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\lSu bien doi ve dong ho, hon nhan va gia dinh cua toe ngwol Ca Ho 6* Viet Nam Le Minh Chien Tdm lit: Hdn nhan, gia dinh va dong hp la mdt td ciia td chiic xa hpi; gan vdi van hoa, tmyen thdng tap quan, cau ttiic xa hpi cCia mpt tdc ngudi; van ddng, bien ddi theo Ijch dai hay "cac sy kidn xa hpi" Bai viet khao sat cpng ddng ngudi Co Ho qua trinh thj hoa, hidn d^i hoa; sy: bien ddi ciia tpc ngudi Co Ho ve van dd hdn nhan, gia dinh vd dong hp Tie khda: Dong hp; hdn nhan va gia dinh; ngudi Co Ho Dong hp tpc ngurdi C P Ho chinfa Id tdn ciia cdc ddng fap) Dac diem Co Ho Id mpt tpc ngudi thidu so ban dja quan trpng cua ddng fap dan tflc Ca Ho la sinfa sfing lau ddi ttdn vung dat Tay cfad dp mau fad, cai tinh theo dong me, Nguydn, tap tnmg cfad yeu d tinh Lam ldy fap me vd vai tto didu faanfa gia dinh, Dong Td chftc xd hpi co ban cua ngudl Co phdn ldn tfaupc vd phu nii Ho ngoai cac ydu to budn ldng, ludt tuc, fad Dong hp ciia ngudi Co Ho kha nfaieu so thdng tin nguong, tfin gido cdn co ddng hp, vdi cdc ddn tpc d Trudng Son Tdy Nguyen hfin nhan vd gia dinh Du cho qud trinfa Hidn cfaua co mpt thflng ke ddy du nao ve cfauydn bidn tft xd fapi cfi truydn sang xa hpi sd lupng dong hp C a Ho va y nghia tdn ciia fai^n dgi lam tfaay dfli cdc fainh thdc cua hfln dong hp, bdi le cung chua cd mflt ngfaien nhan nhung kdt cau than tpc ttong cpng cftu todn didn ndo vd van de Trong nfii ddng van rdt bdn vftng bp tpc ngudi Co Ho, efl rit nfaidu nfaom dja Ddng hp CO vai tto lien kdt cdc ca nfadn pfauong, song rdi rac d nfaidu vung khac CO cung fauydt thflng va chi phdi cac quan nfaau Gidi khoa hpc chua thing nhit tdn hp hfln nhan, gia dinh, sd fairu tai san, quy gpi cac nhdm ngudi de dinh danfa mpt each tic ftng xft, ttacfa nfaiem vdi dong tpc cfainfa xac vd ddy du Tuy nfaidn, mpt sd Trong qua khu, ddng hp ngudl Co Ho sinh nghien cftu gin day cho rdng, Co Ho c6 06 sflng tgp trung tfaeo kfau vuc ridng bidt, nhflm dja pfauong chu ydu, khoang 73 dong mang tinfa fauydt thflng Tftng nhom cac gia hp (co dong hp chi tfin tgi d nhom ndy md dinh CO ciing ddng hp sinfa sflng ttong nfaiing nfad ddi vdi cac gia dinfa cpng cu ttong (\i tfae tdn nfaidu vung dat cung 82 '*' Thac sT, Tmimg Deii hpc Dd UtDT: 0913189289 Email; chienlm@dlu.edu.vn Su bien ddi ve ddng hg, hdn nhdn vd gia dinh khflng CO d nhom khac, nfaung cung cd cfao tfaay so vy an phftc tgp d dja nfadm cd fap tidng lap nhau) Nhdm cd ddng phuong nfau tranfa cfaip dit dai, kfaieu kien, hp nhidu Id Chil vd Lgch (24 hp), nhdm Tfl cac trpng an fainh su ttong cpng ddng ngudi La (16 fap), nhdm Sre (7 hp), cdn Igi Id cdc ddn tpc gan nfau khfing xay Cdc vu dn nhdm tpc ngudi dia phuong khdc Tdn gpi lidn quan chu yeu den mpt sd vdn de mang ddng fap xet vd y nghTa cfaia lam logi co tinh td ngn xa hpi (ruou che, cd bgc, hay bdn: fap ttning vdi tdn ldng, pfaan dnfa dac boat dpng tfin giao kfadng pfaep cfta mpt sd didm noi cu tni, ridng vdi cfaung tfli kfai ca nhdn) Didu ndy cho thdy, de dam bdo an didn da thyc dja phong vdn cdc gid lang ninh trdt ty thi vai ttd cua dong fap cd ddng bidt nd mang tfadm tinh kfadng dinfa cfau gdp kfafing nfad quydn, cfau sd faiiu dit dai vdi viing ma Hdn nhan dong fap mmfa sdng va ldm an; fap gdn vdi Hdn nhdn la mdt tfadnfa td ciia td chftc xd fauydn tfaoai vd tfi tidn cfaung, pfadn dnfa tin hpi ndn mdi cfing ddng ddu cd nhihig nguong vdt td quan nidm, quy tdc va fainh tfaftc tfi cfaftc Ngdy nay, ttong cu dan Co Ho, dong fap nfadt dinfa Ngudi Co Ho ciing kfafing ndm vdn gift mflt vai tto vd vi tri quan frpng ngoai quy Iuat dd, chi kfadc nfaau d cdc nghi ddi sflng Ngodi vide duy-tri tinh rupt tfaue vd tap qudn tfait, dam bao cfaftc ndng vd nguydn tdc Hdn nfaan eua ngudi Co Ho ttong tfi ngogi fafin, tri sy ttudng tdn dong fap, cfaftc xa fafii truydn tfafing co y ngfaTa quan tfai ddng fap cdn mang chftc nang didu hda ttpng, duoc coi Id dau mfic trudng thdnh dd cac moi quan fad xd fafii cua cdc tfaanfa vidn hoa nhdp cdng ddng vd xdc lap vi tfad, vai Khi cd mdu thudn, ngudi Co Ho thudng ttd ca nfaan ttong gia finfa, dong fap Ngudi chpn hinh thftc gidi quydt "xet xft npi bfi", Co Ho tfaudng ndi: "Con ngudi pfadi cd vp hinh thftc ndy rdt hiem khflng dat duoc chdng gidng nhu cdi Cfad gac pfaai cd cdn"; kdt qua, qua kfaao sdt cfao thdy cd 72,3% "lam rdy tfaicfa gidu, ldy cfadng tfaich con" (280 ngudi) duoc hdi cho rdng mpi xung Trong hfln nfaan truyen tfaong, ngudi Co dot gia dinh dupc gidi quydt bdi nfaiing Ho tfaudng kdt fafin d dp tufli 14 - 16, ttdi nguoi cd uy tin ttong ddng fap Ndu co kfao qua nam le cfainfa: xin fadi, an hoi, cudi, kfadn ttong giai quydt thi thudng cdc ben thdo vong vd vd thdm nhd chdng Voi cfad mang ga va ruou cdn den nfaa tpc trudng dp hdn nfaan mdu fad, mpi quydn cfau dfing faay ngudi cd uy tin dd cung thdo Iuan ttong fafin nhdn thupe vd nha gai theo cdi gidi quyet CJ mdt sfl noi, hp di den nha gpi la "bdt chfing" Nghi Id cudi phdi co sy cflng cdng, nhd cpng ddng d khu phfl dd chung kien, lam cfaung cua than Iinh phdi hpp vdi ddng hp khdc ban bgc tfafing (Yang), phai cd Id ciing thdn linh dd cdu nhdt giai quyet xin dupc thdn lmh che chd, pfau fap cfao Nghidn cftu cdc bao cdo tinfa hinfa kinfa td mpi didu tfit lanfa, trdnh cae tai uong - xd fadi viing Ldm Dfing tft ndm 2008 ddn ddi sfing cho v a chfing ban tre, cfao ddng 83 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 5(90) - 2015 fap vd cpng dfing Le cung thudng dupc thyc faidn boi cac tfaiy cftng Quy tic hfin nhdn truydn thfing cua ngudi Co Ho la ngoai hfin ddng hp - npi hdn tpc ngudi Quy tdc ngogi hdn: bdt bufic kdt fafin vdi ben ngodi mpt nhom nfadt dinh (nhu dong hp hodc tfai tpc) Quy tac npi fafin doi faoi ngudi ket fafin vdi phai la tfadnfa vidn cua mpt nfadm tfaan tpc, mflt nfaom xa faol faodc mfit dja pfauong nao Cfl tfad cfl noi quy djnfa phai Idy ngudi cung lang Cling ton gido, eung giai cap Chd dp ngogi hdn nhin cfaung la quy tac faon nfadn rat cfaat che, lidn quan ddn sy nghidm cdm cdc fadnfa vi logn ludn Ngogi fafln tfaeo dong me d ngudi Ca Ho ttudc ddy quy dinfa rdng, nfaiing ngudi co cung ddng fap du cdcfa xa nfaieu ddi vdn khong duoc phep cfl quan he hon nhdn Trong ludt tuc Co Ho, day la faanfa vi logn Iuan va se hi lang xft rat nang Tfaam cfai ngudi Cfaii trudc day nghiem cdm quan he faon nfaan giua mpt so dong fap Cfail vdi nfaau Hp coi day Id nguydn nfaan Iam cfao cpng ddng hi thien tai, djcfa bdnh, fagnfadn,bj tfadn Iinh triing phgt Theo quy djnh vi pfaam sd bj se hi coi lam anfa fauong ddn hp tdc vd chju cdc hinfa phat nhu bj dufii kfaoi Idng, nop phat trau va rupu dd cung tfadn linh Tuy nfaidn, ttong qua kfau hon nfaan CO cgu faai cfaidu duac khuydn kfaicfa va mang tt'nh phfl bidn vi fap cfl quan nidm tang tfadm mdi quan fad hai hp ("tfaich tpc"), tri bdo ve tdi sdn gia dmh dong fap vd giam chi phi cdc nghi Id Vin dk npi fafln tpc ngudi ttong cac nfafim Co Ho d Lam Ddng noi rieng va ca nudc noi chung duoc 84 mpi ngudi tan dong vd kfauyen kfaicfa Trudc ddy fafln nhan ngogi tdc kfaflng phd biin thgm efai bj ngfaiem cdm Tinh trgng ly fafin, da pfau, da tfad cd xay d cpng dong nhung rat hidm, bdi ngudi Ca Ho tfln ttpng cfad dp mpt vo mpt chfing, kidm sodt chat che ngoai tinh vd nfaftng faanfa vi vi pham dao due xa fafii vdi nfaung chd tdi nghiem kfaac viia mang tinh fainh pfagt, ran de vfta cd tinh nfayc fainfa Cu ttu sau fadn nhdn cua ngudi Co Ho theo hinh thftc bdn vp (bdn nfaa gai) Ho cu tru nha ddi nhieu bep; ngudi dan fing cac gia dinh tfaudng Id ngupi "dai didn" cdc quan fad; ngudi vp, phu nft Idn tufii faay ong cdu mdi Id chu gia dinfa, dam bdo day du tinh "man faf" va "miu quydn" Ngay nay, cdc quan nidm, quy tdc, lu^t tuc va nfaung hinh thftc fafin nfadn cfta Co Ho dd CO rdt nhidu bidn cfauyen sy tac dpng cfta cac cdc qua trinfa pfadt triin kinh te - xa fapi va qua trinh hdi nhdp vdi xa hpi hidn dgi Hfin nhan phu tfaupc vao ngudi mai mii, hay cha me sap ddt thi ngdy cang it di, tinh tu chft vd binfa ddng ttong hon nhdn cua gidi tte cang duac tfin ttpng Tiing nol cua cha me, ddng hp van quan ttpng ttong cac eupc hfin nhan ndu cfl vi pham nfairng didu c i m ky Dp tufli kdt fafln tdng ldn so voi trudc: tft 18 - 20 vdi nft va 20 22 dfli vdi nam Dgt dupe ket qua la quan nipm faon nfadn ttong cdc ddng hp ctia cac bgc cha mp da cd thay dfli, gidi tte c6 didu kidn hon nhu duac di fapc nfaidu faon, ddi sflng kinh td cua cu dan nfait Id d cdc khu Sir bien ddi ve ddng ho, hdn nhdn vd gia dinh vuc thi cd nhidu chuydn bidn, cdng tac vgn dfing tuydn truydn va gido due pfafl bien ludt gido due dupc tdng cudng Nguydn tic ngoai hfin ddng fap vd cfad dp mau he khflng tiiay dfii tiieo thai gian, mpi ngudi tuydt ddi tudn thii, tri chat che khufln mau do, nfaung quy tdc npifafintpc ngudi kfadng duae ddt nangfaaykhuyen khich nhu trudc day Qud trinfa giao luu, fapi nfaap vdn hda - kuih td - xd fapi gifta cac nfaom cu dan, qua trinh thjfada,faidndgi hfla, qua ttinh cflng cu da tpc ngudi mdy chuc nam da lam cho quy tdcfaflnnfadn npi tpc bi phd vo, khdng la rdo can qua ldn ddn hon nhdn Xu huongfaflnnhdn vdi cac tpc ngudi khac bao gflm voi ngudi Kinh, ngudi dan tpc thidu sfl khdc, ngudi nudc ngoai da va dang didn Loai hinh hon nfaan cfl cgu kfadng dupc "uu thich" nhu trudc bdi le nhieu ngudi nhan thuc Id hdn nfaan cgn fauydt tfaflng (con cfta cfai em gai vdi cua anh em trai) Dfli vdi dang hon nfaan anfa em bdn chflng, chi em ben vp, gidi trd cho rdng kfaflngfappvdi tfadi dai mdi, kfafing dem lgi hgnh phuc gia dinfa Xa hpi hien dai va loi sflng mdi eo anh huflfng sdu sdc ddn tfaycfadnfangfai Id ttong td chuc Ie cudi Cac nghi le truydn thflng edn rat it Vide tfl chdc ddm cudi theo kidu d nharidnggan nfau khflng tdn tai Trong hon nhan truydn thfing, nhidu Id vgt nfau chidng, che, hat cuom, thfi cam, rupu cin, thit gia sue gia cam khdng nfaieu; tfaay vdo dd la eac logi ll.vdt khac Khodng han 80% sfl dam cudi dupc dien chft ydu d nha hang Nhieu dam cudi td chftc d cdc nha hdng sang ttong voi each tfl chuc gifli^ nfau ngudi Kinh, vdi qua mftng chft ydu Id bdng phong bl tidn mat, rdt tfin kem Rd rang, ngudi Co Ho da thay dfii hfin nhan tfaeofauoTagcfl ca ydu tfi tich cyc, va tidu cyc Ydu tfl tich cyc Id ty hfln nfaan, tufii kdt faon eao, faan chd fau tyc vd fafin nfadn canfauydtthong, vdn bdo luu cdc gia tri tpc ngudi Yeu td tidu cyc la sdc tfadi vdn hda bdn dia cfl phdn md nfaat ddn Mpt dan tfic mdt di ban sdc vd y thftc tfic nguoi Id mpt ddn tfic de dang bi dflng hfla Do la mat trai dang quan tam Gia dinh Ciing gifing nfau nfaidu gia dinfafaiendgi d Viet Nam, gia dinfa tpe ngudi Co Ho gflm "pfaftc hop" cae mfli quan hp vfta mang tinfa sinh hpc vfta mang tinfa xa fapi Qua trinfa van dpng vd pfaat trien cung vdi nfaftng tidn bp xa hpi da tac dpng ddn quy md, co cdu, chuc ndng vd loi sfing gia dinh Co Ho Trong qua khu, ddc didm nfii bat nhdt cfta gia dinh nguoi Co Ho Id tdn tgi vd tri dai gia dinfa mdufadtftc "gia dinfa ldn" Quy mfi dai gia dinh truydn thfing mau fad ndy CO nfaidu cap vo cfafing va cdi chung sflng vdi mpt nhd ddi, hay tfaam cfai 2,3 nfad ddi ttdn ciing mdnfa dit Quy md sfl lupng vidn khoang vdi chye ngudi nfaung thflng thudng cfl khodng 2-3 cap vo chflng ttong mpt nha dai Gia dinh Ion mau fad co tft 2-4 tfad he Dang cfing dflng "cong xa huydt tpc" ndy co" chung sd hftu tai san (kinh te), bao gfim tit ca dpng sdn vd bat dfing san Mo hinh gia dinh lon tdn tai theo phuong thftc ciing dn, cung d, cimg Iam, cung huomg thu Tat nhidn, ttong qua trinfa cfaung sdng nhidu 85 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam, sd 5(90) - 2015 nguyen nhdn nhu dflng con, hay nha dai ttd ndn qua "tai" thi mpt gia dmfa thanfa vldn Bixi Minh D90, Vu Thj Hong (2003), Ddn tgc Kaho & Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa h5i, Hd Ndi dupc phep tacfa Kfai fap se dupc chia Mgc Duong (Chu bien) (1983), Van di ddn mpt phin tdi sdn dd d ridng, faodc hp co tgc & Ldm Ddng, Nxb S a vdn hoa tinh Ldm D6ng, tfad d cfaung mfit nha nhung dn d mflt bdp Ldm Dong ridng Trong nfaa dai nfaidu bep (mfii bdp la Le Vdn Khoa, Pham Quang Tii (2014), mflt tidu gia dinh) cfl mflt ong chu fap (chu Hu&ng Idi phdt trien ben vOng Tdy NgiQ/in, Nxb Tri nha) ldm nfaiem vy didufaanfampi cfing vide Thlic, Ha Npi "dfli npi, dfii ngoai" ttong nfaa va vol cpng Le Vdn KJ (Chu bien) vd d6ng nghifp dfing Do Id xa fapi mau fad ndn vai tto va (2005), Phong tuc lgp qudn cd tn^in dja vj cua ngudi phu nu rdt ldn, co ihiiu sd Nam Toy Nguyin, nfaftng van dd quan ttpng lidn quan den gia Viet Nam, Ha Noi dinh, tfaftong fing chft hp phdi bdn bac vdi ba vp dd xem xet quydt djnfa Ngay nay, bfli eanfa xa hdl hidn dgi, cupe sflng ngudi ddn d trung tdm da cfauydn sang ddi sflng dfl thj, nhidu cacfa tfaftc td cfaftc cufic sdng gia dinfa da tfaay dfii Dgi gia dinfa nfaa dai truydn thdng chinfa mgl so ddn lgc Vi^n Khoa hpc Xd h§i Ngo Vdn Lf, Nguyen Vdn Tiep, Nguyin V8n Difu (1998), Vdn hoa cdc ddn lgc thiiu so & Vi& Nam, Nxb Giao due, Hd Npi Trjnh Duy Ludn (2009), Gido Irinh Xa hgi hgc thi, Nxb Bai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Hd Nfi lO.Krajan Plin (2010), Ludt tuc ngudi K'ho Lgch, Nxb Vdn h6a Ddn tfc, Hd Nfi tfaftc tan rd, thay vdo la loai hinh gia dinh 11 Nguyin Tudn Tdi va cdc d6ng nghifp, Ngiidi hidn dai co quy mfi nfad faon nhidu ldn Do Lgch tren Cao Nguyin Langbian, Nxb Tp Hh Chi Id gia dinh hat nfaan faai tfad he, mang tinh Minh, H6 Chi Minh dpe \$p vd nhidu mat Kfai xa fafii Co Ho 12 Nguyen Vdn Tifp (2013), "Mdy nhan xit v^ budc vao qua trinfa faidn dai faoa ddi sdng chinh sdch dan tpc doi vol ddn tpc thieu s6 Tay dan cu, loai hinh gia dinh nhfl chiem cfau Nguyen cua chinh quyfin Vift Nam Cfng H6a dir(!ri dao, nd lin dp va tfauc ddy nhanh qua ttinh th&i T6ng th6ng Ngf Dinh Difim (1954 - 1963)", ldm tan rd gia dinh lan truyen tfafing Tap chi Phdt triin khoa hgc cdng ngh? Tai lipu tham khao gia tri vdn hoa truyin thdng Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh l3.Ng6 Due Thinh (Chu bifin) (2010), Nhiing Le Dinh Bd, Mai Minh Nh^t (2011), "HuySn tho^i v^ sg dbi va ten ggi ciia mpt s6 d6ng ho nguiri Chil Ldm D6ng", T^ip chi Khoa hoc x5 hgi Toy Nguyen Bdng, Nxb Tre.Tp H6 Chi Minh Bdi Minh D^o (2011), Th^c irgng phdt triin Tdy Nguyen vd mgt sd vdn di phdt triin bin vUng, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hpi, Hd Npi 86 14 Nguyin HOu Tranh (2001), Bd Lgt nSm xua, Nxb Tp H6 Chi Minh, H6 Chi Minh 15 Nhifiu tdc gia (2008), Nhdn hgc dgi cuang, Phan Ngpc ChiSn (Chii bifin) (2005), Afgiw/ KahoaLdm tri quoc gia Ha Nfi Nxb e ? i hpc Qudc gia Tp Ho Chi Minh, H i Chl Minh le.Nhifiu tac gid (1989), NhOng kit qud nghien ciru kinh ti - xd hgi Ldm Bdng 17 Nhif u tdc gia (1989), Toy Nguyin tren dudng phdt triin, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hfi Ha Npi ... chuc ndng vd loi sfing gia dinh Co Ho Trong qua khu, ddc didm nfii bat nhdt cfta gia dinh nguoi Co Ho Id tdn tgi vd tri dai gia dinfa mdufadtftc "gia dinfa ldn" Quy mfi dai gia dinh truydn thfing... dang bi dflng hfla Do la mat trai dang quan tam Gia dinh Ciing gifing nfau nfaidu gia dinfafaiendgi d Viet Nam, gia dinfa tpe ngudi Co Ho gflm "pfaftc hop" cae mfli quan hp vfta mang tinfa sinh hpc... tdc gia (2008), Nhdn hgc dgi cuang, Phan Ngpc ChiSn (Chii bifin) (2005), Afgiw/ KahoaLdm tri quoc gia Ha Nfi Nxb e ? i hpc Qudc gia Tp Ho Chi Minh, H i Chl Minh le.Nhifiu tac gid (1989), NhOng
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