc, thudng xem xet cdc mdi quan he true tiep giiia ngudi va mdi trudng Cdch tiep can xa hpi hpc bd sung, hoan chinh each xem xet chung , ddi hoi chii y phan tich cac quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, tii dd thdy ro nguyen nhan, dpng luc ben chi phd'i mdi quan he cua hp vdi mdi tnrdng (tu' nhdn thiic den thai dp va each ling xu) Cdc md'i quan he xa hpi didn khdng don gian ma phiic tap, long ghep vao hay mdu thudn vdi dpng co, lpi ich khac ciia ea nhdn hay nhdm xa hpi, phii hpp hay khdng phli hpp vdi lpi ich cpng dong, xa hpi Cdch tilp can xd hpi hpc doi hoi chiing ta phai nghien ciiu, phan tich cdc mdi quan he phiic tap dl hieu dupc cdch xu su ciia ngudi dd'i vdi moi trudng xung quanh Lpi ich ca nhan hay nhdm nguci nhdt dinh lai chiu tac dpng cua cac the che ciia uha nude, ciia xa hpi iing hp, bao ve hay cdm doan, ngan can cac hanh dpng lien quan din viec bao ve mdi trudng, giii gin mdi trudng sd'ng Vi du, ddi vdi cdc dan tpc it ngudi b miln niii quen do't nuong lam rdy vi hp khdng cd, hoac CO rat it nude cay luong thuc Tam ly ciia hp coi thien nhien la ciia hp, mii rihig cha dng de lai, bao ddi cha dng vdn ddt nuong lam rdy, rirng lai mpe lai khdng Nha nude muo'n ngan chan hp do't rung lam rdy thi trudc tien phai cap ddt san xudt ndng nghiep cho hp, dua hp xuo'ng viing thap dinh cu, giiip hp canh tac dn dinh tren manh ddt dupc cap Cd the trao cho hp rirng, quan Q Nghien curu Ph^t trien ben vWng, so (28) - Thitng 9/2010 ie Thi - Phu nur vdi si/phat trien ben vOng ly rung trong, tao cho hp quyln quan ly mot dien tfch riing nhdt dinh dl nuoi sdng gia dinh va ban than, Quan diem tiep can gidi vdi su phat trien ben vumg Su PTBV ciia mdt qudc gia, mdt dan tdc va ca loai ngudi nhdm dap ling Ipi feh ciia ca gidi, nam va nu Hai gidi diu co muc tieu chung, lpi feh chung viec phdt trien ciia ddt nudc va bao ve, gin giir moi trudng Dong thdi hp lai cd nhiing nhu cau khdc nhau, co tinh cdp bach khac hp phai dam nhiSm nhiing cdng viec khac gia dinh Phu nii mang thai, sinh nd, nudi nho nen nhiing nhu cau ciia hp thudng gdn vdi ddi sd'ng gia dinh (dilu kien an b, nguon nudc sach, phiic lpi y te, gido due, ) Nam va nu, hoan canh hch sir nudc ta hipn vdn b diem xudt phat khdc dl tiep can vdi cdi mdi Do la trinh dp hieu biet, dilu kien di lai, tiep xiic vdi xa hpi, viec ndm bdt thong tin giiia nam va nii cdn khdc Tir dd nhiing thudn lpi va khd khan ciia hp cQng nhu tham gia vdo cdc du dn phdt triln, viec hudng thu qua hay hiing chiu nhiing hau qua tieu cue ciing khac giira nam va nii Nam gidi thudng cd kha nang lam viec xa gia dinh, cd dilu kien hon nii gidi viec hpc tdp, ddi nghl, di vao cong nghe mdi Phu nu bi han che nhilu hon vl dilu kien hpc tap ban biu viec cai va cdng viec npi trp gia dinh Hp thudng phai nhan nhiing cong viec lao dpng don gian hon, nang nhpe hon, thu nhap thap, rat bat lpi cho siic khde cua hp Hp cOng phai ganh chiu hdu qua tieu cue hon ciia cac du an phdt trien so vdi nam gidi n VAI TRO CUA PHU N VClI VIEC GIN GitT BAO VE MOI T R U C J N G Hien trang nhilm va suy thoai moi trudmg b nudc ta hien va hau qua cua no ddi vdi ddi song nhan dan, dae biet la do'i vdi phu niir, tre em Nan nhilm khong khi, trudc het tii cac CO sd san xudt cong nghiep gay (NHS, Nghien citu Phiit trien ben vOng, so (28) - Thiing 9/2010 C02), nan d nhilm khdng tai cdc phd Idn, cac dd thi, dpc thai tii cac phuong ti6n giao thdng, khf dpc thai tii cdc bai rdc quanh dd thi chua cd cac bien phap su ly kip thdi, he thdng thao nudc ban bura bai, Nan nhilm nudc: b cdc pho' hd thd'ng cd'p nudc sach khdng theo kip nhu cdu cdp nudc ciia ngudi ddn, kenh rach tai cdc phd' dd thi Idn bi d nhilm nang, nudc thai ciia cdc xi nghiep tiiy tien dd vao va b ndng thdn la tinh trang ao tu, nudc dpng Nhilu noi thieu nudc sach de diing, phai diing nudc ao ho, gieng nudc dao thieu, bi nhilm bdn, Trong nong nghiep, sir dung phan tuoi, thudc trii sau, phan hoa hpc vdi dung lupng ngdy cang tang, 1dm nhilm moi trudng ddt va nudc Do dd thudng xay nhiing dich benh dudng mpt, dau mdt, benh ngoai da, ma tre em la nan nhan chfnh, ddi vdi phu nii dd la benh phu khoa va budu cd Nan suy thodi ddt dai, vudn doi phd riing Rtaig bien doi, doi tro trpc lan rpng, nguon nudc ngpt can ddn, tii dd ddn den suy thoai cdc loai thiiy hai sdn vd d nhilm sdng bien Tinh trang ve sinh toi te, nan nhilm idiong khf, nudc, la nguyen nhdn gdy benh tdt va tir vong cao, dd phu nii va tre em bi tdn thuong nhilu nhdt Phu niif co nhu cau ya Ipi ich dae biet bao ve mdi trucmg lanh Phu nii la ddi tupng chiu anh hudng nang nl moi trudng tu nhien bi d nhilm va can kiet - Khi phu nii mang thai, sinh nd dilu ki6n ve sinh toi te dl ddn den bi dm dau, an udng mat ve sinh, dl xdy thai, sinh non, de nhe can, - Tre em dm dau, suy dinh dudng thi ngudi me vdt va nhdt viec cham con, lo chay thudc men chiia benh cho - Nguci phu nii thudng phai lo com nudc, lam npi trp gia dinh, phai vat Ion vdi viec thieu nudc sach, phai lo kiem nguon nudc phuc vu nhu cdu gia dinh, Le Thi - Phu nit vdi si/phat then ben vCmg - Khi cdc phiie lpi xa hpi kem nhu: he thdng cap dien, nudc, he thdng thoat nudc, cdc dich vu vl y te, giao due ciia nha nudc giam, dich vu tu nhan ddt thi ngudi phu nii phai gdnh chiu hau qua nang ne nhdt viec cham lo ddi sd'ng gia dinh Phu nii co trach nhiem bao ve gin gifir moi trudng cong viec hang cua minh: san xuat va cham soc gia dinh Phu nu la luc lupng ddng dao cac nganh nong - lam - ngu nghidp Id luc lupng CO ban tao ciia cai nuoi sdng gia dinh Ngay b nhilu dia phuong, phdn Idn nam gidi bd que di xa lam an thi phdn Idn cong viec rupng dong va nom gia dinh phu nii phai ganh vac Trong san xudt nong nghiep, phu nii la luc lupng chinh phai lo viec cho'ng sdi mon ddt, suy thoai cay trong, dam bao nguon nudc tudi, phdn bdn, thuo'c trii sdu cho dong rupng Vi vay hp quan tam din he qua cua van dl chdng nhilm dat, nudc, khdng ddi vdi kit qua hp thu hoach dupc Phu nii lai thudng phai lo viec chan nudi tai gia dinh: (Ipn ga, trau bo, ) nen phai chii y den mdi trudng sdng vd ngudn cung cdp thiic an cho vat nuoi Hp phai sit ly chdt thai tii chdn nudi de dam bao mdi trudng lanh cho gia dinh, vat nuoi Phu nii co kha nang bao ve moi trucmg CO ket qua dupc hoc tap giao due Ho cam nhan nhanh mdi quan he gi&a ngudi vdi thien nhien, moi trudng - Do phai cham lo cai an, cdi mac cho gia dinh hien tai va tuong lai nen ngudi phu nii cam nhan dupc mdi quan he than thiet, phu thupc Idn giiia ngudi vdi thien nhien Hp gdn giii vdi thien nhien nhilu hen nam gidi - Dai bp phan phu nu lam nong - lam nghiep, tai nguyen hp kie'm dupc la tii thien nhien dl phuc vu cdc nhu cdu thiet yeu cua gia dinh Thien nhien la nguon cung cdp co ban, cd trudng hpp la nhdt dl tri cupc sdng Hp lam cdc nghl thii cong vdi nguyen vat lieu tur thien nhien nhu keo spi, det vai, dan lat, Hp lam thuong nghiep budn ban cdc san phdm tii thien nhien nhu hoa qua, rau, thit, Hp lam dich vu an udng, may mac tut san pham thien nhien Chinh su tuong tdc hang ngdy vdi thien nhien giiip phu nii co kien thiic sit dung nd mpt each hpp ly hon, khdng lam dung, khdng hoang phf - Phu nii cam nhan dupc su thay ddi ciia moi trudng de dpa cupc so'ng cua hp hon so vdi nam gidi (khi cdi ddi, cdi ret ddn vdi cai hp thi chi em phai la ngudi lo ddu tien) dong thci su suy thoai mdi trudng cung anh hudng den kha nang sinh cua hp Vi vay, so vdi nam gidi, hp nhay cam hon trudc nhiing viec lam kiet que den thien nhien khai thac qua miic Dae biet la ddi vdi phu nii ngheo, nhiing ngudi chiu anh hudng dau tien vl tinh trang moi trudng bi xudng cdp (ddn den mdt miia, ca cua b sdng bi chet, ) Do dd cdch ling xir cua phu nii vd nam gidi dd'i vdi mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi trudng xa hdi khac nhau, cd tfnh chdt ro rang C^n giao due, hudng dan phu nii tham gia bap ve moi trudng thong qua nhurng hoat dong cu the, thiet thuc Ddi vdi ddng dao phu nii, phuong phdp giao due khdng chi la giai thich vl ly thuyet nla phai thdng qua nhiing minh chiing cu thi, qua cac vi du sinh dpng, dl hilu, qua tranh anh, td chiic di tham quan thuc te so sanh nhung noi bao ve moi trudng tdt hay chua tdt, Dae biet, hp dupc nang cao nhan thiic thong qua nhiing viec lam cu the tai dia phuong, de thdy rd lpi feh thiet thuc ciia bao ton thidn nhien, lam sach moi trudng tai que huong hp sinh sdng Ket qua dem lai la cung cdp cdc san pham tii thien nhien dupc bin viing, Idu dai va phong phli Khi dupc hpc tap, trang bi kien thiie vl bao ve moi trudng, phu nir gido due truyin dat npi dung dd chd cdi, gia dinh • Nhin chung, mudn bao ve mdi trudng phai thong qua cdc md'i quan he moi trudng va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, xoa doi gidm ngheo, moi trudng vdi dan so, siic khde, dan tri Phai thay ddi hdnh vi ddi xii ciia ngudi vdi mdi trudng, dong thdi cd bien phdp cai thien ddi sd'ng cua hp Nghien ciAi PhM then ben vumg, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 Le Thi - Phu nCf vdi si/phat triSn ben vCtng Phu nil CO kha nang tham gia tdt cac hoat dpng sau day: a) Tham gia xoa doi gidm ngiieo: phu nil giiip lam kmh te b) Tham gia lam xanh moi trucmg: phu nii Id luc lupng CO ban cdc nganh ndng - lam nghiep, phu nu trdng cay gay riing, phii xanh doi trpc, khac phuc viec du canh du cu, dn dinh ddt canh tdc, ikhong do't riing lam rdy La nguci true tiep, thudng xuyen so'ng tren doi rtaig, dong ruOng, phu nii co nhilu kha nang va trdch nhiem lam xanh mdi trudng c) Tham gia lam sach moi trUdng: qua cac viec cu thi sau ddy: - xay dung ba cong trinh: gieng nudc hay be chiia nudc, nha tdm, nhd ve sinh tai gia dinh - Bao ve nguon nudc sach diing b dia phuong va gia dinh - Giii gin ve sinh cd nhan, cdi, ngo xom sach dep - Sut dung thudc trur sdu, phdn hoa hpc cd miic dp tren dong rudng va bao quan tdt tai gia dinh - Sit dung bep cai tie'n, tilt kiem chdt do't, - Phu nu tham gia chuong trinh ke' hoach hda ddn so, chi sinh con, cham soc siic khoe bd me tre em - Phu nu cd trdch nhiem va kha ndng hudng ddn viec tieu diing hcfp ly gia dinh Tur nhiing cong viec hp thudng lam hang (tham gia san xudt, cham lo gia dinh, nuoi dudng cdi), phu nii co trach nhiem vd nhilu kha nang bao ve mdi trudng lanh, bin viing Dupc giao due, hpc tdp hp se la luc lupng chfnh co y thiic, co quyet tdm xdy dung mdi trudng nhdn van, di dau phong trdo phat triln mdi trudng co hieu qua, vi lpi feh cd nhan, cua gia dinh vd vi lpi feh chung cua xa hpi Nha nuo'c vdi cac the che, phap luat, chinh sach co vai tro het sure quan de thuc day bao ve moi trucmg CO hieu qua Mo'i quan he giiia nguci Viet Nam noi chung, giSa phu nii Viet Nam noi rieng vdi moi Nghien ciru Ph&t then ben vumg, so (28) - Thiing 9/2010 trucmg lai hen quan den cac chfnh sdch, thi che' cua nha nudc ta, chfnh sdch kinh te, chinh sdch xa hpi do'i vdi ngudi ddn, nam va nii Ve chinh sdch Icinh te: Nha nude trao quyln sd hiiu ddt dai, nha xudng mdt each hpp ly, kip thdi cho ngudi ddn, nam va nu, khuye'n khfch hp sit dung diing ddn bao ve mdi trudng Nha nudc trao quyln cho nhdn dan tham gia quan ly doi rung, song ngoi thdng qua he thdng thue' va trp cdp cd muc tieu de khuyen khfch viec phdt huy bin vung, bao ve mdi trudng Nha nudc thdng qua he thd'ng gido due cdng cpng dl han chi nhiing tieu diing co hai cho mdi trudng phdt triln bin vung Ve chinh sdch xd hoi: Nha nudc to chiic viec cap gido due todn dan, nang cao hpc van cua ldp tre, dae biet la nhiing viing miln niii xa xdi, chu y ddo tao Idia nang lao dpng phii hpp vdi doi hoi cdng viec hien vd tuong lai Md rpng co hpi cd viee lam cho nam nii nien, bao ve ket qua lao dpng, hpc tap chfnh dang ciia cd nhan Nha nudc phdt triln cdc dich vu y tl, cham sdc siic khde ngudi ddn vd ddy manh viec thuc hien ke' hoach hda gia dinh, Tdm lai, nhiing chfnh sach kinh te' va xa hpi dung ddn ciia Nha nudc la don bdy cd hieu luc quan trpng khien cho nhiing hanh ddng bao ve moi trudng cua nguci ddn, dae biet la phu nii cd hieu qua tdt dep hon./ Tai ]ieu tham khao Gi6i, rri6i tniofng va phat tri^n b Viet Nam; Nxb Chinh tri qud'c gia; Ha Noi, 1995 M6i trudng lanh va phat triln bin vung, Nxb Khoa hoc ky thuat; Ha N6i, 1994 H6i thao quoc te': Xay dung ASEAN cdng dong cac quS'c gia phat trien bin vttng, ddng deu va hc(p tac Trung tam khoa hoc xa h6i va nhan van qufi'c gia thang 11/1998 Bai tren tap chi Tia sang so 5/1/2010 dua tin tir h6i nghi Thupng dinh cua Lien Hiep qud'c tai Copehagen vl Bie'n d6i hau
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