Thực dân Pháp với vấn đề Phật giáo ở Việt Nam trong nửa đầu thế kỷ XX.pdf

LICH Sir - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU THU'C DRN PHflP VOI VSN DC PH$T GIRO d VICT NAM TRONG Nurn DSU THCKI XX Dvorng Thanh Mimg* Tom tat: Phong trdo Phdt gido Vi$t Nam diin bdi cdnh Ifch sic dgc bi?t cua ddn igc Dd chinh la qud trinh xdm luge vd dd ho cua thuc ddn Phdp edng cong cugc ddu tranh bdo vi nin doe lap, t^c cua ddn tgc Viet Nam Do do, mdi budc tiin cua phong trdo ludn chiu sic tdc dgng sdu sdc tic nhiing bien chuyen cua ddi sdng xa hgi cUng nhu thdi dg v lgp trudng cua chinh quyen thuc ddn duang thdi Di ldm sdng td han vdn de ndy, bdi viet xin dugc di sdu phdn tich vd trinh bdy mgt sd net ve ddng thdi ciia chinh quyen thuc ddn Phdp Qo vdi vdn de Phdt gido diin d Viet Nam niea ddu thi kiXX Tir khoa: Phdt gido, thuc ddn Phdp, Viet Nam \, Mpt so net khai quat ve chinh sdch ton giao cua thu-c dan Phap vd tinh hinh Phat giao Vift Nam nhimg nam d^u thIkiXX Chinh sdeh tdn giao eua Phdp nhung nam ddu the ki XX tgp trung chii yiu vao cae hogt ddng eua dgo Thidn Chua nhu: vin dd bao ddm quyen Igi eho eae giao sT thira sal tai eac nude thude dia va phy thude, vin dl hinh cac ddng tu mdi, mdi qiian hd giQa Nha nude va Gido hdi Tuy nhien, didn tidn eiia nd lgi ed nhiing tae dpng khdng nhd den su hinh va phat trien cua phong trao chin Phdt gido Viet Nam cac giai dogn tilp theo 'Xhs., Dai hflc Duy T3n Sau vd co ban da dan ap xong cac phong trdo dau tranh vu trang ydu nude ciia nhdn ddn Viet Nam, thyc dan Phap tiing budc thiet lap ndn bao hp va tiin hdnh cdc ehuong trinh khai thdc thude dia quy md Ion trdn toan eoi Ddng Duong Ndi dung ciia chuang tiinh khai thac thude dia tap trung ehii ydu vdo ITnh vuc kinh tl Tuy nhidn, dl tgo dieu kien cho qua trinh khai phd mang lgi hieu qud eao, thue ddn Phap da chotidnhanh song song nhilu ehinh saeh khac Vl chinh tri, thye hidn ehinh sdeh chia di tri vdi the ehd chinh tri khac d midn: Bdc Ki la xii bdo hd, Trung Ki la xtrniia bdo hg, Nam Ki la xii thude dia Vi vdn hoa, thyc ddn Phap cho du nh$p nhidu gid t4 van hda lai eang tir bdn ngoai vdo eimg voi Id tiin hanh tuydn truyin va ap dat nin van hda Q'ha^ dan, ^hdp oM Pan dL Phap Vi gido due, thyc hien ehinh sdeh ngu ddn Vi tdn gido, thye ddn Phdptidnhanh khn hdm su hinh thdnh, phdt tridn cua eae tdn giao duong thdi va tgo didu kien cho sy phdt triln ciia dgo Thidn Chiia Muc dich eiia cac chinh saeh ndi tren la nham ru ngu tinh than quan ehiing, bien quan ehiing thdnh nhiing ddm ddng ty ti, khiep nhuge trudc siie mgnh ciia vdn minh dai Phap, mdt tin tudng vdo khd nang vd tien cua ddn tdc, cat diit vdi mgi truyen thdng tdt dep va tir dd phuc vu trung cho quydn lgi ciia dd qudc Phap 53 ddt eho Gido hdi La Ma cUng nhu Gido hdi Phdp mdt khd ndng nhdt la phdi thda hiep vdi ede thi luc tu sdn de cd the thixe hiin dugc su mgng truyen gido Su dinh liu mang tinh cdch lich sie vd thdi dgi, thdi dgi md chu nghia tu bdn dang Idn mgnh vd dang tiin tdi chi phoi mgi hogt dgng eua thdi dgi ki ed hogt dgng tdn gido"^ Them vao do, hoan canh du nhgp va dinh hinh cua dao Thien Chiia d Viet Nam lgi mang sdc thdi ddc bidt, dd la vide cac nhd tu sdn phuang Tay da mugn ban tay gido sT thira sai de phuc vu cho muc dich ehinh tri cua minh Chinh didu ndy da gdy ndn nhung hidu lam dang tide xung quanh van de vai trd, vi tri cua dgo Thien Chiia ddi vdi dien trinh Heh sir dan tdc mdt thdi gian dai Cdn phai khang dinh rang, bdt cii mdt tdn gido ndo cung deu mudn hudng eon ngudi den nhiing gia tii chan thien - mT ciia cudc sdng Dii Id cdc tdn gido ngoai nhgp, nhung vao nude ta nd se dugc khiic xa bdi nhiing dge trung vd van hoa vd nhiing truyen thdng tdt eua dep dan tpc Viet Nam Do do, khdng ndn ddng nhit giua nhiing eon ngudi mudn mugn tdn giao de phuc vu cho cac muc dich chinh tri vdi nhiing ngudi theo dgo thuan dang hudng den rapt cudc sdng binh an va hgnh phuc Va mpt dieu ma mpi ngudi da nhin thay va hdt siic quan tam Id "trong nhieng trang ddu lich su Gido hdi Viet Nam da xudt hiin nhieng ngudi Cdng gido kinh Chua yeu Nhieu nha nghien ciiu ciing cho rang sy chii trgng ddn dgo Thidn Chua cua Phap tiong giai doan edn nham myc dieh la de "trd an" cho nhiing gido sT thira sai da giiip chinh quyIn thuc dan qua trinh xam chiim Ddng Duong Trude day, cac giao sT thira sai mudn md rdng pham vi dnh hudng din cac nude phuong Ddng nhung khdng du dilu kidn vd tdi chinh va su ngdn cam cua mdt sd chinh quyIn sd tgi nen hg da vin vdo chinh phu vd ede nha thuang gia Ddi lgi, edc giao sT thira sai se ed nhiem vy thdng bdo eho Nha nude tu san nhirng tin tiic can thiet Mdi quan he giiia giao sT thira sai vdi cac thi lue xdm luge nhu la m^t he lyy tdt yiu tir quy lugt phat ti-idn kinh tl - xd hdi liie bdy gid GS Nguyen Van Ki^m ciing da nhan dinh rdng: "Sie dinh liu eiia Gido hgi La Ma vd cua Hgi Thica sai Paris vdi cugc th^cc ddn ciia cdc thi luc tu sdn phuang Toy hdn Id da khdng hodn todn phdt xudt tie bdn chdt Nguyen VSn Ki$ni (1988), "Noi them ve nhung thieng liing vd nhdn di cua su truyin gido nguyen nhan dan toi sir cam dao ciia nha Nguyin", in Song Ijch sie cua Tdy Au tie cudi thi kyXVdd MQt si vdn di Ifch su dgo Thien Chua Itch sic ddn tQC Vi^t Nam, Nxb Vi?n Khoa Hpc Xa Hoi va Ban Ton Giao Thanh Ph6 H6 Chi Minh, tr.l59 54 NGHIEN COU CHAU &U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (170).20f4 nude thiit tha, md ddu eho truyen thdng tdt dep cita ddng bdo Cdng gido Ho khdng ddi lap mot cdch cue doan tdn gido vd ddn tde, khdng doi lap bdn phan ngudi tin hiiu trudc Thien chua vd Gido hgi, vdi nghia vu cdng ddn trude Td qude vd Ddn toe" Chinh sach tdn giao eua thue dan Phdp giai dogn chiu su ehi phdi mgnh me tti cdc nha Idnh dgo len ndm quydn tgi Chinh quoc Cy till nam 1901 Qudc hdi Phap cho ban hdnh Dgo ludt lien h? din ude thdnh lap cdc hiip hdi Ndi dung chinh Id dn dinh nhung dilu kien dd nhiing ddng tu Cdng gido ndo chua chinh thirc duge phep hogt ddng ed thd nop don xin phep va tidp tue hogt dpng d Phap Tuy nhien, sau Emile Combes dugc bdu lam Thu tudng Phap (1902-1904), Dao lugt 1901 duge sir dyng nhu mpt thii vu lgi hai nhdm triet hg tit ca edc ddng tu Cdng gido mdi Nam 1905, Chinh quyen Combes tidp tye tin cdng vao quyen lgi ciia gido sTbing vide ban hdnh Dgo lugt 1905, tdch Giao hdi khdi Nha nude Bien phap ndy anh hudng true tiep den quyen lgi cua nhiing thira sai dang ldm nhiem vy Imh muc xu an luong theo quy ehe thoa hiep tgi cac thude dia va tgo nen nhiing mau thuan Idn tiong ndi tmh nude Ph^ Van dd ndn hay khdng nm dp dyng cdc dgo lugt 1901 va 1905 cho cac xir thude dia da duge Uy ban thupc Bd Thugc dia ciia Phdp dua thao luan tiong nhidu phien hgp nhung khdng tim dugc tieng ndi ddng thudn Tgi Ddng Duong, Chinh quyen Phap da len tiing phdn ddi viec dp dung eae dgo lugt 1901 vi 1905 vi cho rang nd sd dnh hudng din tirong lai, quyen lgi eiia gido hgi eiing nhu qua trinh binh dn va khai thdc thude dja Tinh hinh ndi tren da ed nhiing tac dgng khdng nhd ddn cac chinh sdch tdn giao cOa thuc ddn Phap d Viet Nam giai doan NIU chinh phii cim quyen uu di thi cac tdn gido dugc ndng da va trg giiip Ngupc Igi, niu chinh phu cam quyen ehdng ton giao, nhit la tir thdp nidn dau the ki XX, tM tdn gido d ehinh qude ciing nhu d ede x\i thugc dia cua Phap ddu bi bdi bde va hgn chi hogt ddng d nhiing miic dg khac Chdng hgn nhu viec thuc hidn ehidn dich bai gido sT Cdng giao, Chinh quyIn thue dan Phdp da cd mdt vai ehinh sdch khd dl chiu ddi vdi tdn gido khde, tidu bieu la Phdt giaoi nhit la nhung ndm cudi the ki XDC, diu thi ki XX"' Day ciing chinh Id thdi diim ddnh ddu su ddi eua nhidu tdn giao bdn dia d Viet Nam Tuy nhidn, chi la nhiing khoanh khac uu ngdn ngiii edn phan Ion thdi gian Chinh quydn Phap tai Ddng Ducmg, van chii trgng den eae hogt ddng ddnh cho dao Thien Chiia vi nd gdn lidn vdi cac chinh sach dd hd va bdc lot Vdi eac tdn gido khac nhu Phgt giao, Cao Dai, Nho giao hay Lao giao, thuc dan Phdp tim edeh ngan edm hodc khdng khuyen khich phdt triln vi cho rang khdng cd cd lgi cho sy cai tri M^t hgc gid phuang Tay ciing da nhgn dinh rdng: "Dudi chi dg thuc ddn Phdp, tic ndm 1860 ^ Ph^m Nhu Cuong (1988), M^t so vdn di ijch sir dgo ^ Xem Thien Chua Ijch su dan tQC Vi4t Nam, Nxb Vifn Khoa hpc xa hOi va Ban Ton giao Tp H Chi Minh, tr 10 them: L& TSm DSc, Khdi qudt ve chinh sdch ton gido cua chinh quyin thtfc ddn Phdp a Vipt Nam (1858-1954), Ngiiln: btgcp.gov.vn QhUe flan ^hdp oM oan de eho den luc cugc Chiin tranh the gidi thic Hai bung nd Thien Chiia gido dugc khuyen khich Phgt gido thi khdng cho phdt triin"^ Cdn Phdt giao Viet Nam nhiing ndm diu thd ki XX lgi bdc Id yeu cau eanh tdn ddi mdi Nguyen nhan Id tinh trgng suy ydu keo ddi tir cdc thap ki trudc da de dpa den van dd ton vong cda tdn giao trudc bdi cdnh mdi ciia lich sii ddn tde Thdm vdo do, qua trinh xdm luge va dd hd ciia thue ddn Phdp da ed nhiing tac dpng khdng nhd den ddi sdng vd sinh hogt cua nhieu tang ni, Phgt tii Viet Nam Dd la thue trgng nhieu tdng ni, Phdt tic sa vdo dudng cd bgc, rugu ehe, dam trudc sde; \kphdn ddng tdng gid ehi nghT din danh vgng, chue tudc xin bdng Tdng cang, tru tri, sde tic Mgi phuang dien khde thi chi biit eiing edp, cdu dgo, phu chii, ldm tay sai eho cdc nhd vua chua, quan quyin"^; Hay la "Cd ke mugn Phdt ldm danh, cUng ngdy dim hai budi edng phu, thg tri, sdc vgng, cung sdm hdi nhu ai, nhung lgi thu di cdu ki, hgc them bua ngdi, luyen roi thdn, ldm bgn vdi Thien Linh cdi, dng len, luc bd xudng, ngap ngdn ngap ddi thu phd niem chii, ggi Id cuu nhdn the nhung thue Id lgi dung long me mudi eua thien nam tin nii, md rgng tui tham qua quet eho sgch sdnh sanh Hiin trgng nhu the bdo 55 chdng siey ddi "^ Do vay, nhiing ngudi co tam huylt vdi su thinh suy eua Dgo phap da diing van ddng, keu gpi chan nham tim mdt hudng di mdi cho Phdt giao Viet Nam liie La mdt bd phan cua dan tde Viet Nam nen didn tidn eiia phong trao khdng the khdng chiu dnh hudng tir nhiing tac ddng eiia bdi canh lich sir duong thdi va hdn nhidn ed cd chinh sach cua thue dan Phap ddi vdi cac van de vd tdn giao Thu-c dan Phap vdi van dl Phat giao Viet Nam * Giai do^n tic mu thi ki XX din 1930 thuc ddn Phdp ngdn cdm nhu yiu thdng nhdt cita Phgt gido Viet Nam cUng nhu qud trinh hinh thdnh phong trdo chdn himg Nham khde phuc nhung ydu kem cua Phgt giao Viet Nam nhirng nam dau the ki XX, cde nha tri thiie yeu nude, ydu dgo eimg vdi eae tang ni, Phdt tir da ngdi Igi vdi dd chi ddu la nguyen nhan da lam suy yeu Phgt gido vd ddng thdi tien hdnh vdn ddng chan trdn khap ca nude Sy kidn md ddu cho phong trdo ehan Phgt giao Viet Nam didn tai midn Nam vao nam 1926, cu sT Huynh Thai Cuu mdi ehu tdn dire ddn nhd cua minh tgi Tra Vinh dy Id Trai Tang, bdo hidu sau mua an cu Qua bai tae bach, dng dd khdi qudt hidn tugng chu tdng suy ddi dgo diie vd de nghj lap Hdi Phgt giao dl khdi xudng phong trdo nghidn ciiu giao li, chan ehinh tang gia Cimg vdi hoai bao chin * Le Cimg (2003) Phong trdo Phgt gido Miin Nam * Tran V5n Giau (1993), Sir phdt trien cita tu tudng a Vi^tNam ndm 1963, Nxb Thu^ H6a Hul, tr.20 ^ M§t Th^ (1960), Vi^t Nam Phgt gido si luQc, Minh Vi^t Nam tic the kiXIX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm, tap Nxb Tp H6 Chi Minh, ti.233-234 Diic tdi bSn va in hanh, Hul, tr.223 56 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"! H 70).2014 chinh lai Phgt giao, Hda thugng Khdnh Hod da tich cue di khdp cde tmh midn Nam keu ggi gidi Phdt tii diing len chin va dng dl xuit mdt chuang trinh bao gdm diem: "Lap hdi Phdt gido, thinh ba tgng kinh dien dieh cha qude ngU, lap trudng Phdt hge di ddo tgo Tdng tdi vd xudt bdn tgp chi phd bien gido li, keu ggi Tdng dd thuc tinh chdn quy cu thien mon"^ Tidp den la trdn ITnh vuc truydn thdng, cac td bao lien tyc dang tai vd tinh hinh suy yeu eiia Phgt giao vd keu ggi tdng ni, Phat tii, cimg gidi tri thiic ydu nude can ed thdi dp, quan diem, lap trudng chin Phdt gido Tidu hidu nhu: Hod thugng Thidn Chieu vdi bdi vidt "Chdn Phgt gido a nude nha" dang trdn Ddng Phdp thdi bdo, sd 532 \Aim9T}, da dd xudt ehuong trinh chin Phgt gido bao gdm diem can ban: "Lap Phdt hgc bdo qudn de truyin bd Phgt li, Phgt li dugc vdn hdi se xda bd nhiing dieu me tin Lgp Phdt gia cdng hgc de ddo tgo nhiing bgc hodng phdp mdphgm de truyin gido vi sau Dieh kinh Phdt tieng ta di cho Phdt gido nude ta sau ndy khdi sg den viic thdt truyen" Tai midn Bac, Ti kheo Tam Lai try tri ehiia Tidn Lir (Thai Nguyen), da viit bdi keu ggi chin Phgt giao tren td Khai hoa nhgt bdo sd 1640, 16/1/1927 vdi npi dung "Sdm thdnh lap Viet Nam Phgt gido Hgi eho ed ba mien" va cung dl xuat mgt chuang trinh chan gdm diim Tuy nhirai, nhung no luc ndi trdn van khdng mang lgi kdt qua Cd thd ndi ring, nguyen nhdn true tiep ddn den nhu ydu thdng nhit cua Phdt giao Vi$t Nam nhung ndm diu the ki XX chua thdnh cdng Id bat ngudn tir sy thilu ddng nhdt ve ehinh kiln, quan diem hang ngG edc bae tdn tiic Phat tir Dd la vide cdc tang ni, Phat tir dua nhidu bi$n phdp chin nhung lai thieu mpt dudng ldi cy thdva ddng nhat eho toan the Tdng dd Tuy nhi&i, c6t loi ciia vdn dd lgi ndm d qua trinh xam luge va ede ehinh sach eai trj eiia thyc dan Phdp dd ed nhiing tde ddng khdng nhd din mgi phuang didn cua ddi sdng xd hdi Viet Nam Ndu nhu giai dogn nay, xa hdi Viet Nam dien nhidu phong trdo ydu nude dudi cdc y thiic he khac thi eung la thdi diem thue dan Phap tien hanh dan dp, mua chudc, ngan cam vide lap eac h^i doan vd mpi hogt ddng chi'nh tri cd td ehiie cua nhdn dan Nhilu td ehiie khde dugc Mnh tii cae phong trdo ydu nude nhu: Duy Tan, Ddng Du, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc, diu hi thyrc dan Phdp theo doi sdt sao, dan ap hoac tim each ldi keo dd trd cdng ey phyc vy eho Phap Do dd, eac hogt d^ng cua Phat giao Viet Nam giai doan ciing khdng the tranh khdi sy kidm sodt ciia cMnh quyIn thuc dan Hay ndi khde hon, thuc dan Phdp khdng mudn Phgt gido Vi^t Nam thing: nhdt vd trd mdt lyc lugng diing vd phia each mgng, tham gia diu tranh ch6ng lai ' Ihfch Phude D^it, "Tong quan ve phong trdo chdn Phap Them vdo do, tam li e ngai dyng chaifi Phgtgido f'l^/Vom", http://www.chuagiaclam.com * Nguyin D^i D6ng, Nguyin Thi Minh (2008), Phong tdi chmh quydn cai tri da khidn cho nhilu trdo chdn Phgt gido (Tu li0u bdo chi tie 1927 19S8), Nxb Ton Giao, Ha Npi, tr.l9 ^hi£e ddn ^hdp oM odn de 57 tang ni, Phdt tir khdng giam tham gia hogc ehuan lap theo Nghj dinh sd 2286, tgi thgm chi len tieng phdn ddi qua trinh vgn chiia Long Phude, Trd Vinh D i n ngdy dgng ehan Ddy ciing chinh Id nhiing 5/7/1935, Todn quydn Ddng Duong Phdp la nguyen nhan khien cho phong trao chdn Rene Robm ki Nghi dinh sd N604-S cho Phdt gido Vi$t Nam ehua thd hinh phep hdi Ludng Xuyen Phgt hpc xudt ban thdnh duge d giai dogn Tap chi Duy tdm Phgt hpc mdi thdng * Giai do^n 1930-1945, thuc ddn Phdp cho phep thdnh lap cdc hdi dodn Phgt gido ddn din su hinh thdnh phong trdo chdn Phdt gido Vi$tNam ki'V Nhdm bay td long biit on ddi vdi Chinh quydn thyc dan Phdp, tiong sd ddu tien ciia tap chi Duy Tdm, Ban Tri cua Hdi Ludng Xuyen Phgt hgc da viet: "Bdn hdi xin td ddi ldi trdn trgng edm tg Quan todn quyen Tir ndm 1931, thyc ddn Phdp chinh thirc Ddng Phdp vd Thdng ddc Nam Ki dd eo long phe chuin eho phep cde td chiic Phdt giao chiiu ed den Phdt gido xu Vi$t Nam dugc Idp trdn khap ca nude Q midn Sau Bdn hgi xin cdm an cdi tinh'thdn Nam, td chirc Phat gido dau tien dugc hinh Chanh Tham bien Id ngdi Marty vd quan thdnh phong trdo chin Id HOi Chdnh Chu tfch M.Dofour hi4n thdi Id hai quan Nam Ki nghidn eiiu Phdt h p e ' vao nam 1930 vd ddn 26/8/1931, ban Dilu 1$ vd Quy 1934; Eugene Jean Louis Rene Robin tam quyIn thay cho Pasquier vl Phap ISn thii nhdt: 1930 - 1931; Graffeuil tam quyen thay cho Pasquier ve Phip lan nim 1934; Rene Robm: 1934 - 1936; Silvestre tam Khrautheimer phd duyet theo Nghi dinh sd quyen: 1936 -1937, Joseph Jules Brevie: 1937 - 1940, 2062 Ngay 31/4/1931, tgp chi Tir Bi Am Graffeuil tam quyIn tir ngiy 23 din 29/8/1939; CO quan ngdn ludn cua Hgi duge Thdng dde Georges Catroux: 1939 - 1940; Jean Decoux: 19401945 Ve Thdng d6c Nam Ki gom c6: Auguste Nam Ki cip giiy phep hogt ddng, sd ddu Eugene Ludovic Tholance (tgm quyIn): 1/1929 6/1929; Jean Felix Krautheimer: 192 - 1934; Eugene tien vdo ngdy 1/1/1932 Tilp din, Henri Eutrope (t^m quyIn): 5/1/1929 - 6/3/1929 va tCr 13/8/1934, H^i Ludng Xuydn Phdt hpe dugc 21/11/1931 - 11/11/1932; Pierre Andre Michel Pages: 1934 - 1939; Henri Georges Rivoal tam quyIn thay dugc Thdng doc Nam Ki la Pages'^ phe Pages vl Phip: 1/3/1936 - 12/10/1936; Rene Veber: 1939-1940; Andre Georges Rivoah 16/11/1940 1942; R Dufour (tgm quyIn): 1942 - 1943; Ernest ^ Hi^n c6 nhilu quan diim khic ciia cic nha Thimothee Hoeffel (1900-1952): 1942 - 1945 Ve nghien ciiu vl mic din ciia Hpi Nam Ki nghien cOu Kham su Trung Ki gom c6: Yves Charles ChStel: Ph|t hpc C6 mC"t so hpc gii Xky nSm 1931 tuc la ihin 6/1931 2/1933; Leon Thibaudeau: 2/1933 - 7/1934; diim mk Thong d6c Nam Ki phe duy^t bin dilu If Maurice Femand Graffeuil: 1934 - 1940; Emile Louis Thuc ch^t de chuin bj cho sy d6i ciia H^i, ban Dilu Francois Grandjean: 1940 - 1944; Jean Maurice 1| ciia Hpi da dupe s o ^ thio hoan thi|n va dupe cic tang ni, Phat tir th6ng qua tCr 28/12/1929 Do v§y Norbert Haelewyn: 1944 - 3/1945 vl.ThSng sii BSc Ki, gom c6: Auguste Eugene Ludovic Tholance: 1930 diu nam 1930, H0i Nam Ki nghien ciiu Phgt hpc chinh thiic dupe 14p Nguin: H0i Nam Ki nghign ciiu -1937; Yves Charles Chatel (tgm quyIn): 1937 -1940; Emile Louis Fran9ois Grandjean: 1940 - 1941; Phgt hpc, "Dilu L§ va Quy tac", TuBiAm, so 1, 1932, Edouard Andre Delsalle: 1941 - 1942; Jean Maurice tr.42 Norbert Haelewyn: 1942 - 1944; Camille Auphelle '" Giai dogn 1930 - 1945, cp cau lanh dao ciia 1944 - /3/1945 chinh quyIn thuc din Phap tgi D6ng Dutmg co nhieu " HOi LuOng Xuy^n Phiit hpc, "Doi \tn mmh", su thay dii vl nhan su Cu thi la: Vl Toan quyIn Duy Tdm Phgt hgc, so 1, 1935, trang phu bia D6ng Duong: Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier: 1928 tdc ciia Hpi mdi dugc Thdng ddc Nam Ki la 58 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° l l (1701.2014 ngdi cd cdng lao lan nhdt eiia Hoi, lai co long giiip dd cho to Duy Tdm nUa"^^ Muon nhat la Hoi Phat hoc KiSm Te dugrc Thong d6c Nam Ki la Pages ph§ chuan lap theo Nghi dinh s6 1068, 23/3/1937 tai chua Tam Bao - Rach Gia" Diu nam 1938, Tap chi TiSn hoa - co quan ngon luan cua Hoi cOng duoc cSp giay phep hoat dpng va cho mat so dau tien Tai mien Trung, Hpi An Nam Ph|t hpc duac Kham su Trung Ki la Yves Charles Chatel ki nghi dinh so 2691 17/09/1932 cho phep lap kem theo ban dieu le gom 80 diSu va 17 diSu quy tac'"- D& 30/06/1933, Nguy$t san Vien Am - ca quan ngdn l u ^ cua H6i An Nam Phat hpc dupe nghi dinh Taan quySn Dong Duong cho phep xuat ban So dau tien mat la vao 1/12/1933 Hpi Phiit hpc Da Thanh (Da Nang) dupe phep lap theo Nghi liinh s8 1057 14/5/1935 cua Kham sii Trung Ki la Maurice Femand Graffeuil va den 15/1/1937, Hpi dupe phep an hanh tap chi Tam Bao Tai mien Bac, 6/11/1934, Th6ng sijt Auguste Tholance da ki Nghi dinh s6 4283 cho phep l$p Hpi Phat giap BSc Ki, hdi quan dat tai chua Quan Su, Ha Npi" Ngay 10/12/1934, tuln bao Du6c Tue ciing duoc chinh quyen Phap cho phep xuat ban Ngay 31/1/1935, Hpi B5c Ki Phat giap C6 son mon dupe Thing sii B5c Ki thong qua Nghi dinh s6 649 31/1/1935, cho phep xuit ban t^p chi Tieng Chuong Sam, so dau tien dupe Sn hanh vio 15/6/1935 Cimg voi viec cho phep lap c4c h6i quan PhSt giao tren khip ca nuoc, d£ii di|n chinh quyen Phap tai Dong Duong ciing da tham gia vao cac t6 chtic Ph$t giao n6i tren Dien hinh nhu: Hpi Nam Ki nghiSn cuu Phat hpc vai sir tham gia ciia Khrautheimer (Thong doc Nam Ki) voi tu each la Hoi truong danh du, Rivoal (Doc li Sai Gon) lam Pho Hpi truong danh du, cac 6ng/ba nguoi Phap nhu Robert, Mossy, Fontaine, Kaipel^ la hpi vien danh du mien Tnrng la su tham gia cua Kham sit Maurice Femand Graffeuil vao chiic Danh du Hpi truong H$i An Nam Ph^it hpc Tai mijn Bac, Th6ng sii Auguste Tholance va Toan quyIn Dong' Duong la Rene Robin da giii chiic Danh d\t Hpi truang cua H6i Phat gido BSe Ki Cdc danh du hpi vien nguai Phap nhu: Henri Virgefti - D6c li ph5 Ha Npi, Louis Lotzer Ddc li ph6 Hai Phong, V.Rocca - Doc li ph6 Nam Djnli, E.Vinay - Cpng sii Thai Bmh, R.Cplin Cpng sii kien an, J.Massmi - Cpng sii Hai Duong" Su dieu chinh chinh sach t5n giao cua thuc dan Phap npi tren xuit phat tii nhiing '^ Hgi LirOng Xuyen Ph$t hpc, "Doi 161 biiu 1§", Duy bien chuySn ciia tmh hinh Viet Nam Tdm Plidt hgc, s6 1, 1935, tr.12-13 (12-16) giai do£in D6 cUnh la su doi cua Dang '' HOi Ph|t hpc Kiem Tl Diiu le, Chiia Tam Bao, Riich Gii, 1937, d-.lO C6ng san Viet Nam cimg qua trinh Dang lanh " An Nam Ph§t hoc hpi, Dieu 14 vd Quy tdc, in tai nha dao nhan dan diing len diu tranh giai phong in D5c Up, Hul, 1932 tr.6 " HOi Phjt giao Bac Ki, Tdp ki ykt H(i Phdt gido, Nxb Tmng BJc Tan Van, thing 5/1935, trang phv bia ' H0i Phat giao sac Ki, Tdp kiyiu , Sdd Qhil& ddn hdp, &M oeCn de 59 dan tpc; qua trinh ddu tranh khang Phap doi dpc lap, tii cua quan chung dien lien tiep giai doan 1930-1935 Do do, d6 h ^ ch§ cac phong trao diu tranh va 161 keo cac giai ting xa hgi dung ve phia nunh,tiiircdan Phap da cho tiSn hanh nhieu ho?tt dong nhu khung bo, bat bo, dan ap den mua chupc va du Nam chung muc dich do, thuc dan Phdp da cho phep ISp cac t6 chuc Phat giao tren khap ca nuoc Tuy nhien, hoat dong ciia cac to chuc PhSt giao giai doan lai chiu sir kiem soat gat gao cua Chinh quyen thuc dan Tir viec cap giay phep Idp h6i, an tong bao chi lam co quan ngon luan den cac hoat dpng chung phong trao chin hung, tit ca diu phai thong qua Chmh quyen Phap nhu minh tdn dc, bgo"^^ Theo J Godart, hai chii tic thien ciia diic Phat khSng chi dat a long ma "cdn phdi ldm cho nd thuc hiin bdng hdnh dgng, cu chi, bdng cdng viee ldm, bdng su chdn thdnh, sua ddi ddi vdi qudn chdng lao khd hiin nay" J Godart ciing tan voi cac yeu cau dan sinh, ddn chu cua quan chiing nhan dan noi chung va tang ni, Phdt tir Vi?t Nam noi rieng la phai lam cho nguoi dang nguoi, dii an, dii mac, dii hpc, dii hanh, day tv do, day hanh phiic De lam dupe dieu nay, "Chinh phii Binh ddn cdn phdi thuc hien ehinh sdch: khoan hdng, rdng lugng, edn phdi chan chiea long nhdn tic, dgo dice cdng viic tiin hdnh"; va doi voi Godart, ong se "can trung thdnh dua hit Buoc sang giai d o ^ 1936-1939, sau nhOng bdn nguyin vgng thiit thuc dy ve eho Mat tr§n Binh dan len nam quyIn tai Phap da chdnh phu, cho quan Tdng trudng thude dia cho thi h^inh nhiSu chinh sach mang tinh chat Marius Moutet vd tdi nhi$t Hit khdn cdu cho ti^n bp d6i voi nhan d ^ chinh qu6c ciing Id dugc, khdn cdu sua ddi gdp gdp niea nhu cdc nuoc thupc dia Tu da tao nen kia"^^ Tap chi Duy Tam Phat hpc s6 17, nhiJng dilu kien thu$n Ipi dh phong tiao chin 1/1/1937, da dang bai nhan xet ve su su Phait giao Viet Nam tiSp tuc phat triln quan tam ciia phai doan Chinh phu Phap nhu ca ve chilu sdu lin chilu r6ng Ngay sau: "Quan thu hien Brevie Todn quyin 1/1/1937, Chinh phu Bmh dan Phap da cu Ddng Duang vd quan Tdng trudng dgi biiu phai doan Brevie va Justin Godart sang chdnh phu Binh Ddn Justin Godart mdi din thi sat va thu thap dan vpng tai Dong Duong Ddng Phdp lan thic nhiet md chiing ta duge Trong chuyin di nay, J Godart da ghe tham thdy hai ngdi cd le hai ngdi Id Buu tinh cac CO scr Ph$t giao Vipt Nam Ong da thot gidng ldm hai ngdi den xie ndy cung vi long len ring: "Tdi khdng thi ldm thinh dugc sau chan chiea dice tic bi tdm cong binh de thay nghe nhitng ldi vita gidng xong tdm tdt mat eho nude Phdp Sau quan sdi true vi dgo Phdt Dgo Phdt chit trgng vi long " HOi Ph(it gi^o Bac Ki, "Tam li cua D^ii sir lao cong nhdn tic, nhdn dgo Cdi tdi rdt edm dgng, Phip Justin Godart doi vdi dao PhSt" in Hodn cdu Phgt hgc, Trung uong Hgi quan Phat giio BSc Ki cdm ddng rdi phdi sua ddi long minh niu xu^tban, 1938,tr.29 '* Hpi Ph§t gido Bac Ki, "Tam h cua ", sdd, tr.29-30 60 NGHIEN CQU CH&U &U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l (170).2014 tiip, ed le ddn ndm xii dugc hudng cdi hien dupe dm muu nay, thuc ddn Phap da s& hgnh phue gidi phdng: chdnh tri, xd hgi kinh dimg he thdng tay sai niip duoi bong tin d^ ti, hgc thugt gido due vi sanh, ngdn nha Phdt dl l$p nen "nhieng td chuc nguy ludn "^^ NguySt San Vien Am, co quan quyin Viet gian, mat thdm, gidn diep, % ngon luan ciia Hpi An Nam Phat hoc tai nhieng ddng phdi phdn ddng"^^ nhdm ching miin Trung ciing co doan viet: "Phuang lai cu6c khang chiln ciia nhdn dan ta Hp da phdp hdnh ddng eua Chinh phu Binh ddn s6 la nhijng dia chu, cuong hao phan ddng va phdn nhiiu edt di ndng eao trinh ddn da "cam tdm ldm tay sai cho gige, phdn boi chung vi mat thuc te Chinh sdch cua td qudc, giet hgi ddng bdo vd lgi dung Phgt Chinh phu Binh ddn vd mue dieh cua An gido de lira ggt nhdn dari Tir sau nam Nam Phgt hge Hgi khde, song se vui ve 1950, thuc dan Phdp c6n tich cue tim kilm gap d mgt phucmg dien rdt quy hod, rdt va bien mpt so hpi doan Phdt giao nhu: Hoi tdt d^p vd rdt eao la cdi phuang dien Doan thi?n, cac Dai dao - tu tiSn, cac cdng bdng bde di" to chiic gian diep, pha hogi cupc khang chien, phd hoai duong loi cua Chinh phii va * Giai dd^n 1945 - 1954, thiec hiin gieo rac tinh than cau an n6 \% nhan chinh sdeh chia re luang - gido, kim ham su dan phdt triin cua phong trdo chdn Phdt gido Viet Nam Hai la tuyen truyen me tin di doan, du dd vd mua chudc tin dd Phgt tu di nguge lgi dudng ddu tranh gianh dgc lap, tif cita Td qudc Thuc dan Phap da cho tay sai tung nhiSu tin d6n nhdm tao su hoang mang qudn chiing nhu: "Biit kinh mat kiep md khdng chep thi chit ed nhd, khdng dgc kinh dy thi cdng cdm khdu chit Gid ngg phdi a nhd niu khdng thi Quan Am bdt Trong Idng ddo nhiiu hdm thi cd lang chir Hay la: "Viec li bdi Mot Id tien hdnh ehia re luang - gido, viing tgm chiim thi nhdn nhip, ngodi viing phd hogi cdng cugc khdng chiin Ddng vd Viit Minh thi Ignh leo, budn te vi Viet Mink Chii tich Hd Chi Minh Idnh dgo Dl thuc Tir sau nam 1945, thuc dan Phdp nhan thdy Phdt giao da tro mot lire lupng dung ve phia each mang diu tranh bao v§ nen dpc lap chinh dang ciia dan tpc nen da cho thi hanh nhieu chinh sach chia re doi sdng ton giao ciia qudn chiing nhan dan Chinh sach ciia thuc dan Phdp d6i voi Phdt giao giai doan tap trung vao npi dung chu yeu: '^ HOi lu5ng xuyen Ph^t hpc, "Mpt dilu hi vpng", Tap chi Duy Tdm Phdt hgc, s6 17, nam 1937, trang phu bia ^ l i tiep cy D^i sir Godart djp cy dSn tham PhSt hpc du6ng cua An Nam PhSt hpc HOi, Nguyet san VienAm,sE24, I937,tr.59 - 61 Trung tim Luu trii Qu6c gia III, "Chfnh sdch ciia Chinh phu d6i v6i tSn gido", H6 sa s61325, Ha Npi Trung t&n Luu trii Quoc gia III, "Bdo cdo v^ tinh hinh Ph^t giao nudrc ta (HOi nghjfriOutip Tang gia toan quoc tir dgn 10/8/1953)", Ho sasi 1324,m'N^\ ^h^ddn