2019 step 1 biochemistry.pdf

2019 Table of Contents USMLE Step Lecture Notes 2019: Biochemistry Cover Title Page Copyright Editors Feedback Page Part I: Biochemistry Chapter 1: Nucleic Acid Structure and Organization Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Nucleotide Structure and Nomenclature Nucleic Acids Organization of DNA Review Questions Review Questions: Answers and Explanations Chapter 2: DNA Replication and Repair DNA Replication Comparison of DNA and RNA Synthesis Steps of DNA Replication DNA Repair Review Questions Review Questions: Answers and Explanations Chapter 3: Transcription and RNA Processing Transcription Types of RNA RNA Polymerases Transcription: Important Concepts and Terminology Production of Prokaryotic Messenger RNA Production of Eukaryotic Messenger RNA Alternative Splicing of Eukaryotic Primary Pre-mRNA Transcripts Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is Used to Construct Ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) Carries Activated Amino Acids for Translation Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: The Genetic Code, Mutations, and Translation Translation The Genetic Code Mutations Amino Acid Activation and Codon Translation by tRNAs Translation (Protein Synthesis) Polysomes Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Protein Folding and Subunit Assembly Translation Occurs on Free Ribosomes and on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Co- and Posttranslational Covalent Modifications Posttranslational Modifications of Collagen Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Genetic Regulation Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 6: Genetic Strategies in Therapeutics Recombinant DNA Technology Cloning Restriction Fragments of DNA: the Human Genome Project Cloning Genes as cDNA Produced by Reverse Transcription of Cellular mRNA Medical Applications of Recombinant DNA Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 7: Techniques of Genetic Analysis Blotting Techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 8: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Amino Acids Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Nutrition Biochemical Reactions Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 9: Hormones Hormones and Signal Transduction Mechanism of Water-soluble Hormones G Proteins in Signal Transduction Lipid-Soluble Hormones Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 10: Vitamins Vitamins Vitamin D and Calcium Homeostasis Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin E Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 11: Energy Metabolism Metabolic Sources of Energy Metabolic Energy Storage Regulation of Fuel Metabolism Patterns of Fuel Metabolism in Tissues Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 12: Glycolysis and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Overview Carbohydrate Digestion Glucose Transport Glycolysis Galactose Metabolism Fructose Metabolism Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 13: Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 14: Glycogen, Gluconeogenesis, and the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Glycogen Synthesis Glycogenolysis Genetic Deficiencies of Enzymes in Glycogen Metabolism Gluconeogenesis Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 15: Lipid Synthesis and Storage Fatty Acid Nomenclature Lipid Digestion Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Triglyceride (Triacylglycerol) Synthesis Lipoprotein Metabolism Hyperlipidemias Cholesterol Metabolism Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 16: Lipid Mobilization and Catabolism Lipid Mobilization Fatty Acid Oxidation Ketone Body Metabolism Sphingolipids Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 17: Amino Acid Metabolism Overview Removal and Excretion of Amino Groups Urea Cycle Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism S-Adenosylmethionine, Folate, and Cobalamin Specialized Products Derived From Amino Acids Heme Synthesis Iron Transport and Storage Bilirubin Metabolism Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 18: Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Overview Pyrimidine Synthesis Pyrimidine Catabolism Purine Synthesis Purine Catabolism and the Salvage Enzyme HGPRT Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Part II: Medical Genetics Chapter 1: Single-Gene Disorders Basic Definitions Major Modes of Inheritance Important Principles That Can Characterize Single-Gene Diseases Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 2: Population Genetics Definition Genotype and Allele Frequencies Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Factors Responsible for Genetic Variation In/Among Populations Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 3: Cytogenetics Overview Basic Definitions and Terminology Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities Structural Chromosome Abnormalities Other Chromosome Abnormalities Advances in Molecular Cytogenetics Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: Recombination Frequency Overview Polymorphic Markers and Linkage Analysis Gene Mapping: Linkage Analysis Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Genetic Diagnosis Genetic Diagnosis Applications of Genetic Diagnosis Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations PART I BIOCHEMISTRY .. .2 019 Table of Contents USMLE Step Lecture Notes 2 019 : Biochemistry Cover Title Page Copyright Editors Feedback Page Part I: Biochemistry Chapter 1: Nucleic Acid Structure... Explanations Chapter 10 : Vitamins Vitamins Vitamin D and Calcium Homeostasis Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin E Review Questions Review Questions : Answers and Explanations Chapter 11 : Energy Metabolism... out all the processes of life The major steps involved in handling genetic information are illustrated by the central dogma of molecular biology Figure I -1- 1 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Genetic