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BIEN DONG VE DAN SO VA DIA BAN CLf TRU CUA CONG DONG NGJdl HOA, HOA KIEU TREN THE GICJl TQ THAP NIEN DAU THE KY XXI TRAN KHANH* C ling vUi SU gia tdng eua todn cdu hda, khu vifc hda vd moi trUUng hba diu cua thUi ky sau Chien tranh Lanh, sU troi ddy cua Tnmg Quoc tif th|ip nign 90 eua t h i ky XX, nhat Ifi chien luge "di ngofii" eua nude ndy dugc rdo riet thUe hi^n tif th^p nidn dau the ky XXI dfi vfi dang Ifim tfing nhanh thg' vfi Iue cua c$ng ding ngu&i Hoa, Hoa kilu trgn t h i gi6i Dfiy lfi m | t van de rfi't 16n Trong khudn k h i bfii vig't ndy, chung tSi ehii yg'u tfip trung phdn tieh sif biln d | n g v l ddn s l vd dia bdn cU tru cua ngUUi Hoa, Hoa kieu, nhd't lfi sU trinh thfinh tang lUp "ngUUi Hoa, Hoa kilu mUi" khodng 15 nfim ddu cua the ky XXI SiX gia tfing n h a n h dAn sd c $ n g ddng ngi^cfi H o a , H o a I d e u bcTi l a n s o n g d i ci^ mcTi tit T r u n g Q u ^ c Nhu vd dUa vdo thfinh tuu cua cai cdch, md cuia, nhfi't Id thu hut dau tu nude ngofii, Trung Quoc Dai luc tU ngu8ng cufa eua th^p nign ddu t h i ky XXI (chlnh xdc Id vdo ndm 2000) diCa ehiln luge "di ngofii*, 66 bao gim 1) xud't khau vln tu ban, hfing h6a vfi dich vu 2) khuyg'n khich ngUUi dan nuUe ngofii lfim fin, sinh song vd 3) md rgng truyen bd gid tri vdn hoa vfi mo hinh phdt triln Trong chig'n luge mdi nfiy, edng ding ngU£fi Hoa, Hoa kilu trd ngn thich hgp, khSng ehi dong vai tr6 trung gian, m6i gidi thuung mai, cung cap vd tham dinh th5ng tin, mfi cbn trifc tid'p hup tfie ban hdng, lign doanh, lign kg't k i t dau tU vd eung cap nguon iao d^ng v6i cdc cong ty tU Trung Quic*" Cung vdi do, vi$c Trung Qud'c tfing cudng xufi't khau vd'n, nhfi^t lfi vfio cfic dtf fin ed tinh chie'n lugc nhu nfing lugng, khodng san, hda chdt vfi viln thdng vd kinh doanh bd't d | n g san cua nhieu nUde, dd cd ca cdc nudc tu bdn phdt triln'^' khong chi kgo theo dbng di tru Iao dgng, md ed nguin chat xdm vfi thuung gia nude ngofii Theo so li^u t h i n g kg cua Lien Hgp Quic vfi bdo edo cua Trung Qud'c ve di dfin quoc tg' thi so' ngUdi di cU tU Trung Quoc Dai luc duge cap the Xanh hodc dfi nhdp duge qudc tieh nUdc sd tai (thudng ggi lfi ldp "ngUdi Hoa vfi Hoa kilu mdi") tfing nhanh tU hun hai thĐp nidn qua, nh^t lfi tCf ã PGS TSKH Trdn Khiinh, Vi^n Nghifin cihj Dang Nam A Nghiin cifu Ddng Nam A, sd 7/2016 thfip nign dau the b ^ XXI De hieu ro hun lugng ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu mdi chilm tdi thUc trang ndy e6 bilu d l dudi day: 25% Theo dfinh gifi cua chung tdi, tinh Nhin tLf bieu tren, sU gia tdng nhanh tang ldp "ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu mdi" trung deh nfim 2015, s l ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kilu the gidi ed khoang tren dUdi 45 tri^u ngudi, hgp chie'n luge "di ngofii" mfi Trung dd cd it nhift lfi 1/4 (khoang 11 tri$u) Qud'c phdt ddng tU nfim 2000 Niu dem lfi tang ldp "ngudi Hoa, Hoa kieu mdi"*** so 8,4 trieu *^gU&i Hoa vd Hoa kilu Trong nhiing ndm ddu ciia thfip mdi" ndy so vdi 28,1 trieu ngUdi Hoa vd nign thU hai t h i ky XXI, dbng ngUdi di tni khoang 1-2 tri^u Hoa kieu trgn t h i gidi tu Trung Quoc nUdc ngofii t i l p tuc gia (tam ggi Id ngudi Hoa vfi Hoa kilu cu) vfio tfing, nhUhg vdi tfic dg vfi quy mo khdng I nfim 1990'^' thi sU big'n ddng ddn so ciia at nhu d thdp nien dau Nguydn n h a n nfiy e|ng ddng ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kilu tren thg' cd t h i tinh hinh kinh td' the gidi, nhdt gidi lfi rat ldn K i t qua Id ldm cho ddn s l Id d cfic nUdc tu ban phfit t r i l n chUa duge cpng dong nfiy tren todn the' gidi tfing tU phuc h i i sau khung hoang tfii chinh tofin khoang 30 tri^u ngUdi vfio nfim 1990 ldn edu 2008-2009 vfi sU noi len cua cdc vfin dl tdi gan 40 tri$u vfio 2010, dd s l an ninh chinh tri, nha't Id d cdc nudc Trung B i l u dS v l si^ gia tfing dfin s6' "ngtfffi Hoa, H o a k i e u mdri" di cd ta T r u n g Qud'c D^i l y c tCf nfim 1990 dd'n 2013 • S6 ngU&i Trung Qufic tif n$i dia di cU niflSc ngofii -^= -"-"" 10000000 -834248S 5854387 5000000 4000000 ' _ ' - ' " : ' ^ •'••:'•' - -— 3000000 2000000 1000000 , Bilu duuc lap dira tren cAc nguon: MOFCOM and United Nations, Department of Ecomomic and Social Affairs (2012), UNCTAD (2012); Haiyan Zhang The role of migration in shaping China's economic relations with its main partners MPC-Migration Policy Centre MPC Research Report 2013/07, p.5); Tnmg tSm Trung QuSc ih Toto ciu hiSa B4o da Di dto QuSc te Trung QuSc nam 2014 Bic Kinh:2015, p.l9 (tiSng Trung) ^ Trdn Khdnh - Bien dgng ve ddn sd vd dfa bdn cU trii Cfin Ddng vfi chau P h i Tuy nhien di dan Trung Quoc vfi dinh cU cua hp d nudc ngofii, nhdt lfi gidi doanh nghi&p, shih vidn vfi nhijftig ngudi c6 c h i ^ n mdn cao, chuydn gia, ky sU vSn t i l p tuc gia tdng Nhilu ngudi Trung Quoc trd ngn khd gia tilp tuc difa eon em cua minh nUdc ngofii hgc tap vfi cd ^ dinh dinh cU Ifiu dfii tai cde nUdc s6 tai Theo s l li§u Trung Quoc dufi tM tU 1978 den 2010 cd tdi 1,74 tri$u sinh vign tif Trung Quic Dai luc nUdc ngodi hgc tfip, nhung cW cd 578 nghin 400 ngudi trd vl nude (tdc chi cd khoang 1/3 ve nUdc) *^' Dilu can luu y lfi ngodi s l lugng "ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kilu mdi" dugc k i l m sodt, cdn ed ddng dao ddn di cU tu tif Trung Hoa song trdi noi khdp t h i gidi, chUa dugc nude sd tai eho dinh cU Ifiu dfii Hg lfi cde tieu thuung, lao dOng thdi vu vfi ngudi di du lich, sau dd d lai khgng ve nude Con so ndy c6 t h i len tdi nhilu tri|u ngudi SiX md r$ng, b i e n d o i d i a b ^ cif t n i c u a c n g d n g ngtfcfi Hoa, Hoa k i l u NIu nhu th$p nidn 80, dbng di eU Tnmg Quic thudng d i n cdc nUdc kdm phfit triln, nhd't lfi dd'n efie nude ASEAN thi tU th§p nidn 90 cua t h i ky XX, nhfit lfi sang t h i ky XXI hp thUdng ehgn din dinh cU cf cdc nUdc phfit t r i l n hun, dfic biet Id My, Canada, cde nude ehdu Au vd Australia Thgm vfio dd cdc chdu luc xa xoi nhu chau Phi, My Latinh cung dang trd thfinh nhOfng dilm den eiia ngudi Trung Qud'c De hilu thdm sU bien ddng trdn chiing ta khao sdt bang thd'ng kd sau ddy TU bang t h i n g kd, cho thfiy so luung ngUdi Trung Quoc nhdp cU vd dinh cU tai cdc nUdc phdt trien tdng rfit nhanh khoang 20 ndm qua, nhfi't lfi tU nfim 2000 trd di Dieu dang lfim thay doi dia bdn eu tru truyin thd'ng cua ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu lich sur Nlii nhU d ch&u Aw, dfin so ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu nfim 1990 chi e6 khoang 0,6 tri$u ngUdi (chig'm khoang 2,2% dfin so ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu t h i gidi*^' thi den 2010 dugc b l sung them gan 0,9 tridu ngudi mdi nhfip eU vfi dUa so ngudi Hoa, Hoa kieu tai chdu lue nfiy ldn khoang 1,4 tri^u ngUdi, tfing hun gfi'p lan) vd ehiem gan 3% tong so' ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu tofin cdu vfi 11% s l "ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kilu mdi" Cdc nUdc nhu Tdy Ban Nha, Italy, DUc cd ty 1$ tfing nhanh nhfi't Trong khoang tU 1990 dd'n 2010, d Tfiy Ban Nha s l trdn tfing 50 ldn, d Italy tfing 10 lan Trong dd d Phdp, s l ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu hdu nhu khdng tfing Cbn cdc nudc Ddng Au, s l ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu gia tfing, nhUhg khdng nhanh vfi nhilu nhu d Nam Au, Tfiy Au vd Bdc Au Cbn d Bdc My trudc thgp nidn 90 chi cd khoang 3,4 tridu ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu'" thi dd'n ndm 2010 dugc b l sung thgm gdn 2,6 tri|u Ke't qua lfim cho ddn sd' cgng dong ndy d Bdc My vfio nfim 2010 cd khoang trdn dudi tri^u ngudi, chilm khoang 10% dfin so ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu the gidi vfi khoang 31% so "ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kilu" mdi tofin cdu Trong so nfiy, 90% lfi song d Hoa Ky Atistralia va Niu Diidn cd dan so ngudi Hoa, Hoa kieu ed khoang tren dUdi trigu, ehiem 2% dfin so ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu t h i gidi vfi khoang 4,5% so "ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu mdi" Cung Nghien cini Ddng Nam A, so 712016 Sii t h a y dfii v* so Ixltfng v i d i a ban cri tnS c u a ngufSi Trung Qufic di cii v a dinli cii « nii*c n g o i i tfl 1990 dfin n i m 2010 The gidi m gldl 1990 4.252.389 % 2000 29,80 5.854.387 % 100,00 2010 8.432.427 % 100.0 1990- 2000- 2000 2010 37,67 44,04 NhQng vting phdt tri^n hdn 1.267.042 29,80 2.451.968 41,88 4.429.960 52,53 93,52 80,67 NhQng vung k^m ph^t tri^n hon 2.985.347 70,20 3.402.419 58,12 4.002.467 47,47 13,97 17,64 ChSu Phi 17.319 0,41 41.570 0,71 54.568 0,6S 140,03 31,27 OSng Phi Trung Phi 5.192 449 0,12 24.067 0,41 0.31 363,54 8,61 0,01 4.766 0,01 0,06 32,84 0,06 0,01 0,06 5,12 2.564 472 3.664 26.140 627 42,90 30,08 7,751 0,18 11.223 0,19 20.057 0,24 44,79 1.363 0,03 2.144 0,04 2.978 0,04 57,30 38,90 61,63 4.436.736 52,62 17,84 22,96 0,09 (5,14) 63,99 BSC Phi Nam Phi TSy Phi Asia 3.062 115 72,01 3.E08.324 78,71 4.446 0.08 DSng A 2.335.783 0,11 54,93 7.291 2.776.069 47,42 3.381.327 21,80 552.780 13,00 642.304 10,97 846.311 40,10 10,04 18,85 DSng Nam A 16,20 31,76 Nam A 166.354 3,91 166.959 2,85 185.888 2,20 0,36 11,34 TSy A 2.511 0,06 18.546 0,32 15.919 0.19 638,59 (14,16) Chau Au 234.739 5,52 412.229 7,04 886.882 10,52 75,61 115,14 DSnj Au 75.460 1,77 71.860 1,23 81.424 0,97 {4.77) 13,31 BJcAu 31.957 0,75 78.921 Nam Au TayAu 40.744 0,96 1,35 1,72 86.578 2,04 100.765 160.683 m Latinh vl Caribbean 49.102 1,15 EE.599 Caribbean Trung My Nam l\^y 5.706 11.486 0,13 0,27 0,75 Tmng A 4.687 187.832 2,23 146,96 138,00 4,27 147,31 257,60 2,74 360.335 257.291 3,05 85,59 60,12 1,14 85.421 1,01 35.63 28,2S 7.818 0,13 37,01 38,48 0,27 0,73 10.826 25.136 0,13 15.989 42.792 0,30 39,20 57,21 49.459 0,59 34,10 15,58 18,46 1.482.641 25,33 2.594.324 Bic My 31.910 78S.099 30,77 88,85 74,98 Chau Dai 104.015 2,45 243.024 4,15 374.496 4,44 133,64 54,10 ijc va New Zealand Melanesia Micronesia 96.821 2,28 221.498 3,78 363.458 4,31 77 6.289 0.15 101 20.336 0,35 122 9.669 Polynesia 828 0,02 1.089 0,02 1.247 Duong 0,11 0,01 128,77 64,09 31,17 20,79 223,36 31,52 (52,45) 14,51 Ngu&n: MOFCOM and United Nations, Department of Ecomomic and Social Affaire (2012) UNCTAD (2012); Ding thifl xem: Haiyan Zhang The role of migration in ahapmg China's economic relations with its main partnera MPC-Migration Policy Centre, MPC Research Report 2013/07 n , Tran Khdnh - Bien dgng ve ddn sdvd dfa bdn cU trti khfi gilng nhu tnfdng hgp cde nudc Tay vfi ngUdi Hoa vd Hoa kieu thi so dd tdng Bde Au, sU gia tdng ddn so ngudi Hoa, Hoa ldn 23.214 ngUdi vfio nfim 2010, chiem gdn kilu d cfic dia phuung trgn lfi nhieu 1/2 cgng dong ngudi nude ngofii tai thfinh sinh vidn, nhfi doanh nghi&p tif Trung ndy Tuy nhign, so vdi cdc nUdc Au-My Quoc d i n dinh cU Chinh sdeh thu hut thi Hfin Qudc khdng phai lfi miln dat hUa nhan tdi, vfit lUc tCf bdn ngofii mfi efie nUde hay hap dan hfing dau ddi vdi ndy thUc hi$n rdo riet thfip nidn gdn Tnmg Quiy^o' day cimg ddng vai trb ldn thu hut dbng di Chdu Phi CO phdn mugn hon cfic chau luc khfie Id tif th^p nien dau thg' ky XXI mdi cd ddng dao ngUdi Trung Quoc nhdp cu*^" Theo so li?u chinh thUc td Lien Hgp Quoc ndm 2012, so ngUdi Trung Quoc nhfip cu vfio chfiu Phi tif khoang hai th§p nien qua dat tdi so 54.568 ngUdi Khoang m§t niia (40,6%) so ngUdi Hoa di eu vfio chdu Phi tfip trung d cde nude thugc Nam Phi, dfic bidt lfi Mauritius (40,6%) vfi Madagascar (5,7) "2), Xuy nhign theo s l li§u cua nhieu nhfi nghign cdu khde thi so ddn Trung Quoc di tni t ^ chfiu Phi tinh din eudi th^p nidn ddu the ky XXI lfi tU 580.000 d i n hun 800.000 ngUdi Ngodi Nam Phi, Mauritius, Madagascar vfi Reunion thi s l di of ttf Trung Qud'c tdi cdc nudc nhu Nigeria, Sudan, Angola, Algeria tfing rd't nhanh tif nufa sau thfip nidn ddu the 1^ XXI Tai cdc nude dd, s l ddn Trung Qud'c d moi nude Ign tdi tif 50-100 nghin cU chd't xdm vd tU ban tU Trung Quoc dd'n cdc nUdc phdt t r i l n Tai cdc nudc Ddng Bde A, cu the lfi Nhgt Bdn vh Han Qudc cung c6 sU gia tdng nhanh so "ngudi Hoa vd Hoa kilu mdi" Niu nhu trUde nhQhg ndm 80, ngudi Trung Hoa nhdp cu vfio Nhdt Ban vfi Hdn Quoc chu yd'u !fi t£f Ddi Loan vfi H i n g Cdrig, Ma Cao thi tu sau dd ddng ngudi di eU ehu ylu tif Dai lue, nhat lfi tdng ldp sinh vidn^^*, nhOtt^ ngudi cd trinh dd chuygn mdn eao vd cdc nhfi doanh nghi&p M^t nhiing nguygn nhfin lfi hai nude nfiy th^p nign gan ddy Iidn tue du& cfic uu ddi cho nhihig ngudi nh§p eu ed trinh d | cao, cd nguin vd'n ldn vfi sSn sfing cho hg nh§p quoic tich nUdc sd tai Mfit khfie, hai nilde chdu A nfiy ed ed mUc luung hfip dan nhung thieu life lUUng lao dgng bo sung Theo so li§u thd'ng kd cua Trung Quoc, dd'n nfim 2013, s l ngudi Trung Quoc duge phia Nhfit Ban cho phdp eu tru Ifiu dfii (dugc cfi'p the Xanh) ldn tdi 983.268 ngudi'^l Cbn tai Hfin Quoc, tu thdp nidn dau t h i ky XXI nen kinh t l nudc ndy dUUc phue hoi sau khung hoang 1997-1998 vd phdt triln khd on dinh thdi gian dfii sau dd cung thu hut ddn nh^ip cu tif Trung Qud'c Chi tinh ridng thdnh p h i Incheon ndm 2001 cd 2.974 di dfin Dieu can luu y Id cfic nUdc ehdu Phi cd ddng ngUdi Trung Qud'c nhdp cU diu lfi nhUng nudc cd quan hg thuung mai vd dau tu td't vdi Tning Quoc NhQhg nUdc tnfdc ddy cd rd't it ngUdi Trung Qud'c tdi lfim fin, sinh song thi trd thfinh dilm thu hut dbng di dfin mdi tU Tmng Qud'c nhu Nigeria, Sudan, Algeria, Angola v.v Phdn Nehien cihi Ddng Nam A, sd 7/2016 ldn nhiMg ngUdi nhap of mdi nfiy lfi ngUdi nidn 80, dfin s l ngUdi Hoa, Hoa kieu d lao dgng d i n lfim vide tai cdc dU fin xay Dong Nam A tfing khfi nhanh, m | t phdn difng ldn, nhat lfi tang cu sd, khai thac lfi ed khd nhieu doanh nghi&p ngUdi mo kim loai, dau vd ndng n ^ g p Trung Hoa tU Hong Cdng vfi Dfii Loan dIh chii ddu tu tif Trung Qud'c Theo sd' ligu efie chinh thUc cua chmh phu Tmng Quoc, vao Singapore, Phihppin vfi Thdi Lan d l kinh nUdc nhU Indonesia, Malaysia, nfim 2009 nUdc nfiy xuait khau tdi 850.000 doanh vfi dinh ldu dfii, mfit khfie cd nhilu lao dgng nUdc ngofii theo hgp ding, thdn nhfin eua ngudi Hoa, Hoa kilu so dd cd 187.000 ngUdi den chdu Trung Qud'c Dai luc dUUc phgp di cU nUdc Phi, chid'm khodng 24% t i n g s l lao d | n g ngodi sau cai cdch, md cCta Tinh dd'n nfim theo hgp dong ndm 2009 Hun mOt nura s l 1990, s l ngUdi Hoa (nhQng ngUdi da nh§p lao dgng theo hgp dong dugc dua dd'n cfic quIe tich nUdc sd tai) d Ddng Nam A dd nude Bdc Phi
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