Thai cua thuc dan anh doi vdi bo phan • • • • • kinh te ngirdi Hoa ct Malaixia, 1874 -1946 VO T H I T H U NGUYET* S au ngfldi A n h d a t dUdc sU quyen Iflc cua thfle d a n A n h va hfldng mdt thd'ng trj ciia m i n h t r e n da't Ma ehe dp Uu dai dac biet t h d n g qua bdng ldc Lai, hp khdn kheo sif d u n g luc lupng ngudi Nhflng ngUdi M a l a y u d cac t i n g ldp thap Hda n h u mpt "ddng m i n h " phuc vu eho hdn cung dupe t u y e n d u n g lam treng cac cdng cupc k h a i t h a c thudc dja d day Ddng n g a n h cdng chUc ciia be may chinh quyen thdi, hp cflng coi ngudi Hoa la mpt ddl thii Chi cen nhUng ngUdi H o a - bp p h a n cU dan canh t r a n h d a n g gdm cua Anh eac phi nguyen trfl la nhflng ngUdi n a m ngdai boat ddng k i n h te d Malaixia Chd nen, cd che " b i o hp" ciia thUe d a n Anh va chi'nh ngudi Anh vfla tim each kiem seat ngudi quyen dja phUdng De tdn tai va phat Hoa nhUng cung cho hp nhflng dieu kien trien, hp tU xoay sd h o a t dpng kinh t h u a n ldi b o a t ddng k i n h te te Tuy cd thieu cdng b a n g ne'u xem xet Thi^c d a n A n h tfu d a i b o p h a n ngvfdfi H o a dudc t h a n p h a n xa hpi, nhUng d khia canh nao dd, ngUdi Hoa lai "may m i n " chie'm Khac vdi che dp trUc trj ciia thiic dan dupc mdt "khoang da't trd'ng" boat Ha Lan d Inddnexia va Tay Ban N h a d dpng kinh d o a n h ma ngUdi b i n dja khdng Philippines, thUc dan Anh da thi h a n h ma'y q u a n t a m Mdt dieu kien t h u a n ldi met chinh sach cai trj gian tiep cac vflng nfla da lam cho boat ddng k i n h te ciia da't hp chiem dUde (trfl cac k h u dinh eU ngudi Hda d Malaixia thdi thupc ven bien n h u P e n a n g , Malacca, Xingape Anh hdn b a n ngUdi Hoa d Inddnexia va va tinh Wellesley) Vdi chinh sach cai trj Philippines thdi ky thd'ng trj ciia Ha nay, xa hdi Malaixia da h i n h t h a n h mdt Lan va Tay Ban N h a la thi/c ddn sU p h a n cdng lad dpng h e t sUc dac thu: khong Ap dung chinh mdt bp may h a n h chinh cdng k e n h dUdc hgn che ngiidi Hoa hogt dgng h i n h t h a n h d nhieu ddn vi h a n h chinh te, ngadi lgi sau chie'm dadc khach n h a u d cac vUdng qud'c lien Malacca, Xingapo, b a n g t h u h u t mpt lUc lUdng ldn t a n g ldp ddu tien md hg ldm Id bien each khu vi/c quy tpc, q u a n lai, q u a n dpi ngUdi Malayu ndy thdnh T a n g ldp ddng due song diia vao nhieu tdng ldp thiidng gia ta nhieu sdch ky thi, vd Wellesley, trung tdm thadng ' V6 Thi Thu Nguyet, Khoa Dong phudng, Trifdng DHKHXN&NV Ha Noi Anh khong kinh Penang, cong viec mgi thu hiit mien VoThi Thu Nguyet - Thdi dp ciia thiic ddn Anh ddi vdi hep phiin kinh te 61 ddt khac tren the gidi de'n hogt dgng ddng dao cau Hoa kieu, da trd t h a n h buon bdn, nhflng thj t r a n trfl phfl mang ten Hea dd nhieu nhdt thiidng gia ngiidi Hoa vd ngiidi Id cdc An'" Ben canh dd, Malaixia la da't nude da vUdng qud'c, ngudi Hoa sd'ng d mdi vUdng qudc cflng khdng thd'ng nha't ve t h a n h phan dan tdc Cdn h o a n c a n h va dieu kien sd'ng ddi cung p h u thupc nhieu vao dieu kien dac diem mdi vfldng qud'c, nhung nhin chung hp v i n tri dupc kieu n h u Siu Neng, Siu Shee, Sddn Kdng, Whe chew, Gd Kwan, Cheng Sia, Poo say Soon Tek, Tong quan, v.v Dan tap t r u n g d nhflng thj t r a n tren la Hoa kieu ngfldi Q u i n g Ddng, Phflc Kie'n, Hakka, v.v Hp den day lam an budn ban, khai md, gia n h a p hdac la n a n n h a n cua cac td chfle n h u Hai Sdn, Dj Hinh nhflng mdi q u a n he ddng hUdng ddng tdc Cudc sd'ng cua ngudi Hoa d Malaixia vdi t r e n cd sd ciia sU budn ban De thdi ky khdng gid'ng n h u "d nha" Ddi bao ve quyen lpi kjnh te, nhflng nha budn vdi ngudi ban dja, hp nifa n h u ehju dn nifa lien ket vdi n h a u t h a n h phudng cd nhflng nhu lan chiem Ddl vdi ngUdi Anh, hp cdi npi quy chat che, nhUng b a n g ldi ngudi n h u mpt the liic dang gdm, lai nhu ngudi Hoa gpi dd la hiep lidc qudn td Hp nUdng b i o ve, mdt chap ndi ve kinh te va chd diia tiia vad n h a u va bie't dieu hda quyen ldi ve quyen liic Vdi viec ngudi Hoa dat dudi vdi d Malaixia, ngUdi Anh khdng td sU bao trp cua ngUdi Anh, nhUng hpi kin, chfle cho ngUdi Hoa t h a n h nhflng Bang nhflng td ehflc rieng ciia ngUdi Hda budc nhu ngudi P h a p d Ddng Dudng Hoa kieu p h i i dang ky va ehju sU kiem seat ciia tu td chUe, nhUng khdng phai he la Hoa chinh quyen Chii tjch h a n h chinh ciia hdi kieu la cflng hdi vdi n h a u Hp lien ke't theo ddng hUPng cd the bj giai t a n b a t cfl luc phUdng ngfl, thee ddng hUdng, hdac theo nao Hoa kieu td ehflc nhflng hdi kin quyen ldi kinh te d P e r a k Hea kieu td khdng dang ky cd the bj dudi ve nUdc chfle Thien dja hdi, mdt td ehflc tien t h a n Nhflng boat dpng chinh trj ciia ngUdi Hda cua phong trao T h a i Binh thien qudc bj xep lai bUde sang nam d i u the ky Nhflng td ehflc loai t h i n h t h o i n g gay 20, nhudng lai sii vflng chan ciia ngudi len nhflng vu b a t on ve a n h ninh khien Anh tren ban d i d chd tdi cupc The ngUdi Anh phai dich t h a n giai quyet'-' chien II thi nhflng boat ddng chinh trj eda Hda kieu sd'ng tren da't Malaixia, ben ngudi Hoa mdi phuc hdi canh y dd chiem linh thupc dja ciia ngudi Cd the ndi, nhflng Uu dai ciia ngUdi Anh, vdi nhflng chinh sach khdn kheo, Anh trdng qua trinh chinh phuc va thdng mac nhien trd t h a n h "ddng minh", ddng trj Malaixia da tad dieu kien cho ngudi thdi cflng la nhflng ddl thii h a n g hai cua Hoa cd dupc vj tri kinh te quan trpng ngudi Anh Nhflng diem hdi t u ciia ngUdi xa hdi Malaixia thdi thudc Anh Hoa ban dau leo teo vai t h u y e n d a n h ca Dudi nhflng Uu dai ngUdi Hda dUpc I oac vai ndc n h a t r a n h , nhUng dudi phep h a n h nghe budn b a n le, xay diing n at ngUdi Anh dUOc cha'm ke hoach phd' xa md rpng thii cdng nghiep, nha may xky dUng thudc dja, deu cd sU t h a m gia che bien ndng an, v.v khdng nhflng the hp 62 cdn dflpc dam bao ve an ninh than the cflng nhu sd hflu tai sin Ngoai hp cdn dfldc trpng vpng bd nhiem lam cai quan, trdng coi viec dan sfl va q u i n ly dd thj Keest qua cua nhflng chinh sach Uu dai tren khdng nhflng ciing cd them vj tri kinh te cua ngudi Hoa cd ca'u kinh te thupc dja ma cdn kfch thfch ngUdi Hoa nhap cU vao Malaixia Mot so tien trien ciia bo phan kinh te ngifdi Hoa thdi ky thuoc Anh Ngoai nhflng linh vUc boat ddng truyen thd'ng thudng gap d ngudi Hoa la budn ban va djch vu, nhUng vdi chinh sach khdng han che cac hinh thUc boat dpng kinh te ciia ngudi Hoa va tfnh chat khai thac thudc dja cd tfnh chat dac thfl ciia thuc dan Anh d Malaixia, ngUdi Hda da md rpng hdat dpng kinh doanh ciia minh nhieu linh viic, tfl s i n xua't thiec, cao su, van chuyen, xay xat Ifla gao, che bien thiic pham den cac linh vUc gia ceng xuat khau cac mat hang ceng nghiep Dd tinh cha't heat ddng da dang va trai rdng tren nhieu linh viic khac nen khdng cd kha nang tao trung tU ban vao cac linh vUc kinh te'chii chd't Vi the', mac dfl so vdi tflng bp phan rieng le cua ngUdi ban dja, hp ed k h i nang vUdt trpi, nhUng ne'u hieu kinh te ngUdi Hea khdng che nen kinh te qud'c gia thi se la mot nhan thfle thieu hoan chinh*"^' So phan ngfldi Hoa d Lien bang Malaixia dfldi che dp thudc dja va bao hd cua ngfldi Anh cd nhieu net tfldng ddng vdi ngfldi Hda d Inddnexia NhUng sU thay ddi ldn lad trdng ddi sd'ng kinh te- xa hdi Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 5/2010 ciia ngUdi Hda, vai trd cua hp sU phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua nUdc dupc danh dau va bieu hien ro net tfl nhflng thap nien cudi the ky 19, thiic dan Anh thdn tinh xong cac tieu vUdng qud'c tren ban dio Malacca va thiet lap dupc che dp bid hp ddl vdi vflng Saravac va Savan (thudc phia Tay Bac va Bac die Kalimantan) Hoat ddng kinh te cua ngUdi Hoa d Xingapo, Malacca va Penang chii yeu la budn ban va djch vu The nhUng cd nhflng djch vu The nhUng cd nhflng djch chuyen va thay ddi ldn cd ca'u nghe nghiep ciia hp Ne'u nhu d giai dean diu dudi quyen cai trj cua thiic dan Anh, ngUdi Hda nhUng ndi dd chii yeu lam nghe budn ban nhd va lam vudn, lam thp thu cdng, thi tfl eudi the ky 19, dac biet tfl cudi nhflng nam 20 - 30 the ky 20 trd di, ngUdi Hoa khdng chi dUng lai budn ban - mdi gidi, ma hp tich cUe diu tU vd'n vao s i n xua't cdng nghiep, dac biet la cdng nghiep che bien va tai s i n xuat cac mat hang nhap tfl cac mien trung tam va luc dja Malaixia nhfl thiec, cao su va cac s i n pham cdng nghiep khac, ddng thdi hp b i t d i u lap cac he thd'ng ngan hang djch vu cdng nghiep va budn ban ma d dd kinh doanh theo phfldng thfle tU b i n chu nghia Vf du dien hinh nhu d Xingapo, nam 1931 da cd tdi 18% sd ngUdi Hoa boat dpng cdng nghiep, 24% kinh doanh thudng mai tai chinh, 46% d linh viic djch vu giae thdng van tai va lien lac sd vdi tdan bp dan cU cua hp Trong dd, sd ngudi lam nghe ndng va danh ca chi cd 12% Tu ban ngudi Hoa d "cum thupc dja eo bien", thupc dja "miu miic" ciia Anh d Malaixia bien ddi dan tfl VoThi Thu Nguyet - Thdi ciia thitc ddn Anh ddi vdi hd phdn kinh te 63 tfl ban budn b a n - mdi gidi sang tU b i n - tai trfldng lad dpng ndi dja ma cen thfle day chfnh va cdng nghiep Qua t r i n h dupc n h a n h qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h giai cap cdng thuc day n h a n h tfl k h i thfle dan Anh thie't n h a n cHa Malaixia ndi chung, eda cdng lap he thd'ng ddn dien trdng cao su va khai ddng ngUdi Hoa ndi rieng cua cudi the ky thac thiec npi dja b a n d i o Malacca 19 d i u t h e ' k y 20 va vflng S a r a w a k tfl cudi t h e ky 19