Các yếu tố tác động đến phân tầng xã hội

Xa hdi hoc so (105), 2009 13 CAC YEU TO TAC DONG DEN PHAN TANG XA HOI b NGUYEN DINH TAN Sii tac dong cua kinh te thi trvibng va hoi nhap kinh te qud'c te den phan tang xa hoi a Kinh te'thi triidng tdc dpng den phdn tdng xd hpi (PTXH) Hdn 20 nam ddi mdi, dat nUdc ta dang qua trinh chuyen dd'i manh me tii met nen kinh te tap trung quan lieu, bae cap sang nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng Xa hdi chu nghia Nen kinh te thi trUdng dang d i n hinh vdi diy du ban chat va dac trUng ciia nd, dUdc dieu tiet bdi nhflng quy luat khach quan nhU quy luat cung - ciu, quy luat gia tri, quy luat canh tranh va quy luat lUu thdng tien te Cac quy luat khdng chi tac dgng, dieu chinh cac heat ddng kinh te ma cdn tac ddng triic tiep den mgi vung thi, ndng thdn, mgi linh viic treng ddi sd'ng va heat ddng ciia cen ngUdi ~ * Kinh te'thi trUdng vdi muc tieu tdi thicpng cua nd Id hieu qud kinh te dd tdc dpng tri/c tiep den PTXH, phdn hod giau ngheo Trdng kinh te thi trUdng, nhflng ca nhan, td chflc, ddanh nghiep, ngUdi san xuat cang hdat ddng cd hieu qua, mang lai ldi ich chd ban than, chd cdng ddng cang nhieu thi cang cd dieu kien thuan ldi de phat trien, cang dUdc xa hdi tdn trgng, danh gia cad, dUdc tdn vinh Nhflng ca nhan, td chflc, ddanh nghiep, ngUdi san xuat hdat ddng khdng cd hieu qua, lang phi nhan liic, cua cai, tien bac cua nhan dan se bi pha san, hi xa hdi cei thudng, len an * Kinh te'thi triidng md dac triing ndi bat Id canh tranh gay gdt tdt yeu ddn tdi PTXH, phdn hod xd hpi Treng kinh te thi trUdng, sii tdn tai hay phat trien ciia mdi ca nhan, mdi nhdm xa hdi la de chinh ban than hg quyet dinh Trong qua trinh canh tranh dd, canh tranh bing tri tue la sU canh tranh quyet liet nhat va tae sii phat trien ben vflng nhat Ai cd tri tue se cd cd hdi tdn tai va phat trien nhanh hdn, hen vflng hdn, cd cd hdi tim kiem cdng an, viec lam, thu nhap, nang cad mUc sd'ng td't hdn Ai khdng cd tri thflc, tri tue se khd cd cdng an viec lam dn dinh va thu nhap cad NgUdi cd tri thflc, kinh nghiem, cd tay nghe cad se Idai ngUdi cd tay nghe thap khdi cudc chdi Cd che thi trUdng tad cd hdi binh dang cho mgi ngUdi trdng cudc canh tranh NhUng cd hdi dd chi cd the dUdc phat huy met cd nhflng ngUdi cd nang lUc van dung nd - nhflng 14 Cdc yeu to tdc dgng den phdn tdng xd hgi ngUdi cd tri thflc, kinh nghiem, vd'n xa hgi va nang luc thUc te Dd la met cudc canh tranh quyet liet Nhflng khong cd nang lUc van dung cd hgi dd se bi rdi vao nhflng ke yeu the Trong nen kinh te thi trUdng, canh tranh gianh t h i n g ldi se tdn tai va phat trien NgUdc lai hg se bi loai khdi cugc chdi, se that bai Canh tranh la mgt tac nhan dan den phan t i n g xa hdi, phan hda giau nghee * Kinh te'thi triidng ddn tdi phdn hod xd hpi, phdn hod mitc song, phdn hod gidu ngheo Dd yeu ciu ciia nen kinh te' thi trUdng, cac ddanh nghiep, ngUdi san xuat ludn phai md rdng san xuat, trang trai, cac tap ddan, phai tich tu san xuat, d i n din hinh cac lien doanh, lien ket, cac chu kinh te va de tdn tai, phat trien, cac ddn vi san xuat phai canh tranh lan Xa hdi cd sU dieu chinh dan cU, cd cau xa hgi Nhflng nhdm xa hdi (doanh nghiep) ngUdi san xuat cd ldi the ve kinh te, ve tiem nang se tdn tai va phat trien va nhflng nhdm xa hdi yeu the se bi chen ep, bi pha san Dieu dd din tdi viec phan hea giai cap, phan hea cac cd' ket xa hdi, phan hea miic sd'ng va lad ddng.v.v Dd cung la qua trinh hinh sii phan hda mflc sd'ng, tiep den la sii phan t i n g xa hdi, phan hoa xa hdi * Kinh te'thi triidng vdi viec mua bdn, trao doi siic lao dpng, hdng hod, tdc ddng manh vdo cdc quan he xd hpi ddn den PTXH Treng kinh te thi trUdng, cd nhieu tien ciia, giau sang, phii quy thi cd cd hgi phat trien hdn, thdi man dUdc nhu ciu cudc sd'ng cua minh NgUdi cd nhieu tien (tat nhien d day chi ndi ddng tien treng sach kiem dUdc dd sUc lad ddng ciia minh) thi se dUdc xa hgi danh gia cad, thfla nhan NgUdc lai, khdng cd nhieu tien, cudc sd'ng ngheo khd thi khd cd cd hgi phat trien, khd cd cd hgi vUdn len ngang b i n g ve dia vi xa hdi vdi ngUdi giau NgUdi giau cd cd hdi cang giau hdn, ngUdi ngheo cd nguy cd cang nghee di va nhu vay, khoang each giau nghee cang deang Dd la ban chat, la sii that nghiet nga ciia cd che thi trudng b Hpi nhap kinh te qud'c te'vd sii tdc dpng cua nd den phan tdng xd hpi * Todn cdu hod vd hdi nhap kinh te qud'c tetrudc het diin vuc kinh te, dau tranh kinh te tdt yeu ddn den PTXH, phdn hod xd hpi linh Toan ciu hoa va hgi nhap kinh te quec te trUdc het tac ddng den linh vUc kinh • te (bao gdm san xuit, kinh ddanh xuat nhap khiu, xua't k h i u lad ddng hdp tac khoa hgc - kinh te'- cdng nghe, hdp tac san xua't, mdi ggi d i u tU ) Qua trinh cang phat trie'n, dac biet la ke' tfl nudc ta gia nhap WTO de'n Qua trinh tac ddng, thu hut cang manh den mgi ngUdi, mgi nha, mgi linh vUc san xuat, mgi phin kinh te' Va dUdng nhien nhflng ca nhan td chflc xa hdi nad nang ddng cd nhieu ldi the se cd cd hdi vUdn len lam giau va chiem linh nhflng vi tri cao san xuit kinh deanh cflng nhu trdng ddi sd'ng xa hgi chinh tri Nhflng ca nhan Nguyin Dinh Tdn 15 td chflc nao kem nang ddng, thu ddng, y lai hdac trinh dd tay nghe, nang lUc kinh ddanh han che dUdng nhien se rdi vad ting Idp xa hdi yeu the (ngheo, vi tri thap ) * Hpi nhap kinh te ddn den dua tranh xd hpi ldm thay ddi, phdn sdu sdc he thd'ng gid tri ddn den PTXH, phdn hod xd hpi hod Qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te qud'c te md cd hdi giad lUu, giad tiep cua cac nen van hoa va dieu dd tat yeu d i n den sii thay dd'i cac gia tri, chuan miic xa hdi truyen thd'ng Qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te qud'c te cung se lam thay dd'i Id'i sd'ng, pheng tuc, tap quan, thdi quen lac hau cua cac nhdm dan cU, lam thflc diy sii phan hoa xa hdi Nhflng nhdm dan cU cd dieu kien hudng ldi sdm hdn, nhieu hdn tfl qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te qud'c te se cd thay dd'i, pha bd nhflng tap quan thdi quen lac hau, trdi budc, thay vae dd la ldi sd'ng hien dai, van minh cdng nghiep, Id'i sd'ng cd van hea, v.v Nhflng cdng ddng dan cU it cd dieu kien tiep can vdi tien bg khea hgc Men dai, vdi van minh nhan loai se khd xoa bd cac pheng tuc, tap quan, thdi quen lac hau va dd dd khd cd dieu kien vUdn len ngang bing vdi cac nhdm xa hdi khac cd trinh van minh cae hdn * Qud trinh hpi nhap kinh te Id qud trinh dua tranh tri thiic, tri tue giUa cdc ddn tdc, qud'c gia, giUa cdc cd nhdn, nhdm xd hpi td't yeu se tdc dpng den ddt niidc vd ndng nghiep, ndng thdn se khdng ndm ngoai sU tdc dpng dy Trdng dieu kien cua each mang khoa hgc cdng nghe hien dai, treng nen kinh te tri thflc, tri thUc Id nhdn to' quyet dinh vi the cda ngi/di lao dpng Ai cd trinh dd tri thflc cad hdn, n i m gifl tri thflc nhieu hdn, ngUdi dd se cd cd hgi phat trien, cd kha nang sang tad va dd dd se dUdc danh gia cad, dUdc tdn trgng NgUdc lai, nhflng ngUdi khdng n i m b i t dUdc tri thflc, khdng sii dung va phat huy dUdc tri thflc treng san xuat, dua tranh kinh te'thi hg se hi thua thiet, hi de lai phia sau cac "cudc chdi" NhiJng yeu to thuoc he thong chinh sach, the che phap luat Che chinh tri, the che phap luat, he thd'ng chinh sach la nhflng yeu to het sflc quan treng tac ddng vad nen kinh te - xa hdi ndi chung, vad xa hdi ndng thdn ndi rieng Nhflng ye'u to la nhflng dam bae quan trgng de qua trinh hdi nhap, phat trien kinh te thi trUdng Qua trinh phan ting, phan hda xa hdi se ludn dUdc diln trdng mdt "khung khd'" cd the chap nhan dUdc, (kiem sdat dUdc) Dac biet la d xa hdi ndng thdn, ndi cd sd cU dan chiem tdi 90% sd ngUdi ngheo ciia ca nUdc nUdc ta, b i t dau tfl sfl nghiep dd'i mdi, den cd ban the che chinh tri cua chung ta la met the che chinh tri tien bd Nha nUdc cua chung ta la met nha nUdc phap quyen XHCN cua dan, de dan, vi dan Dat nUdc dUdc xay diing tren cd sd ciia mgt nen kinh te da t h a n h p h i n , phat trien kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN 16 Cdc yeu to'tdc dgng den phdn tdng xd hot Ve chinh sach k i n h te, chung ta coi trgng vi the chii dap ciia d e a n h nghiep nha nude, song ludn cd cac chinh sach dam bao sii binh d i n g t r e n g s a n x u a t k i n h ddanh gifla cac ddanh nghiep n h a nUdc va cac t h a n h p h i n k i n h te khac N h a nUdc ton trgng va dam bao quyen tii'de k i n h d o a n h theo p h a p luat, mgi cdng dan dUdc lam t a t ca nhflng gi ma p h a p luat khdng cam, cdng chflc dUdc lam nhflng gi ma p h a p luat cho phep, dang vien dUdc lam k i n h te tU n h a n nhUng phai t u a n thee luat p h a p ciia N h a nUdc, dieu le ciia D a n g va cac quy dinh ciia TW "khuyen khich ngUdi lad ddng t a n g t h u n h a p va lam giau chinh dang, chap n h a n sii chenh lech t h u n h a p de nang s u i t va hieu qua lae ddng"''; "khuyen khich lam giau hdp p h a p dd'i vdi xda ddi giam nghee Cei m e t bd p h a n d a n cU giau trUdc la cin thiet cho sU p h a t trien"" Tai Dai hgi X, D a n g ta da neu rd he muc tieu ciia doi mdi la d a n giau, nUdc manh, xa hgi cong b i n g , dan chu, van minh va cei day chinh la dac trUng tdng quat ciia CNXH De d i y m a n h p h a t trien kinh te thi trfldng, Ddng khuyen mgi ngiidi ldm gidu theo phdp lugt vd xdy dUng nhd niedc phdp quyin khich tdt cd manh de thiic hien va bae ve quyen liic ciia n h a n dan Seng h a n h vdi tU tUdng chap nhan, ung hd, k h u y e n khich ngUdi l a m giau hdp thflc Dang va N h a nUdc t a cung ddng thdi day m a n h q u a t r i n h d a u t r a n h phdng chd'ng t h a m nhflng, g i n chd'ng t h a m n h u n g vdi chd'ng l a n g phi, q u a n lieu, budn lau, dac biet la nhflng h a n h vi ldi dung chflc quyen de lam giau b a t chinh Cung vdi nhflng bUdc tien ly luan dd cua Dai hdi X, N h a nUdc t a da cd luat phdng chd'ng t h a m nhflng va luat thflc h a n h tiet kiem, t h a y che p h a p lenh chd'ng t h a m n h u n g trUdc day Quy che dan chu d cd sd cung dUdc n a n g len t h a n h p h a p lenh dan chu cd sd Dang ta cung dac biet chu treng thUc hien cdng b i n g xa hdi, k h I n g dinh tang trudng kinh te phai g i n lien vdi tien bd xa hdi va cdng b i n g xa hgi, cdi ndi d u n g thiic chat ciia chinh sach xa hdi chinh la cdng b i n g xa hdi va muc tieu theo nghia hep cua chinh sach xa hdi la van de an sinh xd hpi Nhflng l u a n diem dd la sU p h a t trie'n n h a t quan cac quan diem cua Dang treng tien t r i n h ddi mdi tfl D a i hdi VI tdi Dai hdi IX va dUdc p h a t trien n a n g cao d Dai hdi X Vdi sii ddi mdi va hdan thien khdng ngflng cac chii trUdng, dUdng Id'i chfnh sach, the che p h a p luat nhieu t h a p ky cua Dang va N h a nUdc t a da ludn la sii dam bae "khung" cho nhflng d i l n bien ciia p h a n t i n g xa hdi, p h a n hoa xa hgi d nUdc ta Va chinh dieu dd da ly giai vi sae, chung ta ddi mdi, p h a t trie'n k i n h t e ' t h i trUdng t a t yeu ' Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii VII, Nxb Su that Ha Noi, 1991, trang 31 • •Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Van kien gida nhiem ky khoa VHI Thang - 1994, trang 47 Nguyin Dinh Tdn 17 dien phan hea, phan t i n g xa hdi sdng vin khdng di chech dinh hUdng xa hdi chu nghia, xa hdi v i n dn dinh va phat trien theo xu hUdng ben vflng Nhufng yeu to thuoc ve vving mdi trifcfng tuf nhien, cd sd tang co tac dong dang ke den PTXH va phan hoa giau ngheo Vung (Ddng Nam Be va TP Hd Chi Minh) la vflng cd vi tri dia ly kinh te xa hdi thuan ldi, \'ung trgng diem, ludn hap dan thu hut dfldc nhflng ngfldi d i u tfl Idn ciia cac nha d i u tU va ngdai nUdc, ddng thdi cung dUdc nha nUdc chu trgng, d i u tu phat trien vi vay tdng thu ngan sach va thu nhap binh quan d i u ngUdi cae nhat so vdi ca nUdc Vung (Deng b i n g Bic Bd) va vung (Ddng bing Sdng Ciiu Ldng) tUdng dUdng ve thu nhap binh quan d i u ngUdi dflng d vi tri trung binh trdng phat trien chung ciia ca nfldc cflng nhU mflc dd ddng gdp ngan sach chd nha nfldc Vung (Trung du mien trung Bic Bd) Vung (khu cu) va Tay Nguyen (vung 4), Duyen hai Bic Trung Be nghee nhat Day la nhflng vung heac la cd nhieu bat ldi ve dia hinh, thdi tiet, giae thdng di lai heac lac hau ve pheng tuc, tap quan canh tac Nhflng vung chfla thu hut dUdc nhieu cac nha d i u tU, kinh te cham phat trien, binh quan thu nhap d i u ngUdi thap Treng cac vung tren, vung va thu nhap hinh quan d i u ngUdi cae, tang trUdng cad, phan ting, phan hda cad Vflng 1, 3, thu nhap thap, tang trfldng thap, phan ting, phan hda thap Cac vung khac (1, 3, 4, 5, 7) cd xu hudng nghee tUdng dd'i Sd vdi trung binh ciia ca nUdc Thee sd'lieu cua Td'ng cue thd'ng ke, KSMS nam 2006, ty le nghee d Ddng Nam Bd chi la 4,6% Deng b i n g Sdng Hdng la 10,1%, trdng dd d Bic Trung Bd la 26,6%, Tay Nguyen 24,0%, Tay Bic la 39,4% * Yeu td' ndng thdn, thi cflng la nhflng yeu te tac ddng Idn den PTXH, phan hea giau nghee Cung thee sd lieu ciia Td'ng cue thd'ng ke, nam 2006, thu nhap binh quan d i u ngUdi/thang d khu vUc dd thi cad gap 2,09 lan so vdi d ndng thdn, 90% ngUdi nghee sd'ng d ndng thdn thi nam 2006 chi cdn 7,7% hd ngheo, dd d ndng thdn la 17,0% Phan hea giau nghee d nUdc ta diln thee "true" chinh la ndng thdn - dd thi Seng hanh vdi nd la "true" dan tdc Kinh, Hea - va cac dan tec thieu sd, ddng b i n g va rflng nui, vung xa, vung sau * Co cdu nghe nghiep: Cd cau nghe nghiep cung anh hudng dang ke den thu nhap mflc sd'ng, qua dd d i n den phan ting, phan hoa xa hdi Nhflng vung ndng thdn chi phat trien thuan ndng, dec canh cay lua thudng nghee Nhflng lang xa nae ma phat trien da nganh 18 Cdc yen to'tdc dgng den phdn tdng xa hgi da nghe heac chuyen dd'i canh tac tfl ndng nghiep sang phi ndng hoac ndng - thUdng hdn hdp thi dl giau Mdt sd lang xa d Ddng bing Sdng Hdng nhU Ninh Hiep (Gia Lam, Ha Ndi), Vu Hdi (Vu ThU - Thai Binh) la nhflng lang giau Mdt cudc khao sat xa hdi d xa Ninh Hiep nam 1997 che biet sd hd giau ciia lang la 25%, he kha gia 40%, hd ngheo chi cd 2%^ Nhflng nam gin day ty le hd giau cdn gia tang hdn nfla Nhflng lang xa cd nhieu hd gia dinh phat trien lang nghe, kinh deanh td'ng hdp, ket hdp nhieu nghe, nhieu lae ddng phi ndng thi giau NgUdc lai neu chi phat trie'n t h u i n ndng rat khd giau Cudc dieu tra xa hdi hgc nam 1997 tai xa Cd Ndi met xa gan nhU t h u I n ndng d huyen Mai Sdn - Sdn La thudc vung Tay Bic chd biet ty le hd giau chi cd 0,7%, kha giau 6,9%, nghee chiem tdi 38%' Dieu khdng chi dUdc minh chflng d cac vung kinh te, dia ly khac ma cdn dung ca trdng met vung Xa Yen Thudng d treng Ddng b i n g sdng Hdng la met xa cd 57% he gia dinh san xuat t h u I n ndng, va theo dd dUdc xep vae xa ngheo^ * Yeu to'dia ly, mdi triidng - tU nhien Y§'u td' dia ly, mdi trUdng, tii nhien la nhflng dieu kien het sflc quan trgng din den phan hoa giiu nghee, phan tang xa hdi Cfl dan sd'ng d nhflng ndi dat dai mau md, thdi tiet thuan hea, thien nhien flu dai, giao lUu thuan tien se cd nhieu thuan ldi chd viec phat trien san xuat, vUdn tdi cudc sd'ng ne du, kha gia NgUdc lai cd nhflng ngUdi dan sd'ng d nhflng vung dat cd dia hinh nhieu sUdn dd'c, thdi tiet khic nghiet, nhieu gidng bae, han han, lu quet Hg sinh sd'ng, san xuat het sflc khd khan lai thfldng xuyen phai chd'ng chgi vdi thien tai, dich benh Hg rat khd cd dfldc cugc sd'ng ne du, kha gia Nhflng ngfldi dan d mdt sd' vung mien nui phia Bic, ven bien Bac Trung Bg (nhflng vung vfla-ndi tren) thfldng nghed * Ca sd hq tdng Gan vdi yeu td' dia ly, dieu kien tfl nhien la cd sd ting Nhflng cfl dan d cac vung cd cd sd t i n g td't, ven thi tran, thi tfl, dieu kien giao thdng thuan ldi, dich vu san xuat, dich vu thfldng mai, dich vu sinh hdat td't se cd nhieu dieu kien de hgc hanh, giae lUu hgc hdi, phat trien nghe nghiep Hg dl vUdn len de cd cudc sd'ng kha gia NgUdc lai nhflng cfl dan sd'ng d nhflng vung cd sd t i n g thap kem, thfldng rdi vad nhdm xa hdi ngheo ^ Sd lieu khao sat nam 1997 Trong cud'n Ninh Hiep - Truyen thd'ng va phat trien Td Duy Hop chu bien ' Khao sat tai Cd Ndi 1997 (De tai tiem lUc 1997 - 1998 - Phdng xa hoi hoc Ndng thdn, Vien Xa hoi hoc) * Ninh Hiep - Truyen thd'ng va phat trien Td Duy Hdp (chu bien) trang 24 Nguyin Dinh Tdn 19 Nhom cac yeu to thuoc ve dac trvfng ca nhan Nhdm cac nhan to' thudc ve ca nhan cd lien quan va anh hudng triic tiep qua lai vdi nhdm cac nhan to thudc ve xa hdi Su tach de phan tich rieng chi la tUdng dd'i va vi vay, treng mdi budc cung nhU trdng sudt qua trinh phan tich, chung ta ludn gin ket va khdi phuc chung met chinh the thd'ng nhat hflu cd vdi (1) Nguon gdc giai tdng xd hpi Xet tren pham vi toan the gidi (tfl cd den kim, tfl Ddng sang Tay), ngfldi nae cd ngudn gd'c xul^t than tfl giai tang xa hdi cang cae hay ddng ddi cang cao thi ngfldi dd cang cd dieu kien thuan ldi de thang tien, de tri nhflng dia vi cae cua gia dinh (bad gdm ca quyen liic, uy tin xa hdi va sfl ke thfla tai san) Hg cd ca met mdi trfldng thuan ldi de phat trien, cd he thd'ng phap luat de bae ve nhflng md'i quan he quyen liic sin cd de che chd (hau thuIn) Hg cd nhflng dieu kien td't nhat de cham sdc sflc khoe, de hgc hanh dd dat, hg dfldc dao tad b nhflng trfldng hgc td't nhat, chiem lay nhflng nghe nghiep ve chuyen mdn cae va nhieu ldi the, gianh dfldc nhflng bing cap, dia vi xa hdi cao va cd ca met mang Ifldi cac quan he xa hdi ma eha me hg da tao lap de hg bfldc vao xa hdi met each tfl tin va diy dam bao Trfl met sd' trfldng hdp ngdai le, phin Idn hg n h i n dfldc nhflng ldi the ve di truyen tfl nhien va di truyen xa hdi va dl dang chiem linh nhflng vi tri cao treng xa hdi Xet ve mat kinh te, he dfldc ke thfla nhflng ngudn tai san Idn cua eha me (hao gdm ca nhflng tU lieu san xua't va tfl lieu tieu dung) Vdi day dii nhflng dieu kien va phfldng tien thuan ldi nhU sflc khoe td't, hgc vin cao, tay nghe cae, chuyen mdn gidi, tfl lieu san xuat va ngudn vat chat ddi dao, he thd'ng quan he xa hdi da dUdc trai tham, vdi nhflng kinh nghiem san xuat kinh ddanh pheng ^jhu cua eha me truyen lai hg de dang cd the dat, de dang chiem linh nhiing vi tri cae cua xa hdi Nhflng ngfldi cd ngudn gdc xua't than tfl nhflng gia dinh cd dia vi xa hdi thap hdn thi cung thee dd ma nhflng thuan ldi cung se thap di tflng nae met O cac nfldc phfldng Tay thi sau tang Idp thUdng lUu la tang Idp trung lUu tren, trung Iflu gifla, trung Iflu dfldi, tang Idp lao ddng Nhflng ngfldi thudc t i n g Idp "day" - t i n g Idp Iflu gan nhfl thieu hau het nhflng dieu kien de di len Hg phai khdi hanh tfl nhflng diem xuat phat r^'t thS^p, r^'t thieu thd'n, hg phai vat Idn vdi cudc sd'ng nhflng rut cue p h i n Idn treng sd' hg cung chi dii de "giat gau va vai" Dd la met sii that nghiet nga dang tdn tai phd hien tren tean the gidi Trdng xa hdi Viet Nam, de dang nhan thay p h i n ddng nhflng gia dinh cd dia vi kinh te - xa hdi cad cd nhflng dieu kien thiian ldi (dieu kien kinh te, vdn xa hdi) de tri va phat trien hdn nfla dia vi kinh te - xa hdi ciia minh Theo d6, cen em hg cung cd nhflng dieu kien thuan ldi de phat trien (trfl met se it "cau am", "cd am" hfl hdng, bac nhfldc), phiA Idn cac em deu cd dfldc nghe nghiep, hgc v^'n cae, chiem linh dfldc nhflng vi tri cao xa hgi Con em t i n g Idp lad ddng di len khd khan hdn, ddi "~1 20 Cdc yeu to tdc dpng den phdn tdng xd hgi hdi nhieu nd liic hdn, nhflng ty trgng cac em t h a n h d a t cd mflc sd'ng cad cung it hdn Ddi vdi nhflng gia dinh nghed, vd'n lieng it di, hgc v a n t h a p t h i cen em hg cd r a t it nhflng dieu kien de vUdn len Hg it dUdc cham sdc sflc khde, khd cd dieu kien hgc h a n h de dat dfldc mdt hgc vi hay met chuyen mdn nghe nghiep cae, dd dd hg r i t khd cd the kiem dfldc mdt chd lam viec td't va budc p h a i l a m nhflng cdng viec ddn gian, bap benh, t h u n h a p t h a p , khdng dn dinh va dfldng n h i e n la cudc sd'ng khd k h a n (2) Trinh dp hgc vdn: Trinh hgc van cua met ngfldi n a e cang cae t h i t r i e n vgng di len cua ngUdi dd cang tdt va ngUdc lai neu trinh dd hgc van ciia met ngUdi nad cang t h a p thi sii t h a n g tien ciia ngUdi dd cang khd k h a n , d cac nUdc p h a t trie'n, t r i n h hgc v i n dUdc cei n h u la "Tam hg chieu" giup ngUdi ta cd chiem linh nhflng cdng viec tdt, dfla lai t h u n h a p cae, thee dd la mflc sd'ng cae Thflc te chi r a r i n g , nhflng ca n h a n cd t r i n h dd hgc v a n cad thi thfldng nang ddng hdn nhflng ca n h a n cd hgc van thap Nhd cd hgc v a n cad, ngfldi ta cd t h e n h a n dfldc nhflng cdng viec cd chuyen mdn cae, hg cd k h a n a n g vfldn len d a m n h a n nhflng cdng viec cd ngi d u n g p h e n g phu, phflc t a p va dfldng n h i e n t h e e dd la hg se cd thu n h a p cad, mflc sd'ng cad Nhflng ngfldi cd hgc v a n t h a p , r a t khd d a m n h i e m dfldc cdng viec phflc t a p va bugc phai lam nhflng cong viec ddn gian, thfldng la v a t va, lam lu Sdng t h u n h a p lai t h a p , mflc sd'ng t h a p Nhieu nghien cflu da chi r a rang: "nhflng ngfldi cd t r i n h dd hgc v a n cang cad, cang cd nhieu cd hdi viec lam cd t h u n h a p td't hdn Sd' lieu thd'ng ke n a m 1993 cho thay them met n a m hgc van dd'i vdi mdt ngfldi la mflc t h u n h a p se t a n g t h e m 1% se vdi mflc t r u n g binh Den n a m 2002 mflc t a n g t h u n h a p tfldng flng la 6% va k h a dn dinh tfl dd tdi nay"^ Tfl h a i cudc dieu t r a mflc sd'ng d a n cfl n a m 1993 va 1998 che t h a y mdt ngfldi t h e m mgt n a m di hgc cd k h a n a n g giam nguy cd rdi vao h e n g h e o tfl 20% xud'ng cdn 18% va ddng thdi t a n g cd hgi vfldn len hg g i a u tfl 20% len % D i e u n a y r a t d l hieu bdi t r i n h hgc v a n cd a n h hfldng trflc tie'p tdi t h u n h a p ciia hd gia dinh "Mdt hg gia dinh chu h e cd t r i n h dd t r u n g cap cd mflc chi t i e u cao h d n mflc t r u n g binh g i n 19% va n e u chu he cd t r i n h dd dai hgc t h i mflc cao h d n la % Cdn sd n a y la 29% n e u vd va chdng cd t r i n h t r u n g cap va % n e u vd v a chdng cd t r i n h dai hgc"'° Trinh hgc v a n thap, ky n a n g tay nghe k e m la n g u y e n n h a n cua nghee ddi, ngUdc lai nghed ddi la can trd Idn cho cac t h a n h vien t r e n g cac gia dinh n g h e e tiep ^ Bao cao phat trien Viet Nam 2008, Ha Ndi, tr.41 Bao cao chung cua cac nha tai trd hoi nghi tu van cac nha tai trd cho Viet Nam, mdc sd'ng thdi ky bung no' dan sd, Ha Noi, tr.51 Nguyin Dinh Tdn 21 can vdi dich vu giao due dac biet la dich vu giae due chat lUdng "Sd lieu thd'ng ke chd thay, ty le di hgc phd thong treng nhdm giau nhat/ ngheo nhat la 4/1"" Cac so lieu ciia nhieu cugc nghien cflu gin day che biet, cd met tfldng quan ty le thuan gifla trinh de hgc van va mflc giau cua cac hd gia dinh Sd Heu dieu tra VLSS nam 1997 - 1998 d Viet Nam cho thay, nhflng hg gia dinh kha gia va giau cd trinh hgc van cae hdn han nhflng hg gia dinh khac Hgc van cae dan den thu nhap cad, mflc sd'ng cao kheng chi dung vdi viec xem xet trinh hgc van trung binh cua cac vien treng gia dinh ma cdn dac biet dung vdi nhflng chu hg gia dinh Ket qua cugc dieu tra mflc sd'ng tean qud'c (VLSS) nam 1998 chi r i n g trdng sd 20% thugc nhdm hg giau nhat trdng xa hdi, da cd sfl ddng gdp ciia 70% nhdm chu hg cd trinh hgc van dai hgc, cae dang trd len, cac chii he thudc cac nhdm cdn lai chi ddng gdp vae 30% Cudc khld sat tai Ha Ndi, Quang Nam va Binh DUdng cung che thay, nhdm hd Cd trinh dg hgc van d bac tieu hgc va trung hgc cd sd chi cd 6,0% hg cd mflc sdng thudc nhdm kha giau va cd tdi tren 30% hd thugc nhdm hd cd mflc sd'ng nghee Treng dd, nhdm cd trinh hgc van b bac cae dang, dai hgc cd tdi 17,8% hg cd mflc sd'ng kha, giau va chi cd 5,7% hd thudc nhdm nghee Tuy nhien, xet md'i tfldng quan gifla trinh dd hgc van va mflc giau, nghee, chung ta cung nhan thay d chung cd md'i quan he hai chieu Trinh hgc van cae, cd the mang lai thu nhap cao, mflc song cae NgUdc lai nhd cd thu nhap cao, mflc sd'ng cae, cac hd gia dinh mdi cd the danh thdi gian va kinh phi thda dang che cen cai hg di hgc, tiep thu kien thflc Den Ifldt dd, kien thflc lai che phep ngfldi ta n i m h i t khea hgc - ky thuat - cdng nghe de lam giau hdn nfla chd minh Ngudn gdc giai t i n g xa hdi va trinh hgc van la nhflng yeu td' quan trgng tac ddng den PTXH theo thu nhap va mflc sd'ng Tuy nhien, dieu dang chu y la d cho, treng hai yeu td^ thi hgc van lai thfldng phu thudc vae ngudn gdc giai t i n g xa hdi Nhflng cudc khad cflu XHH chi rang, mac du met sd' cen em ciia tang Idp lae ddng cd nang khieu va tri thdng minh khdng thua kem gi cen em thudc t i n g Idp xa hdi cd dia vi cao song lai td rat khd khan trdng viec nam lay nhflng b i n g cap, hgc vi cao, dieu dfldc giai thich theo hai yeu td': - Hean canh cung nhU dieu kien vat chat cua nhflng gia dinh thudc t i n g Idp ben dfldi khdng dam bad chu cap cho viec hgc tap cua cen em hd • - Su han che ve kien thflc va nhflng gia tri van hda ciia cac bac phu huynh trdng nhflng gia dinh thudc t i n g Idp thap da anh hudng den hieu qua giad due dd'i vdi Cdn cai hg 11 Bao cao phat trien Viet Nam 2000, Ha Ndi, tr.62 22 Cdc yen to'tdc dpng den phdn tdng xd hpi (3) Loai nghi nghiep vd trinh dp nghi nghiep * Triedc het Id loai hinh nghi nghiep: Chung ta biet ring, xa hgi khdng phai nghe nghiep nao cung mang lai thu nhap va uy tin nghe nghiep nhfl ma treng mdi giai ddan, mdi mgt xa hgi cu the ludn cd met sd nghe nghiep nae dd mang lai thu nhap cao hdn, qua dd mang lai mflc sd'ng va uy tin nghe nghiep cao hdn sd vdi nhflng nghe nghiep khac nfldc ta treng mgt sd' nam gan day, cung biet r i n g cac nganh nghe cd ldi the nghe nghiep thUdng mang lai thu nhap cad hdn d cac nganh nghe khac Vi du: BUu chinh viln thong, hang khdng, ngan hang ngeai thUdng, hai quan thUdng la nhflng nghe mang lai thu nhap va uy tin nghe nghiep che ngfldi lad ddng cad hdn cac nganh nghe khac Cudc khad sat "xu hfldng phan tang xa hgi trdng nen kinh te thi trfldng dinh hUdng XHCN" cua Vien Xa hgi hgc nam 2008 cho thay nhdm nhflng ngfldi san xuat kinh ddanh budn ban tfl xep minh vad nhdm giau la 40%, kha gia la 32,5% Trdng dd nhdm ndng, lam, ngfl nghiep khdng cd xep minh vae nhdm giau chi cd 1,3% xep minh vae nhdm kha gi,a Nhdm can be cdng chflc nha nfldc, khdng cd xep minh vae nhdm giau, 45% xep minh vao nhdm kha gia Sfl tac dgng ciia yeu td nghe nghiep len mflc sd'ng va thu nhap cdn the hien d sii khac biet ve trinh nghe nghiep * Trinh dp nghi nghiep: Trinh nghe thudng cd quan he vdi Ifla tudi va tham nien nghe nghiep, theo dd la hgc van cua mdi ngfldi vdi kinh nghiem hieu biet va vi tri cua hg Qua so' lieu dieu tra VLSS 97-98 cho biet: Do tudi trung binh ciia nhdm hd gia dinh giau d Ddng bing sdng Hdng la 37,39 tudi, cae hdn dd tudi trung binh cua nhdm hg gia dinh ngheo xap xi tudi Dieu phan anh tudi cd lien quan den kinh nghiem, trinh chuyen mdn, ky nang lae dgng (bae gdm ca ngudn von dfldc tich luy) Cd quan he chat che vdi thu nhap, mflc sd'ng (4) So'con vd ty le lao dpng chinh cdc hp gia dinh: Nhieu cudc dieu tra xa hdi hgc da chi r i n g gia dinh ddng thfldng din den ddi ngheo day cd met quan he ty le nghich gifla sd' va ddi ngheo Sd' cen ciia met gia dinh nao dd cang Idn thi cudc sd'ng ciia gia dinh dd cang ngheo Tang met vien treng gia dinh dac biet la tre em va ngfldi gia se lam che so' tien de ngfldi Idn kiem dUdc phai phan nhd hdn dd sd' ngUdi an thee tang len Nam 1998 se cdn trung binh/ phu nfl thudc nhdm 20% nghed nhat la 3,5% so vdi mflc 2,1% ciia nhdm 20% giau nhat Ty le ngfldi an thee ciia nhdm ngheo nhat la 0,95 so vdi nhdm giau nhat la 0,37%^l Chien lUdc toan dien ve tang trfldng va xoa ddi giam ngheo, 2002, Ha Ndi, tr.22 Nguyin Dinh Tdn 23 Theo dieu tra dan so' Viet Nam nam 2004, sd cen trung hinh/phu nfl thugc nhdm 20% nghee nhat cd 3,53 cen, cae gap 1,7 l i n se vdi sd trung binh/phu nfl thudc nhdm 20% giau nhat (2,07%) Ty sd nhan khau phu thudc (sd ngfldi an thed/1 lad ddng) thed ciia nhdm nghee nhat la 0,59% se vdi 0,37% cua nhdm giau nhat Khoang 70% so' he cd nam trd len thudc vao hg dien ngheo, treng dd d cac hg cd hai cen trd xud'ng la khoang 27% Ket qua dieu tra danh gia tinh hinh thflc hien Nghi quyet khea VII, nam 1999 che biet 70% y kie'n tra ldi: ddng cdn la nguyen nhan quan trgng nhat ciia ddi nghee; 43% y kien tra ldi: dd ddng cdn ma thieu viec lam; 46% y kien: de ddng cen ma thieu dat Theo cudc dieu tra "Vai trd nam chu hg ngfl dan ven bien treng bfldc chuyen ddi sang nen kinh te thi trUdng d Viet Nam hien nay" cua Trung tam Xa hgi hgc nam 1998 chd thay 70% sd' ngU dan nghee nhin nhan r i n g dong la nguyen nhan ciia ngheo ddi; he gia dinh qua ngheo cd sd'con trung binh la 5,38, nhieu hdn 1,04 cdn sd vdi mflc trung hinh cua cac hd trdng cdng ddng Ty le sd^ lad ddng chfnh trdng mdi gia dinh cung gdp p h i n tac ddng den phan ting xa hdi ve thu nhap va mflc sd'ng Trdng mgt mat b i n g trinh dd nghe nghiep tfldng tu nhau, nhflng hd gia dinh cd hhieu lad dgng chfnh hdn se lam nhieu ciia cai vat chat hdn, thu thap cad hdn nhflng gia dinh ft lao ddng lai phai dam nhiem nudi dfldng nhieu em nhd, ngfldi gia, ngfldi tan tat (5) Yeu td sdc khoe: yeu td' sflc khee cung gdp p h i n tac ddng dang ke den thu nhap, kee thee dd la mflc sd'ng, phan hda giau nghed Mdt ngfldi cd sflc khee td't, cd the se lam dfldc nhieu viec hdn, nang suat lao ddng cae hdn, ben bi hdn, thee mflc sd'ng se kha hdn Tat nhien, thu nh^p, mflc sd'ng cung tac ddng den viec cham sdc sfld khde Neu mdt ngfldi nao dd, hay met he gia dinh nad dd cd thu nhap cad, mflc sd^ng cae, le di nhien la hg se danh met phan thu nhap thea dang che viec cham sdc sflc khee, tfl dd nang cad hdn nfla sflc lao ddng - va den Ifldt nd lai lam nhieu hdn nfla cua cai Mdt ngfldi benh tat, dau dm nhieu hay mgt hd gia dinh cd nhieu ngfldi dau d'm, thfldng xuyen phai nhap vien Ed rang la hg khd cd the tad dfldc nhieu thu nhap, nguy cd nghee la khd tranh khdi (6) Mpt nhom cdc yeu to'khde: Ngeai nhflng yeu td tren cdn phai ke den met sd ye'u td khac nhfl vi the xa hdi (vdn td chflc), quan he xa hgi (vdn xa hgi), tai san, dat dai (vdn kinh te), dac diem tam ly, pheng tuc tap quan, truyen thdng van hoa (vd'n van hea) 24 Cdc ye'u to'tdc dpng den phdn tdng xd hot * Vi the xd hpi (vdn td chflc), bae gdm ndi lam viec va chflc vu dam nhan Cac nghien cflu cho thay nhflng ca nhan lam viec treng cac linh viic cd ldi the nghe nghiep se cd thu nhap cae hdn cflng nhflng ngfldi tfldng tfl nhfl hg nhflng phai lam viec d cac nghe nghiep khac Viet Nam hien nay, nhflng ngfldi lam trdng linh vflc nhfl ngan hang, d i u khi, bUu dien viln thdng, dien lUc la nhdm ngUdi cd mflc thu nhap cad hdn ngfldi lam trdng cac linh viic heat ddng kinh ddanh khac Dieu tra mflc sd'ng hg gia dinh nam 2002 chd thay; "hd gia dinh cd ngfldi lam cdng an Ifldng trdng khu vflc tfl nhan cd mflc chi tieu cad hdn 3% hg ca the CJ day gia thiet r i n g cac dac dilm khac cua hg la nhfl Chenh lech la 12% neu hd gia dinh cd ngfldi lam cdng an Ifldng treng khu vflc nha nfldc" Vi the xa hgi la met ye'u td quan trgng quyet dinh thu nhap hg gia dinh Thflc te che thay nhflng ngfldi lam viec treng cd quan quyen liic nha nfldc thUdng cd mflc sd'ng cad hdn sd vdi ngUdi dan thUdng * Quan he xd hpi Quan he xa hdi (dUdc cdi la vd'n xa hdi) la yeu td' het sflc quan trgng treng qua trinh thang tien cung nhfl vfldn len lam giau Met nghien cflu ve nghee ddi d Phii Thinh - Hflng Yen nam 2006 che biet 40,6% ngfldi nghed vay vdri tfl ngan hang chi cd 33,3%) ngfldi nghee vay vd'n tfl ban be, hg hang va ngfldi quen Trdng 69,8% hd gia dinh giau vay vd'n tfl ngfldi quen, hg hang ban be Sd' lieu thd'ng ke ciia Td'ng cue thd'ng ke nam 2006 che thay 69% ngfldi dan tdc thieu sd' vay vd'n tfl ngudn vd'n chinh thflc nhfl Ngan hang chfnh sach xa hgi, Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn, chi cd 13% ngfldi dan tdc thieu so'vay von tfl ban be va ngfldi than Cen sd'nay b ngfldi Kinh va ngfldi Hda la 70% va 12% Nhflng khdln tien ma ngfldi nghed vay dfldc tfl cac mdi quan he cung thap hdn nhieu so vdi cac khoan tien ma hd giau cd the vay Ro rang r i n g hg gia dinh giau dUdc trd giup nhieu hdn tfl ngUdi than Qua dd hg lai cd them cd hgi de giau them NgUdi nghed thUdng ft mdi quan he, tii ti, tii "ddng" minh, khdng manh dan md mang cac md'i quan he Do dd ft nhan dUdc sii giup dd "ra tam", "ra mieng" de phat trien san xuat, tfl day ma cai vdng luan quan cua ddi ngheo se tiep tuc deo dang * Nguon liic sdn xudt (vd'n, kinh ti) xa hdi nong then nfldc ta, vd'n (tai chinh), dac biet la dat dai la yeu td'het sflc quan trgng giup ngfldi lad dgng phat trien san xuat NgUdi nad, hg nae cd nhieu vd'n (tai chfnh), nhieu ngudn liic san xuat, dat dai mau md, thudng cd cd hdi vUdn len giau, ngUdc lai ngUdi nad, hg nad vd'n tai chinh it, dat dai ee hep thUdng nghee Dat dai la met Idai tai san sinh ldi kha Idn d Viet Nam dac biet dd'i vdi cac hg gia dinh ndng dan Chinh vi vay viec chia dat cho cac he ndng nghiep da dem Ngheo - Bao cao phat trien Viet Nam 2004, Ha Ndi, tr.47 Nguyin Dinh Tdn 25 lai hieu qua Idn cdng tac xoa ddi giam nghee nhflng nam vfla qua Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam hien dang cd xu hfldng tich tu tap trung dat dai vao met sd' chu hg san xuat, trfldng hdp nay, cac chu trang trai trd nen giau cd va hg tap trung trdng tay dfldc nhieu ngudn liic, thu^n ldi chd sfl phat trien md rdng san xuat, vfldn len lam giau Trai lai met bg phan Idn lad dgng dang bi mat dat dd lam an that bat, elm cd' rudng dat hg rdi vad tinh trang ngheo Mat dat dang la xu hfldng hien dien d khu vflc dang tien hanh chuyen ddi dat dai tfl dat ndng nghiep sang dat cong nghiep b cac khu vflc ven Mat dat canh tac, khong chuyen ddi dfldc nghe nghiep dang la van de nan giai d khu vflc ven Dieu din den nguy cd hinh nhdm nghed mdi Dd dd, giai quyet van de dat dai, cdng an viec lam dang la van de cap thiet hien * Dgc diem tdm ly, phong txic tap qudn (vdn vdn hod) Truyen tho'ng van hea la yeu td' quan treng anh hfldng den ldi sd'ng, each suy nghi cua mdi ngUdi, dd dd nd anh hudng den hieu qua cua san xua't kinh deanh, anh hudng den chi tieu treng gia dinh vi v^y nd anh hudng gian tiep kha nang lam giau heac dan den ngheo ddi NgUdi Kinh thudng nang ddng, thao vat hdn nhflng ngfldi dan tdc it ngfldi d vung sau, vung xa Mdt sd' ddng bae vflng dan tec it ngfldi hi chi phd'i bdi nhieu tap tuc lac hau, hg ngai dd'i mdi, ngai giae tiep, tam ly trdng chd, y lai la nhflng vat can de hg vfldn len theat nghee Tinh trang hdn nhan cung la met yeu td' cd tac ddng den phan tang xa hdi, phan hea giau ngheo d ndng thdn Ro rang rang, nhflng gia dinh hanh phuc, ven nguyen se cd nhieu cd hdi vfldn len theat ngheo Thuan vd, thuan chdng, gia dinh ddan ket, dan chii, ddng thuan se cd nhieu cd hdi vfldn len theat nghee se vdi cac gia dinh de vd./