Vấn đề trẻ em bỏ học sớm và sự cần thiết của công tác xã hội trong hoạt động ngăn ngừa trẻ bỏ học ở nông thôn (nghiên cứu điển hình từ một số Trường học của tỉnh Trà Vinh.pdf

U T^ f } 96 i 0-^ TAP CHI KHOA HOC S6 (22) 2011 VAN DE TRE EM BO HQC S6*M VA SU* CAN THl£T CUA CONG TAC XA HQI TRONG HO^T D Q N G NGAN NGlTA TRE BO HQC Of NONG T H N (Nghiin ciru dien hinh tir mgt sd Trudng hgc ciia tinh Trd Vinh) ThS Ton NuAi Phirang' TOM T A T Tre em bo hgc sam Id mgt hien tirgng bien vd lam cho cdc nhd qudn ly gido due rdt dau ddu, Cdc tnrdng hgc d vimg sdu, vimg xa dang rdt lo ldng ve vdn de ndy vd cUng dang rdt limg liing viec tim mgt gidi phdp thich ddng de gidi quyit Ttnh trang hgc sinh bd hgc sdm a cdc viing nong thdn ngheo khong nhSng segdy nhung hdu qud khong tdi doi v&i suphdt triin cUa bdn thdn vd tuang lai cUa cdc em md tgo dnh hirdng khong tot ddi vdi cdng tdc gido due a cdc khu virc nong thon ndy Bdi viel trinh bdy mgt so cdc nguyin nhdn cit the cda tinh trgng bo hgc sdm trorig sd cdc tre em nir xudt thdn tir cdc gia dinh nong ddn ngheo va cdc gia dinh nguai ddn tgc Khmer sir dung ket qud nghien ciru to chirc Room to Read ihijc hiin thdng ndm 2008 di ddnh gid nhu cdu ire em nir thude nhdm tudi tir din 15 dang cdn dugc giitp de liip tuc di hgc a Huyen Trd Cii mgt nhung huyen co nhieu ngudi Khmer sinh sdng cua tinh Tra Vinh Qua do, ldc gid, cUng Id ngiroi dd thuc hiin cugc nghien ciru ndi trin se lap trung lrinh bd)' ve nhung vdn di cu thi liin quan den ly bo hgc sdm cua nhieu hgc sinh id em cua cdc gia d'inh nong ddn a huyen Trd Cu Id viing ddn tgc thiiu sd Khmer thuoc linh Trd Vinh, xem xet tgi cdn cd nhung hogt dgng cdng tdc xa hgi a cdc iruang Uin quan vd phdn lich nhiing khd nang dong gop ciia cdc hogt dgng ndy viic ho trg cdc tnidng ngdn ngira tinh trgng bd hoc cda hgc sinh, Tir khoa: Bd hoc sdi'n, tre em nu dan Ipc Khmer, cdng tac xa hdi Irong trudng hpe ABSTRACT Early school drop-out is a popular problem that concerned many educational administrators Managers of schools in remote areas are very concerned about this issue and still confused in finding appropriate solutions for it Early school drop-out among pupils In remote rural areas does not only result in negative effects to the personal development and future ofthe concerned children but also badly affect the educational cause in (hose rural areas This article presents some specific reasons for the problem of early school drop-out among many girl children from poor farmer and Khmer families using fhe results of a study conducted by Room to Read in August 2008 on the needs to have support to continue their studies of Khmer girl children aged from to 15 in Tra Cu district, which is also an area populated by Khmer people of Trd Vinh province Through this arlicle the author, also a researcher of this study, will consider the needs lo have social work activities in schools and analyse some potential contribution of school social work and social workers in helping the schools in preventmg the early drop-out among school children Key Words; early school drop-out Khmer giri children, school social work Oiaiig\ienKli„ri \WlACr.\tl Tiumif:Di,iihnt \hilPIK \l GlAO DUC - XA HOI L Gidi thieu chung \i huyen Tra Cii \k cupc nghien cuii Tra Cu la mdt Irong nhiing huydn ngheo viing sdu ciia tinh Tra Vinh Huydn Tra Cii cd tdng dan sd khoang 165.000 ngudi, Irong sd luong ddng bdo Khmer ddng nhdt tinh chidm 60,7% tdng dan sd loan huydn Huyen cd 17 don vj hdnh chinh: 15 xa vd Ihj trdn gdm Thi trdn Tra Cil Thj Iran Djnh An Trung tdm cua huydn Id thj tran Tra Cu (theo Bdo cao ciia Dy an Gido dye tidu hoc) hoc sinb cua cd cdp hoc Thdng ke sa bd ciia Phdng Giao due cho tha> ty Id bd hoc nhidu nhat la d bac Irung hpe Co sd tir 11 den 18 tudi, la 618 em chiem 17,45%tdng sd hpe sinh toan huydn (Bao cdo cua UBND Huydn Tra Cii vd tinh hinh phat trien kinh id xd hpi thdng ddu nam 2008, va Bdo cao ciia Phdng Gido due Huyen Trd Cii thdng 6,/2008) Huyen Trd Cu duac lanh dgo ciia tinh Trd Vinh gidi thidu cho td chiic Room to Read (RlR) de mong nhan dupc Huydn Trd Cu cd didn tich ty nhidn sy giiip dd ctia td chiic vide Id 36.965.17 Dac diem kinh id chinh giup cho Tinh giai quyet tinh trgng tre ciia huy^n la san xuat ndng nghiep, ddnh bd hpe sdm va tgo didu kien cho nhidu bat vd nudi trdng hai san nhung quy md tre em dupc liep iuc theo hoc cho ddn san xuat qua nhd vd ndng sudt thdp nai den chdn thdng qua chuang trinh hd Ngudi dan chu yeu Iam nghd trdng Ida, trp hpe bdng Room lo Grow (RtG) ciia trdng mia, ddnh ca, chdn nudi; nhirng td cbirc ndy ngudi khdng cd dat canh tdc Ihi di lam Hoat ddng ddnh gia nhu cau ho trp thud, lam mudn cho nhCing ngudi cd nhu dupc thyc hien dya vdo dd nghj trdn cau Da sd nhiing ngudi kbdng co dat canh nham giitp cho Chuang trinh Hpe bdng tdc la ngudi Khmer Nghd ndng d day chi - RiG/RlR xac dinb dupc nhung nhu cau canh tac dupc mpt vu miia ndm, thuc su cita tre em d dia phuong ddc biet vdy ngudi dan phdi di tim viec ldm d cac Id tre nfr la ddi tupng ma Id chirc nham ldi linh phd khac miia ndng nhan va giup cho RtG/RtR cd nhirng dinh hudng Cudc song ciia ngudi ddn vay rdt ngheo va kd hogch hd trp nhdm ire d ddy mot va hp gap rat nhidu khd khdn cupc each huu hieu Ba xd dupc td chiic Room sdng Huyen Tra Cii cd 16 xd dupc xep loai to Read chpn dd thyc hien cupc danh gia la xa khd khan Cho ddn cudi ndm 2007 nhu cdu ndy la: Don Chau I lam Giang, va huydn Tra Cu vdn cdn cd t}' Id hd ngheo Long Hiep cung la xa ngheo cd t>- Id kha cao (34,59%) va vdn xa thugc ngudi dan tdc thieu sd cao va cd sd lupng chuang trinh 135/CP cua chinh phu Ndu tre em bd hoc cao Iheo so lieu ctia Phdng nhu thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi ciia tinh Giao due Huyen cung cdp ndm hoc Trd Vinh d miic 50 USD trdn ngudi/ihdng gdn nhdi (2006-2008) dupc xem la mirc thap thi thu nhdp ciia ngudi dan d Trd Cii cd Id cdn thdp ban mirc Cudc nghien ciiu da dupc thyc hien tren rlt nhidu xet den dieu kidn phdt thdng qua cdc cupc phdng van nhdm vd uidn kinh id khd khan d day phdng van sdu cd nhan vdi cac nhdm mdu nhu sau: Ddi sdng kinh td khd khan cting anh hudng den giao due cho tre em • Cac nha qudn ly gido due d cap Huyen ciia Huydn Tra Cu va xa lidn quan hu>'dn Huydn Tra Cii la hujen cd sd hpe sinh bd hoc kha nhidu Trong nam hoc • Hieu trudng va giao vien ciia cdc 2007-2008 tdng sd hpe sinh bd hoc trudng tidu hpe va thdng ca sd d 3' loan huyen la 1270 em irdn i6ng sd 28.110 xd lidn quan TAP CHf KHOA HOC s6 (22) 2011 Hoc sinh nii cua cac trudng lidu hpe va phd thdng co sd ciia xd d dp mdi 8-U va 12-15 (xem chi tidt bang sau) • Cdc nhdm phu huynh ciia trd (bao gdm cd Ire cdn di hoc vd tre dd bd hoc) Bang 1: So lugmg tre tham gia ph&ng van nhdm vi phong van sau ' Xifitn Chau Nbom tre & VB ei nhan tre XaHam Gung TS Tre DT TS IS 12 10 TS Tre DT Tre nho (8-11 tuoi) di hoc Tre ion (12-15 ludi) di hgc Tre da bo hpe 4 T6ng cgng so tri phong v4n nh6ni 17 13 Tre ldn (12-15 tu3i) di hpe 2 Tre da bo hpe 2 Tdng cpng so phdng van sau 6 Phong v^D nbom X i Long Hifp Tong so tredit^ phong van Tt* DT TS 27 25 Trt DT 21 20 4 14 S 56 45 2 4 2 3 6 15 13 25 20 Phong van sau Tre nh6 (8-11 tufii) di hoc Thong tin ve ly khien tre bd hpe vd dh ngh) cua dja pbuvng ve cac bi|n ph^p giai quy£t Hien tuong bd hpe xay Id rdt nhidu nguyen nhan khac ddn tii phia gia dinh, bdn thdn trd vd anh hudng den tii phia ban be vd mdi trudng sdng Cupc nghidn ciru da long hpp nhiing ly chinh khidn tre bd hpe va nhihig de xuat tii phia cdc ddi urgng phdng vdn vd cac bidn phdp giai quydt nhu bdng tdm tdt sau: Bang 2: Bang tom tdt nhiimg ];y khiea tre bo hoc vk cac bien phap giai qnyet theo de nghi ciia cac nhom doi tvpng phong van Ly Bi|n phap giai qoyet c i c nbom doi luwng phong van dira Gia dinh kho khfin: Cha mf phai di lam an xa dem theo => tre phai bo hpe de di theo cha m? Can CO nhimg ho trp giup ngudi dkti c6 (he tao thu nhap 6n djnh a dja phuoig dl khdng phai di kiem an xa va nhu v^y tre nho sS khdng phai bo hpe d£ di theo cha m?, Nhttng ho tn? c6thl li; cho vay von lam an, tim diu cho cac nganh nghe san xual a dja phuong va nong san a dja phuong Kh5ng c6 dieu kien mua sim nhitng phuong ti^n hoc hanh cho tre nhu sach vd, quan ao gia>' dep, thieu phutnig lien dl hpe xa; xedap Van dpng cac quy hoc bong_ va sv dong gop cua cac manh thucmg quan d^ h6 trp niiSng v4l h^ng cho tre Van dgng ban be trudng eimg giiip SlAODgC-XAHOl Ngheo => cac em tir nguyen bo hpe hoac bj cha m^ bat bupe bo hoc de di iani kiem lien ph^ gliip gia dinh Nha tnidng ket hpp vdi cliinh quy6n dia phirong v^n dpng tre quay l^i trudng Idp, v^n dong cha m? cbo eon di hoc trd lai va tim nguon ho trp cho tre nhat ia ho tro gao thoi gian khd khan (khoang 20kg gao # 300.000 dong.' quy) cho den luc gia dinh thoat dtrpc tinh hudng khd khan Gia dinh nen khuyen khich tre co gang Ihu xep vira hoc vira phy giiip gia dtnh chii khong nen bdhpc Mien hpe phi va eae Ioai t ^ i khac lien quan Do nhan (hiic yeu kem tint cha mf Cha tn? chi tjip trung giai quyel nhihig lung quin Intdc mfit mk khong nght den luong iai Cha me cho rang ehi can biel chi} hoac chi can hpe den miic dp nao d6 di) d^ di xin vi^c lam la dupc Tuyen troyen, van ddng giup cho cha m? hieu ro Ipi ich ve l l u dai cua vi?e hpe, dira nhOng tim guong tieu bi^u de hp thay dupc tac dpng ciia giao dge Irong viec gitip nang cao doi song gia dinh va bao dam tuong lai tdi dpp cho gia dinh hp va cai Do aah hiro'ng cua ban be Ham choi dua doi theo ban be x i u bo be hoc hanh iron hoc , Gia dinh va nha tmdng cin cd sir gjain sat ch^t che quan lam vdi nhdm tre va cd nhirng hudng dan giup tr* thay dot nhan thuc va thay ddi hanh v i Bd hoc theo ban di lam d phd Can tini hieu kJ nguyen nhan ddng eo nao lac dpng den quyet dinh de cd huong giai quyet thich hpp va tir van cho tre nhiing dieu ean thiel Do Iff ban than tre Tit ban than tre khdng thich hpe Hpe kem tiep thu bai ch^m khdng hieu bai l>o lam viec nhicu khdng cd thdi gian hpe bai hope hay nghi hpe nen khdng theo kjp bai hoc Tim hieu ly khdng thich hoc gi'iip Ire giai quyet nhiing ly dd Nha trucmg va gia dinh ean cd bien phap ho tr? k^m cap Ihem de giup tre hieu duoc bai va theo kip ehuong trinh hpe Can xem xet lai hieu qua va nhung tac dpng nguoc ciia cac chuong trinh hpe cap ddi vdi so hpe sinh hoc kem va ed phuang thire dieu ehinh viec ih^c hifn cho hpp ly Cac hoat ddng phy dao "nSng kctn" tlid Irg fioc mnh yeu hoci fit hiw/ CM Muang V a h^n gliip b^n CD the giup giai quyel van de Gia dinh can t^o dieu kien cho tre cd them thdi gian hoc bai va Iam bai a nha khdng bat tre phai lam viec qua nhieu va qua sue TAP CHf KHOA HOC S6 (22) 2011 Do mae cam eiia ban than tre: - M§c cd vi minh khong cd dupe nhiing phuong lien nhu bjm be (ao quan, giay dep d^p, xe dap moi tien bac de tieu xai va an tnra d can tin nhu ban be) - M I C CS vi bj b?n be treu chpc ve nhCrng van d£ rieng tu (chuyen gia dinh chieu cao cua tre, ,) - Mic cd vi hpe bai khdng thupe, thay co dd bai thudng xuyen khong tra bai dupc - M S c c d v i vi^t chiJxau, hpcdd Can cd su (heo doi tihiJng tnirmg hop sal sao, giup cho Ire hpe tdtde t r o n e n t u tin vao banthSn ciia minh thi ire mdi ed the vupt qua diroc nhiimg m^c cam de tiep tuc di hpe Can giiip dd tre nhieu hon viec lam bai tap va Hr hpe d nha Do nhiTDg t r v ngai kh^c vi^c hoc t^p a t n r d n g va ve ngdn ngir Can cd nhiJiig bien phap phu d^o kein Ihem de giup tre hieu bai • Su thay doi chuong trinh hpe chuyen cap, Cd thay giang bai ky htm, giai thich eho trd ky tre khdng theo kjp chuong lrinh hoc nen ehan hon nhihig van de chua hi^u ro de tre n^m dupc va bd hpe tii mdi vao Idp van de, neu can thi giang lai cho tre bing tieng Tre khdng hieu dupc nhQng bai hpe va nhiing dan tdc (Khmer) cau hdi cac bki tap => hpe kem Tang cudng cac ho^t dpng ban giup b9n hpe lap Thai dp v i quan hp cua giao vien voi hoe sinh: Thay cd la mang, trach phat tre khdng lam dupc bai, khdng hpe thupe bai khiSn tre sp, khdng den Idp ~> bd hpe, - Thay cd thieu su quan tam vdi tre, khdng giang bat ky, hay thiSn vj c i c bpn hoc gidi, 1~hay cd can thay ddi cich day de giiip li^ hicu - Su thay ddi giao vjgn chuyen cap (lu" mdt bai rd bon, khong nen trach phpt tre ma nen c6 giio vien chii nhiem d cap tieu hoc chuyen vQ dpng vien tinh than cua tre doi xiir cdng bing sang phai tiep xiic vdi nhieu giao vien khac voi mpi hoc sinh d moi trudng thong co sd), hon niia cac giao vien bp mon lai khong co nhilu thai gian de quan tam den tirng ca nhan tre va nhSng tinh cam cua tre khiSn cho tre cam thay bSt an va hang hyt vk lam ly khiln tre sp den trudng va de din d£n tinh trang bo hpe Ngudn: Bdo cdo vi ddnh gid nhu cdu cua Ire ni'r ddn tdc Khmer, lai huyen Trd Cii Tra Vinh id chiic Room fo Read thuc hiin 2008, Mac dii cupc danh gid tap trung vdo xac dinh nhu cau va Iy bd hoc ciia tre nQ dan tpc Khmer, nhung nhiing Iy khien tre bd hoc dupc ndu trdn day dupc cdc nhdm doi tupng phdng vdn khing dinh Id nhiing vdn dd chung ciia tre bao gom ca nam lan nii chii khdng chi la vdn dd ciia ridng tre nir Thdng tin thu th^p dupc qua khao sat thuc id va qua cac sd lieu cac trudng d cac dia phuong dupc khao sdt cung cdp cho thay sd tre nam bd hpe la nhieu hon sd trd nir bd hpe Nhan xet ve cac boat ddn^dang du-pc thyc hi?n d cac tnrdng de doi phd vdl tinh tr^ng bo hoc Didu dang luu y d day la cac truoTig da tich cue thuc hien mdi sd boat ddng klidc nhdm ngdn ngira tre bd hpe sdm nhu: GIAO DUC - XA HOl ' Lap tjuy hpe bdng bang each trich mdt phan luong ciia gido vidn dd hd tro sd Ire em ngheo tidn mua sach vd va ddng phuc (quy ndy dupc lap theo kieu tu phat va Irdn tinh than tu nguydn cua gido vien d mpt sd trudng) • Van ddng cdc ngudn quy ddng gdp ciia phu huynh hoc sinh vd cac quy khuydn hpe cua cdc co quan va doan thd khdc d dia phuong dd giup Ire mua sach vd quan vd hd irp chi phi cho nhihig trd luu Iru tai trudng • Tranh thii nhiing su' hd tro ciia cac doan the quan chiing vide van dpng quyen gdp sach cu de cho cdc trd em ngheo • Tbdm vidng gia dinh cac em, tim hieu hodn eanh gia dinh va van dpng gia dinh cho trd di hpe trd I?ii • Midn giam hpe phi cho tre em cdc gia dinh nghdo • Td chuc cac hoal ddng phu dao va ngoai khda dd "nang kem" hoac cac nhdm "ban giiip ban'" de giup cho cdc hpe sinh hpe kem cd dupc kdt qud hpe tdt hon , Nhu'ng boat dpng cac irudng va cdc thay cd gido th\ic hidn trdn day rd rang la ddu thd hien tinh chat cua cdng tac xd hpi va cung da ddng gdp mdt phdn tich cue vide ngan ngira trd bd hoc va van ddng ire da bd hpe quay lai vdi trudng Idp Tuy nhien ket qua thu dupc tir cudc danh gia ciia nhom nghidn ciiu cho thdy hidu qua cua cac boat dpng khdng cao vd khdng tridt de ngdn chdn dupc tinh trang bd hoc cac nguyen nhdn sau ddy: nghi hpe va vide van ddng tre quay lai trudng hgc thudng rat kho khdn vd mdt nhieu thdi gian • Ddi khi, cdng cupc van dpng gia dinh cho tre di hoc trd iai ddi hoi giao vien phai thuc hien kdt hpp cung mdt Iiic nhieu ho?t dpng khdc nhu: tim hieu/danh gia vd hoan canh gia dinh, tim nguon va van dpng cac ca sd doan thd va cpng ddng dd giup ire td chiic day php dao cho tre tuydn truyen vd ndng cao nhan thirc ciia cha me vd Idm quan trpng cua gido due De thuc hien dupc nhtrng cdng vipc dupc Idt va c6 hi^u qua, ngudi gido vien khdng chi phdi cd thdi gian ma cdn phai cd cai "TAM" su nhiet tinh vd phdi bidt cdch tiep can vdn dd mpt each "CHUYEN N G H I B P " nhung trdn thuc te thi da sd giao vidn chua dupc dao tao dd lam nhirng cdng vipc ngodi cdng vide chuydn mdn Id day hoc ciia hp • Dudng sa xa xoi, di lai khd khdn thidu phuang tidn giao lliong cung dan den nhiing bat cgp qua trinh tiep can vdi gia dinh cua tre dd tim hidu van dd vd van ddng gia dinh cho tre di hoc I^i • Do dp luc cua cdng vide, cac thdy cd giao khdng cd nhidu thdi glan va didu kidn de quan sat va theo doi sat nhOtig van dd xay vdi ire de co the phai hidn kip thdi va ngdn ngira su vipc tir liic trd mdi manh nha y dinh bd hpe • Nhiing su ho trp ndy chi mdi d miirc dp thap cua boat dpng cdng tdc xd hpi - hd u p tii thidn, vd chi mdi tdp trung giai quyet nhinig kbd khan cd thd nhin thdy dupc nhu nhiing khd khan ve vat chat hode la diem sd hoc tap kem Mpe giup tre gidi quyet khd khan vd vat chdt hode tai chinh thdng qua cac chuang trinh hpe bdng cap sach vd hoac cho ao quan chi la nhirng gidi phdp tam thdi khdng mang tinh Iau bdn vd thiim chj cd thd dan tdi nhiing nguy ca khac nhu ]a gia dinh Ire se y lai hoac trd ndn phu tbudc vao nhiing hd trq^ va tre sd lai liep tuc bd hpe ndu cdc ngudn ho tra khdng dupc tidp tuc cung cdp vd sau • Thdng ihuong thi cdc trudng hpp bd hoc chi dupc phat hidn sau tre dd ' Neu xem xet mpt each nghidm tuc hon thi nhiing boat dpng nham ngdn chdn 102 TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO (22) 2011 tinh trang bd hpe sdm cua cac irudng hidn chi mdi gidi quydt dupc bd mat ndi cua van de la nhu'ng khd khdn ve vat chdt vd ket qua hpe tap Phan chim vd nhihig nguyen nhdn sdu xa ciia van dd tre bd hpe nhu tam ly cda tre anh hudng ciia ban be nhan thiic cua cha me, quan h? vdi thdy cd gtdo mdc dii cung da dupc Iuu y tdi nhung cac tnrdng va cdc thay cd giao van chua cd dupc nhung danh gia va phdn tich dung dan dd cd thd cd nhirng each tiep can va giai quyel phu hpp NhOng cdng vipc can phdi cd sp tham gia ciia nhiing ngum dupc dao tao ve chuydn ngdnh cdng ldc xa hpi mdi cd the giup dupc nha trudng vd cdc thdy cd gido thuc hidn cac boat dpng ngdn ngira cd hieu qua hon Trong nhiing giai phap dd xudt dd ddi phd vdi cdc Iy bd hoc cac nhdm ddi tupng phdng van (gdm cd cac quan chuc dia phuang, nhirng ngudi lam cdng tac quan ly giao due, cac giao vien Ire em gia dinh tre va ngudi ddn cpng ddng) dd cd nhirng de nghi kha sat vd phil hpp vdi boan canh thuc td ciia hp Tuy nhien, giai quyet nh&ng vdn dd khdng don gian vd bdn than nganh giao due ndi chung cac trudng vd cdc cd nhdn giao vien ndi ridng sd khdng thd nao lam dupc ndu khdng cd su phdi hpp vdi cdc ca quan ban ngdnh vd cac Krc Iupng chuyen mdn khdc ma Iuc Iupng nhan vien cdng tdc xd hpi la lire luong phii hop nhal vdi nhimg kien thiic va chuyen mdn ma hp da dirpc dao lao, nhu Id bdo vd tre em phdt trien cdng ddng, Iam vipc vdi gia dinh, giai quydt nhung van de lam ly khung hoang Sv can thiet cua nganh cong tac xa h^i/ nhan vien cong tic xa bpi hoat dpng ngan ngira tre bd hoc Phan tich trdn day vd nhiing hoat dpng Mang ludi qude te ve Cdng tac Xa hdi ma cac trudng va giao vien da lam cung da Hpe dudng dd dua mpt dinh nghta don chi nhihig didm manh vd ban che cua Ip'c gidn nhung rat phu hpp dp dgng vao bdi iupng ndy Do dd su tham gia ciia ngdnh cdnh ciia trudng hpp nghidn cim nky: cdng tac xa hdi ndi chung vd ciia nhan vidn "Nhdn vien Cong tdc Xa hgi Hgc cdng tdc xa hpi chuyen nghiep ndi rieng dudng Id nhung nhdn viin cdng tdc xd se giiip nganh giao due, cac trudng va cdc hgi chuyin nghiep se gitip tre em gdn bo gido vien cd dieu kien phat huy duac nhihig v&i irudng hgc vd trd nen nhung hgc sinh thd manh vd khac phuc nhfmg han chd ciia thdnh cdng " minh nhiing nd luc nhdm giu" tre lai Nhu vay, muc dich cua hoat ddng vdi trudng, ngdn ngiia Iinh trang bd hoc vd Cdng tac Xa hdi Hpe dudng (hay Cdng ndng cao hidu qua cua cdng tac Sau day tdc Xa hpi Irong Trudng hpe) dupc hidu Id nhflng phdn tich thdm cua ngudi nghien la giiip dd trd em cd dupc nhiing suy nghT CIJU ve nhimg cdng viec ma gido vidn vd va img xu tich cue ciing nhu viec cac ngdnh giao due da Iam tdt va sd tidp tuc didu chinh hanh vi va thdi dp ciia cdc em Iri vd vai Ird thuc hien ma nhan vidn vi?c hoc tap cho dem Jai kdt cong tac xd hdi hoc dudng cd thd tham gia qua tdt nhdt va gdp phdn ho trp cho nha va chia se vdi giao vidn cac trudng trudng dat dupc hidu qud cao nhdt viec thuc hien cac bidn phdp cac nhdm cdng tac gido due Vide tham gia giup cac dupc phdng vdn dd xudt de ngdn ngira tinh trudng qua Irinh ngdn ngCra Ire bd Irang tre bd hoc hpe thdng qua cac bien phap giai quyet J Nhihtg vdn d^ md bdn thdn cdc cac Iy da neu ciing la mdt nhiJng tru&ng vd gido viin cd the tif gidi quyit nhipm vp chinh cua nhan vien cdng tac xa Nhfrng vdn di Uin quan den chuyen hpi hoc dudng mon gido due GIAO Dgc - XA HOI ' Quan tdm hon ddn Ire vd nhiing khd khan hpe t|[p ciia trd dd cd each gidi quyet phu hpp, ndu phat hien tre cd nhtrng bieu hidn khdc thudng thi thdng bao cho nha trudng gia dinh vd nhdn vidn cdng tac xd hpi (CTXH) dd cd phuang an can thidp kip thdi • Thay ddi bode cai thidn pbuong phap day hpe cho phu hap hon vdi cac Ilia tudi ciia tre d^c biet la luu tdm den nhung ban chd vd ngdn ngu ciia tre (hieu biet han chd ve tidng Vidt) de giup Ire hidu bai tdt hon • Td chiic day ngoai khda hode phu dao them dd bdi duong kidn thurc cho tre hoac gidng lai bai bang tidng Khmer d^ tre hidu dupc nhQng vdn dd md cac gio hoc chinh khda khdng theo kip • Hudng ddn cho hoc sinh td chiic cdc bo^t dpng hpe nbdm, bgn giup ban de hoc sinh gitip cung phdn ddu hoc tap • Xay dimg va cdi thidn quan hd giifa gido vien vd bpe sinh cho than thien hon \^dc can phdi cd su gdp sue cua nhan vidn CTXH la nhirng ngudi se tidp can vdi trd Idng nghe y kidn ciia tre va se phdn hdi lai cho cdc gido vien bidt vd nhung suy nghi va mong dpi cua tre ve thdy cd giao cua minh 4.Z Nhiing vin di can cd j«r tham gia hd trff cua nhdn vien cong tdcxd hdi Ho tra gia dinh cita tre vugt qua nhung kho khdn ve kinh ti, tdi chinh • Hd trp cha me ciia tre lgp kd hoach chi tidu va tidt kidm cho gia dinh, lap kd hoach lam dn va phdt tridn kinh td gia dinh, neu can thidl • Tim kidm cdc ngudn ho trp khac va nhu cdu vd nhan cdng d dja phuong va lam cau ndi giup cac bac cha m ; cua hpe sinh tidp can vdi cdc chirong trinh ddo tao nghe, cho vay vdn Idm 3n, gidi thidu vi?c Iam, ttm kiem vide Iam d d)a phuong, ndu cd Ihd dupc Ho trgr ndng cao nhdn thiec cua cha m? ve tdm quan trgng cda gido di/ic ' Thuc hidn nhirng cudc van ddng vd tuyen truydn Irong cdng ddng vd tdm quan irpng cua giao due ddi vdi tuong Iai ciia cdi vd sp phat tridn cpng dong • Phdn tich dd cha m? ciia tre hidu dupc nhihig thiet thdi md trd phdi chju vd sau neu phdi bd hpe sdm de lao dpng giup gia dinh kidm sdng • Ldm cdu ndi giiip cha me hieu rd ban vd nhiing tinh cam, su hpe hdnh vd nhflng mong udc ciia minh va nhirng khd khan Irong hoc tap cua ma cd did ddn tdi nguyen nhan chdn hpe hoac bd hoc dd qua giiip gia dinh va nhd trudng cd nhihig bien phdp vd lap kd hoach giup Ire cai thien kdt qud hpe tgp vd cd thai dp hpe tap tich cue hon Nhirng vdn di liin quan den trdeh nhi?m ciia ngdnh Cung cdp nhiing hd Iro can thiet vd khd ndng cua nganh cda trudng vd cua cdc gido vidn nhu; quan ly cdc quj hoc bdng, mien giam hpe phi, Duy tri quan hp vdi gia dinh vd cdng ddng cua trd dd cung giiip tre hoc hanh tidn bp • Tu van cho cha mp vd nhihig van de cua tre vd nhflng phuong phdp gido dpe tre diing ddn va cung vdi cha m? len kd hoach de gfdi quydt nhung van de Vdn dpng nhirng ngudn hd trp cpng ddng ma nhd trudng va cdc giao vien da thidt lap dupc cdc quan he lau de giiip tre Hd trg tre virgt qua nhiing vdn di kho khdn hgc tap, quan he vdi gia dinh bgn be Ihdy co vd vugt qua dugc nhirng vdn de ve tdm ly TAP CHI KHOA HCpC S (22) 2011 • Phdi hpp vdj gia dinh va thay cd nha tmdng thuc hien mdt cudc danh gia toan dipn nhu cdu cua tre em va nhiing van dd cac em dang gap phdi dd ldn kd hoach giiip dd cac em mot each thidt thirc • Cung phdi hop vdi cdc ihdy cd vi?c td chitc cac boat dpng phu dao ngoai khda dd hd trp cho hoc sinh kem dd cac em khdng cdn cban hoc • Td chuc boat dpng tu van trudng hpe dd giiip: • Phdt hidn nguy co bd hpe cac hpe sinh lii luc dang cdn y dinh dd cd the thuc hi?n nhiing hanh ddng can thiep kip thdi; • Cung cap su tu van vd tdm l> de giiip trd trd ndn ly tin ban va vuot qua dupc nhflng mac cam cua minh viec hpe lap va quan he vdi ban be; • Cung cap cho cac cm nhiing kv nang sdng CO ban dc ddi phd vdi nhihig hoan canh khd khan Hd trg nhd tnrong vd thdy co gido viec tdng cudng hiiu qud cita gido due nhd tnrdng • Didu chinh cdc chinh sach hd u p dd cd thd giiip tre tidp tuc d lai vdi ghe nhd Irudng va giai quydl cac ly khidn tre bd hpe • Lap kd hoach chien lupc dd ddi phd vdi Iinh trang tre bd hpe sdm • To chirc trudng ldp nhung cpng ddng than thidn vdi tre den kliidn cho tre ydu thich ddn trudng va cam thdy gan bd vdi trudng nhidu ban • Giiip cho cac gido vien tu dieu chinh ndi dung, phuang phdp gidng day vd cd hdnh vi va thai dp ciia minh doi vdi hpe sinh theo hudng ti'ch cue vd cd lpi cho tre thdng qua nhirng phdn hdi co tinh xay dung lii- nhung y kidn trao ddi vtVi ire de cai thi?n quan he thdy trd uong Irudng hpe ldm cho tre bdt sp thdy bdt sp den Idp Thdng thudng vdn de rdt td nhi bdi vi giao vicn la ngudi cupc vd thudng cho minh la mdu mpe ban ngudi khac nen klidng tliay dupc nhung van dd sai trdi hode hanh xu chua dung cua ban than minh Do vdy, nhan vien cdng tac xa hdi phai rdt kheo Ico viec xir ly tinh hudng gap dupc nhimg van de nhu tren Vai trd caa nhdn vien cdng lac xa hoi hoc diro'Qg va quan h^ caa hp vdi cac doi tuong mk hp hd tro Nhu vay vai trd cua mpt nhdn vidn xa hpi trudng hpp la gi? Christopher Carter da md td vai trd cua nhiirng nhan vicn cdng lac xd hdi hpe dudng mpt cdch tdm tat nhusau; "Nhdn vien cong ldc xa hgi hgc dirdng la ngudi ludn sdn sdng di lu vdn cho hoc sinh vd giitp hgc sinh phdt triin tot ve tinh cdch cd nhdn cung nhu ve chuyen hgc hdnh Hg Id nhiing ngudi giup kit ndi quan he giua gido viin hoc sinh vd cha me cua cdc em " (trich ddn lir ehow.com) Nhihig phdn tich d mye 4.2 tren ddy vd nhung ddng gdp ma nhdn vidn cdng tac xa hpi hpe dudng vide giiip cac trudng vd giao vidn giam bdt ganh ndng trach nhiem ma cac trudng vd gido vien ciia hp dang phdi duong ddu hang nhat Id cac boat dpng giiip ngan ngira tinh trang Ire em bd hpe chinh la dd thd hidn vai trd va chirc nang ndi tren Tuy nhidn didu ndy khdng cd nghta la cac boat dpng trdn se dupc thpc bidn mpt each rieng le bdi nhdn vien cdng tdc xa hpi va cac nha giao due hpe/ hoac cac giao vidn Do vay dd lam dupc tdt nhCrng cdng vipc ndi trdn ngudi nhdn vidn cdng ldc xa hpi can cd dupc su phoi hpp ddy dii tir phia nhd trudng gia dinh tre eyn cac ca nhdn vd cac CO quan chiic ndng lien quan Nha trudng va giao vien can Iao didu kien vd cung cdp nhirng ho trp can thidt cho nhdn vien cdng lac xd hpi thuc hidn duoc vai ird ciia minh khdng nen xem dd la trach nhidm ridng GIAO o g c - XA HOl ciia nhdn vien cdng tac xa hdi hoac phii nhan nhflng ddng gdp ciia hp bo|c tir chdi hpp ldc vdi hp va coi nhimg viec hp ldm la khdng cd lidn quan ddn trach nhiein cua nha Irudng Xet cho cung thi nhung hoat dpng cua nhd trudng va nhan vidn cdng tac xa hdi deu nham hudng ddn mdt muc lidu chung vd mpt gid tri chung vi lpi ich ciia trd va giiip ire dupc Iiudng mdt su gido due vd phat trien todn didn Trong nhifng boat ddng cdng tac xd hpi hpe dudng, ddi tupng ma nhdn vidn xa hdi hpe dudng pbai giiip da la gia dinh tre em vd gido vien Quan he giua cac nhdm ddi tuang vdi nhan vien cdng tac xa hdi Id rdi mat thiet va cd su tuang tac rat ldn ddi vdi Mdi quan he gdn bd mat thiet dupc Robert Constable (2{K)8) md ta nhu sau: "Cdc nhdn vien cdng tdc xd hgi hgc dudng thuc hiin cong viec cda hg & nhung phdn kho khdn vd nhgy cdm nhdt (de ton thuang nhdt) cita quy trinh gido diic vd vgy vai trd ciia hg cUng co the rdt phirc tgp nhu the gidi cua nhirng gi md ho dang va chgm Sir thixc hdnh cdng viec cita hg phdi dira vdo mot logt nhirng ky ndng dd duac xdc dinh ddo tgo vd dugc tdi luyen hodn chinh Ihdng qua nliirng cdng viic thuc hiin vd tirong tdc theo nhdm Cdc nhdn vien xd hgi cd thi ldm viec theo quan he cd nhdn (mdt ngudi vdi mdt ngudi) vdi cdc gido viin cdc gia dinh vd ire em de xdc dinh nhfrng hodn cdnh vd nhu cdu riing hiit cua tirng cd nhdn Nhdn vien cdng tdc xd hdi hgc duang ldm viec cimg vdi ire em vd nhiing moi truang nhu trudng hgc vd gta dinh cda cdc em de giup da cdc em thirc hiin nhiem v^ hgc lap irudng thdnh vd phdi triin vd qua dd giiip cho cdc em phdt huy dugc nhiing phdm chdt khd ndng tlxuc su vd liim ndng ciia cdc em " Ket luan Bdi lrinh bay ndy dupc thuc hidn nhdm chia se vdi nhflng ngudi quan tdm ddn hoat dpng ciia cdng lac xd hpi hpe 105 dudng vd nhung khd nang ma nganb cdng tac xd hpi cd thd ddng gdp vao cac boat dpng irong trudng hoc nhdm giiip cbo cac trudng ndi ridng va cho nganh giao due ndi chung cai thien dupc hoat ddng cua minh cho cd hidu qua cao nhat va hao ve tpi ich cua tre em d mirc cao nhdi cd the dupc Trudng hop dua dc phan tich o ddy tuong ddi dan gidn nd chi tap trung vdo vdn dc ngan ngira tinh trang bd hpe sd tre em nfl ngudi Khmer d huyen Tra Cil linh Trd Vinh Nhung ly ma cdc ddi lupng duoc phdng vdn dua dd giai thfch viec bd hpe sdm d Ire em cung khd don gidn cd thd vi d day Id viing sau viing xa ndn quan he gia dinh va cdng ddng luang ddi thuan khidt khdng cd nhidu van de phirc tap nhu chiing la van ihucmg ihay d cdc phd ldn Nhiing ly chu yeu la chi lap trung vao nhirng khd khdn ve kinh td ctia gia dinh nhung nhdn thiic yeu kdm ciia cha me ddi vdi vide hpe hdnh ciia cai nhiing van de vd tam ly lira tudi, vd vd quan he giua giao vien va hoc sinh Mac du nhihig ly la don gian nhung rd rang la mudn giai quydl dupc tdt nhung vdn dd nd> thi khdng phdi don gian va neu khdng cd su tbam gia ciia nban vidn xa hdi vao qua trinh giai quyet van dd bd hpe thi chdc chdn rang nhung kdl qua thu duoc sd khdng kba quan nhu mong dpi Trdn thuc te nguyen nhdn bd hpe ciia irc cm d cac khu vuc Ihanh thi va d cac thdnh phd Idn se chac chdn phiic tap ban nhidu nhirng dnh hudng cua cudc sdng dd thi hien dai Do vay su iham gia ciia nganh cdng lac xa hdi hay cu the hon la cua nhan vidn cdng lac xa hpi vao cac boat dpng hpe dudng la dieu cdn thidt bdi vi nhihig ngudi dupc dao tao cliuyen nghidp se giiip cac trudng va giao vidn giam dupc nhiing dp luc ve cdng vipc va trach nhidm ciia hp phdi lam nhung cdng vide ma hp khdng dupc dao tao de xu ly va nhd dd giao vidn cd the tap trung thdi gian va tam tri vao cdng vice chuydn mdn 106 TAP CHf KHOA HOC s6 d (22) 2011 cua hp de vide day hoc cua hp dupc cai thidn tdt ban va qua dd cung se nang cao hi^u qud giao dpe Qua nhiing thdng tin da chia se tren ddy, ngudi vidt bai ndy mong rang cac nhd quan ly gido due cdc gido vidn vd cac trudng sd thay dupc nhirng khd nang ma cac nhan vidn cdng tdc xa hpi cd thd ddng gdp cho cdc trudng qua trinh phan dau de dat hieu qud cao nhat cdng tac giao due ciia trudng cung nhu se tbay dupc su can thidt ciia cdng tdc xa hpi hoc dudng de cd nhihig djnh hudng thich hpp dua hoat dpng cdng tdc xa hpi vdo trudng hpe TAI lA^V THAM KHAO Robert Constable (2008): The Role ofthe School Social Worker, Loyola Uriiversity, Chicago Tdn Nfl Ai Phuomg (2008): Bdo cdo ve ddnh gid nhu cdu cua tre nu ddn tgc Khmer, tgi huy^n Trd Cu, Trd Vinh (Room to Read) Christofrfier Carter eHow Contributo' http://www.ehow.com^acts_5184594_ role-school-social-worker htmmix2zINjF9DWnJ Webiste: http://inter nationalnetwork-schoolsoclalwork.htmlplanet.com/ Index.html  ... em de giup da cdc em thirc hiin nhiem v^ hgc lap irudng thdnh vd phdi triin vd qua dd giiip cho cdc em phdt huy dugc nhiing phdm chdt khd ndng tlxuc su vd liim ndng ciia cdc em " Ket luan Bdi... gdp sach cu de cho cdc trd em ngheo • Tbdm vidng gia dinh cac em, tim hieu hodn eanh gia dinh va van dpng gia dinh cho trd di hpe trd I?ii • Midn giam hpe phi cho tre em cdc gia dinh nghdo • Td... tmdng thuc hien mdt cudc danh gia toan dipn nhu cdu cua tre em va nhiing van dd cac em dang gap phdi dd ldn kd hoach giiip dd cac em mot each thidt thirc • Cung phdi hop vdi cdc ihdy cd vi?c