phân tích chênh lệch thu nhập theo giới tính

Tran Thj Tuan •\nh | Phan tich chenh lech thu nhap theo gioi tinh o TP Ho Chi Minh bang hoi quy phan vi Tran Thi Tuan Anh Ngay nhan Nga> nhan lai Nga>duycidang Maso 09/07/2013 02/10/2013 31/10/2013 07-13-MA-15 Tmong Dai hoc Kinh le IT HCM anhtttWueh du.vn Torn tat Qud trinh tdng truang vd phal trien cua cdc qudc gia ludn keo theo he qua ve chenh lech thu nhdp vd mice song xd hoi Chenh lech thu nhgp iheo giai linh Id moi irong nhimg vdn de duac quan tdm nghien cim nhieu iren the gidi Bdi viet nd^' vdn dung phmmg phdp hoi quy phdn vi tren so lieu ve ihu nhdp khao sdt duac tren dia bdn TP HCM de ludng mirc dd chenh lech thu nhgp theo gidl linh a thdnh phd ndy Kit qua phdn lich cho thdy ihuc strcd chenh lech thu nhdp giira hai nhdm lao dong nam rd nir tren dia him TP HCM Sir chenh lech nciy xay o cd hai khu vuc ndi thdnh vd ngogi thdnh tren lal cd cdc phdn vi duac xet Su khdc biel ve ddc diem lao ddng nhir n-inh hgc vdn, ngdnh nghe thuc sir giai thich duac sir chenh lech thu nhap theo gid i linh nhimg mirc gun thich khdc a nhung phdn vi khdc Tir khda: Thu nhap elienh lech thu nliap, hdi quy phan \ i plian ehenh lech Ab.stract l^he growth of the nations usually leuds lo the problem oj income disparity The gender income gap IS one of the issues ihul have been wuleh studied over the world hi this article, we employed qiuintile regression lechniqiies to study the gender income gup in IK WK ' .Moreover, w e dei omposed the gender income gap into the explainedporiinn by gender differences in churatlcriMic s and the unexplained portion iVc show ihal the gender income gap really exists in //CMC' in both urban anil rural districts The explained portion of the gup is ubout 25% Keywords Gender income gap quaiitile regression, deeomposilion gender differences in charaelcristies I'yp chi Phal men kmh le 277 11! 2013)21-37 22 I Tran Thi Tuan Anh Gidi thieu Cac ll thuyet kinh ti cd di§n trudc day cho rang chenh lech thu nhdp va tien lucmg chinh la khodn dai ngd xiing dang eho sy khac biet vd nang lyc ca nhan hoac nang sudt ciia ngudi lao ddng Nhiing ngudi lao ddng vdi nang lue ca nhan cao ban va nang suat lao dgng cao thi ximg dang dugc hudng mirc ihii lao ldn hon Tuy nhien, cae li thuyet gap khd khan viec li gidi cdc mirc chenh lech thu nhdp qua ldn xdy nln kinh te Nhieu nghien cim dp dung cac phuang phap djnh lugng eung ehi rdng su chenh lech thu nhdp ben canh nhung chenh lech ve dae di^m vd trinh lao dgng, dudng nhu bi anh hudng rdt ldn bdi cac y^u td khdng ludng nang luc cua ngudi lao dgng nhu gidi tinh, dan tgc, tinh trang hdn nhdn Dd cd the la ddu hieu ciia su phdn biet ddi xir cua bdt binh ddng xa hgi Trong so cac phuang phap djnh lugng dk nghien ciru chenh lech thu nhap, phuang phdp hoi quy phdn vj dang edng dugc sir dung phd bien Bdi via sii' dyng phuong phap hoi quy phan vj de hoi quy ham thu nhap va phuang phap ciia IVlachado-Mata (2005) dS phdn tieh chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh ciia ngudi lao dongcr TP.HCM Cffsdli thuyet H6i quy phdn vj dugc Koenker & Basseu de xudt nam 1978 va dugc Buchinsky (1994) khdi xudng img dung de xay dyng ham thu nhap-tien luong theo irinh hgc van Hdm hdi quy thu nhdp theo tii'ng phdn vj ciia Buchinsky xdy dung cho thay tae dgng ciia hgc van den thu nhap tai limg di^in khdc cua ham phdn phdi bi^n thu nhap Tiep theo cac nghien cii'u tien phong ciia Buchinsky ed th^ k£ d£n Chamberlain (1994), Machado & Mata (1999) Dya tren phuang phap phan lich chenh lech tien luong ciia Oaxaea-Blinder (1973) Machado & Mata (2005) Melly (2006) xay dung kT thuat phdn tieh tuong tuddi vdi ham hdi quy phan vj; til' phan lich phan ehenh lech thu nhdp tai timg phan vj phan chinh: phdn chenh lech da duac giai ihich gay bdi su khae biet ve cae bien dgc lap nghien ciiu md hinh va phan ehenh lech chii.i giai ihich dugc xem nhu la phan the hien ciia vdn de bat binh dang ve thu nhap Nhieu nghien cuu sau dd cung da ap dung va phat trien cac kT thual phdn tich chenh lech thu nhdp bang hdi qLi\ phan vj Albreeht & cdng su (2004) da su dung phuo'ng phdp phan chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh bang hdi quy phdn vj d Ha Lan Arulampalam & cdng su (2005) sii dung phuang phap hdi quy phan vi vdi sd lieu 11 nudc chau Au de phan tich chenh lech thu nhdp theo gidi tinh \d ket luan rang nir gidi d da sd eae qudc gia ddi dien vdi tinh irang chenh lech tien lucmg rd ret so \'di nam gidi Machado & Mala (2001) su dyng sd lieu ciia Bd Dao Nha va ket luan rang khoang each chenh lech thu nhdp theo gidi tinh cdng ldn xet nhung nhdm phan vj cao, ung vdi ddi lugng ed thu nhap cao Nhung mirc chenh lech Idn nhdt Id d phan vj giii'a ciia ham phan phdi thu nhapNguoc lai nghien euu ciia Sakellariou (2004), vdi sd lieu ciia Philippines, cho thdy nam gidi thu nhap cao ban 50% so vdi nQ- gidi d nhdm phdn vj thap nhat nu gidi lai cd thu nhap thuc sy cao han nam gidi d nhCrng phan vj eao Mary (2007) hdi quy phdn vi vdi sd lieu cua vuang qudc Anh ket ludn mue dai ngd theo trinh hgc van d nudc cd su chenh lech theo gidi tinh va miic chenh lech thay ddi theo thdi gian Tap chi Phdi men kmh le 277 (11/2013) 21-37 Tran Thi Tuan Anh | 23 O VN van de chenh lech thu nhdp va tien luong cung dugc quan tdm nghien cuu nhiing nam gan ddy Ngi dung cac nghien cuu chii yeu tap trung vao tim hieu su thay ddi cua mirc 6g chenh lech theo thdi gian vd nguyen nhan gdy ehenh lech thu nhap Cac nghien cim chenh lech thu nhap trudc day, giai doan 1993- 1998 thudng dua tren he sdGini He sdGini ciia VN dugc linh toan bdi Vien Khoa hgc xa hdi (VASS), tang tir 0,34 nam 1993 den 0,35 nam 1998 vd da tang den 0.43 nam 2010 Mgt sd nghien cuu khdc cung diing he sd Gini de so sanh bdt binh dang thu nhdp giira viing kinh t6 d VN (VASS 2007) va giira thj - ndng thdn (Glewwe 2000) Theo Hoang & cdng su (2001), hdi quy thu nhap d VN theo dac diem lao ddng giua khu vuc ndng thdn - thj K.et qua hdi quy cho thdy thu nhap d khu vyc ndng thdn thap hon d khu vyc thi vd chenh lech cang ldn nhiing nam ve sau Gallup (2004) ciing dua nhimg ket ludn tuong ty Binh T N & cgng su (2006) da sir dyng sd lieu cua VHLSS tir 1993 d^n 1998 de kiem tra vdn de bat binh dang thu nhap va phiic lgi giua khu vyc thdnh thj vd ndng thdn d VN thdng qua phuang phap hdi quy phan vj Ket qud nghien ciiu vdi sd lieu nam 1998 su chenh lech ciia thu nhap dugc giai thich bdi cac bien doe lap xay ehii yeu deac phdn vi thap sukhac biet gd\' ehua dugc giai ihi'ch chu yeu a eae phan vj eao Hung T.P & cgng sy (2006) nghien cuu chenh lech thu nhdp theo van de dan tde d VN Cac tac gia so sdnh thu nhap giira nhdm lao dong thugc cac dan tde Kinh - Hoa so vdi nhdm cdn lai la ddn tdc khae Bai viet da chi rang chenh lech thu nhap giiia hai nhdm dan tgc len den 11% nhung chi mgt phan ba ciia so la phan chenh Icch dugc giai thich bdi chenh lech \e diic diem lao ddng trung binh giii'a hai nhdm Van de chenh lech lien luong theo cac dac diem \c hgc van thi ndng thdn dd dugc quan tam nghien ciru nhung rat it cac nghien ciru phan lieh ehenh lech theo gidi linh Va ehua cd nghien ciru ndo thyc hien phdn tich chenh leeh ihu nhap theo gidi tinh tai TP.HCM - mgt nhirng ihdnh phd phdt trien sdi dgng nhat VN i Phuong phap nghien ciiu Xet ham hdi quy lii\ en tinh Y — X^p + U^ vdi )', la bien phu thugc X^ la veetocac bien doe lap: t/, la sai so va hdm hdi quy mdu udc lugng cho nd V^ = X^ff + c^ Theo phmrng phap binh phuang nhd nhat (01.S - Ordinaiy Least Square), ham hiii quy mau dugc ude lugng cho tdng binh phuong sai sd la nho nhat tuc la (i =argmin V"! i /* XJiy , ' Koenkei tK Basset (1978) phdn tieh cae nhugc dicm ciia phuang phap OLS i lai dng ket ludn rang phuang phap OI S ehju su rdng bugc chat che cua cac gia thiet chiu tae dgng rdt Idn cua eae quan sdt bat lliuimg \'a khdng cho tha\ cdi nhin loan dien ve ham phdn phdi cua dai lugng nghien ciru Tir dd Koenker & Basset de xudt mdt phuang phap hdi qu_\ mdi de khac phue eae nhugc diem ndy dd la phuang phap hdi qu)' phan \ j Tha>' \ i chi lien hdnh hdi qu\ de cd duoc ham trung binh cd dieu kien nhu 01 S hdi quy dirge thyc hien tren timg phan vj ciia bien phy thugc dc cho thdy loan dien ve ham phan phdi eua bien phu UUK)C dang duoc nghien eiru Tap chl Phiii men kmh le 277 (11/2(115 24 I Tran Thi Tuan Anh Ham phan vj tuy^n tinh cd dieu kien cua Y theo X d phan vj r e ( , ) la ham so Q (Y) = X.^ dd tham sd /?_ duge chgn cho tdng chenh lech sai sd d phan vj r nhd nhdt Cd nghTa Id ^ , = a r g r ^ ^ \ {y.-^,P,) + {T-\) )>x,0, J] {y,-Xf^) y, i 28 I Tran Thi Tuan ,Anh SucKhoe 0,103** 0,154** 0,0524 0,0863* 0,126* 0,142* (2.775] [2,823[ [1,313] [2,366[ [2,552] [2.011] 0,120"* 0,122*** 0.102*** 0,127*** 0.111*** 0,0800* 16,184] [4,201[ 14.872] [6,586] [4,256| [2,128] ThanliThaoNN 0,253*" 0,228*** 0.239*** 0,219*** 0.265*** 0,332*** 19,845] 15,621] [8.573[ [8,586] [7,614[ [6,507] PTCS 0,162**' 0,188** 0,179*** 0,169*** 0.0516 0,142 [3.732] 12,844] [3,844[ [3,934] [0,887] [1,699] 0,340*** 0,334"" 0,343**- 0,297*** 0,194*** 0.343*** [8,369] 15.559] [7,967] [7,392] [3.525] [4,259] CD 0,385"* 0,409*** 0,429*** 0,365*** 0.244*** 0,341*** [8,755] [6,323] [9,246] [8,388] [4,042] [3,780] DH 0,744*»* 0,770*«* 0,800*** 0,729*** 0.645*** 0,722*** [17,244] [11,881[ [17,526] [I7,080[ [10,825] [8,163] SDH 1,172*" 1,202*** 1,225*** 1,177*'* 1.019*** 1,080*** 119,412] [13,355] [19,I37[ [19,678] [12,386] [8,745] 0,0722 0,0751 0,033! 0,0528 0,0735 0,0114 [1,644[ [1,165[ [0,703] [1,214[ [1,249[ [0,133] -0,110** -0,137* -0,159*** -0,181*** -0.159** -0,0574 [-2,705[ [-2,156[ 1-3,631] [-4.483[ [-2,909[ 1-0,718] 0,102*** 0,109" 0,0676** 0.0681** 0.0898** 0,141** [4.438] [3,081] [2,724[ [2,986[ [2,933] 13,123] -0,216* -0,223 -0,19 -0,254* -0,249 -0,142 [-2.121] [-1,458] [-1,743[ [-2.5381 [-1,884[ [-0,906] 0,343*** LamONoiThanh PTTH CNTT GiaoDuc KinllDoanh Luat NganhY 0,101* -0,0785 -0,0544 0,023 0,177** [2,22 ][ [-1,137] [-1,110] [0,510] [2,900[ [3,861] NgheThual 0,320"* 0,285* 0,205* 0,306*** 0,372*** 0,422** [4,2 14| [2,464] [2,522] [4,1 19[ [3,680] 12,876] QuanDoi -0,206** -0,066 -0,0899 -0,203** -0,336*** -0,290* [-2,887] [-0,643] [-1,186] [-2,882[ [-3,497] 1-2.086] XajDung 0,190*** 0,201** 0,153*** 0,170*** 0,172** 0.162* [4,602] [3,179] [3,393[ [4,164] [3.1341 [2.065] DNNN DNTN -0,0197 0,129** 0,0355 -0,0145 -0,026 -0.130* [-0,668] [3,005] (I.I21[ [-0,496[ [-0.670[ [-2,342] 0,131*** 0,231*** 0,141*** 0,0863*** 0.0727* 0,0173 ipLhi !'/hii incii kinh I'27-(11 21113)21-37 Tran Thi Tuan Anh | 29 OuanLy [5.402] [6.472] [5.503] [3.602] [2.252] 0.265*** 0.338*** 0,279*** 0,246*** 0.208*** 0,156* [7.485] 16.420] [7.299] [6,997] 14.435] (2,343] 0.405*** 0.228*** 0.276*** 0,389*** 0.521*** 0,588*** [17,173] [6.118] [10.736] [I6,631[ 116.481] 112,931] 5.957*** 5.473*** 5.709*** 5,972*** 6.335*** 6,327*** [46,106[ [30.597] [40.683] [46,749| 136,228] 123,795] 10,359] ( • Statistics [ ] *,**,***: Coy nghTa thdng ke vdi 5%.1% vaO,l% Nguon: Tac gia tir linh toan theo s6 lieu thu thap du'oc Ket qua hdi quy OLS cua bien log-thu nhdp tren todn bg mau sd lieu eho thdy thue su cd chenh lech thu nhap giira lao dgng nam va ntr, miie ehenh lech thu nhdp giua hai nhdm len den 11% Ngodi ket qua d Bdng ham y cd sy chenh leeh thu nhdp theo gidi tinh tinh trang hdn nhdn, sir dung ngoai ngir thao Bang cap eung cd tac ddng rat ldn den thu nhdp va ngudi lao ddng lam viec d nhung nganh nghe khac loai hinh doanh nghiep \ a \ j tri cdng viee khac thi muc thu nhdp eiing rdt khdc Tien hanh kiem dinh Breusch-Pagan /Cook-Wcisberg ve hien tugng phuong sai thay ddi iren mdu sd lieu Ket qua kiem dinh cho thay vdi mirc y nghTa 1% ham hdi quy 01.S thuc hien nhu tren ed xay hien tugng phuang sai thay ddi Theo Deaton (1997) cd hien tugng phuang sai khdng thuan nhat xay thi ket qua hdi quy phdn vj thu duge se ed nhiing linh chat uu viel han so hdi quy bang phuang phap binh phuang nhd nhdt OLS Ket qud hdi quy phdn vj d Bang chi chenh leeh thu nhap theo gidi linh giu'a nhdm lao ddng nam vanCr 's.ay a idt ed cdc phan vj duge xet O nhiTng phdn vi cdng cao thi miie ehenh lech cang cao xu hudng the hien ro o linh gioitinh_pooled 75 H i n h C h e n h lech t h u n h a p giu'a n a m v a nii' \,i,'i((i/; ac gia Ur linh loan theo so lieu thu th^p dir^c Ijpchi I'lun men kmh ic 2''''(11 2013)21-37 30 I Tr4n Thi Tuan Anh Nhin chuno nhdm lao ddng nam cd thu nhdp cao hon so vdi nhdm lao ddng nu nhung d nhirne phdn vj khac thi mue ehenh lech khac Cu thg, d phan vj cang cao thi muc chenh lech cang tang phan vj 0,1 thu nhap trung binh eiia nhdm eua lao ddng nam cao hem nhom lao ddng nu' gan 8%; so d phan vj 0,25 Id 9%; d phdn vj 0,5 la 10%; phdn vj 0.75 Id 12% vd muc chenh lech cao nhdt d phan vj 0,9 la 17,5% Dg ldm rd han mirc chenh leeh thu nhap theo gidi tinh, bai viet lien hdnh hdi quy phan vi bien log-thu nhdp d tii'ng khu vyc ngi va ngoai Ket qud the hien d Bdng va Hinh Gioilinh noithanh ^ Khu vue ngi gioitinh_ngoaithanh Khu vuc ngoai Hinh Chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh d n g i va ngoai Ngudn Tac gia tir tinh toan iheo so lieu thu thap dugc K6t qua cho thdy chenh lech thu nhap a khu vue ngi thdnh dien tien rat gidng vdi chenh lech thu nhdp chung theo gidi tinh d phd, nghTa la tai nhQng phdn vj cang cao thi mii'c chenh lech cdng ldn Trong dien lien xay hoan loan ngugc lai d khu vue ngoai thdnh Bang Chenh lech thu nhap giira nara va nu' theo khu vyc noi va ngoai 0,10 0.25 0.50 0.75 0,90 0.0735 0.0736" 0,0974*** 0.1314*** 0.1994*** Phanil Noi Ihanh Ngoai (1,80) (2,12) (4,15) (5.27) (4.63) 0,1471** 0,1284*** 0,1134*** 0.1120** 0,0725 (2,95) (3,63) (5.22) (2.95) (0,84) l-staiisiic ngoac don *,**.*** Co \ nghTa vdi 5°'o 1% va 0,1% \gu6n- Tac gia tir tinh toan tir so lieu thu thap diroc Ddi vdi nhdm lao dong Idm viec d khu vuc ndi thanh, d phan vj 0,9: thu nhdp cua nhom lao ddng nam cao ban nhdm lao dgng nu' len d^n 20% Chenh lech ndy la 13% d phan vj 0,75 va giam xudng 7% d phdn \ j 0.25 mire phdn \ i 0.1: sy ehenh lech thu nhap giiia hai nhdm lao dgng nam vd nu' khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke Khi \et hdm thu nhdp d khu \'uc ngoai thanh, mirc chenh lech cao nhdt xay d nhdm phan \ i 0.1 vd gidm dan xudng thap nhat d muc phan vj 0,9 Theo dd, thu nhdp cua lao dgng nam cao ihi/'/wi/MivUoi/j/f" 277(11/2(113) 21-37 Tran Thj Tuan Anh | hem lao ddng nir Id 14.7% d phan vj ; eon sd dd d phan vj 0,25 la 12,8%; d phdn v j 0.5 Id 11.3% vd phdn vi 0.75 Id 11,2% Sy chenh lech ndy d phdn vj 0,9 khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke Theo phuang phap phan chenh lech ciia Machado & Mata (2005), su ehenh lech thu nhdp giira nhdm lao dgng nam vd nhdm lao ddng ntr duge ehia hai phan: phan chenh leeh dugc giai thieh va phdn chenh lech chua dugc giai thich Phdn chenh lech dugc giai thich Id phdn chenh lech gay b d i sy khde ve dae diem nhdn khau, bang cdp hoac cac dac diem lien quan den cdng viec giiia hai nhdm lao dgng Trong dd, phdn chenh lech chua dugc gidi thich Id phdn chenh lech gdy b d i sy khde he sd hdi quy nghien cii'u hdi quy thu nhdp giira hai nhdm lao ddng T r o n g nhieu nghien ciru su chenh leeh chinh sach dai ngd giu'a hai nhdm lao dgng nam vd nii" la ddu hien the hien eua su bdt binh dang, ciia sy phan biet ddi xir giii'a nam va nii' (Gunav^'ardena D 2006; Asplund R & Napari S 1 ) B a n g P h a n tich chenh lech t h u n h a p theo g i o i t i n h t a i T P H C M He so Sai so chuan T p-value Clienli lecli tliuan 0.159821 0.020624 7,75 0,000 Ctienli lecli dac diem tao dgng 0.043824 0.025308 1,73 0,040 Clienli lech iie so 0.115998 0.021377 5,43 0.000 Chenli lecli tliuan 0.151194 0.015398 9,82 0,000 Clienli lecli dac diem lao dong 0,051894 0.019802 2,62 0,003 0,0993 0.017282 5,75 0,000 Chenh lech thuan 0,140701 0.020666 6,81 0,000 Chenh lech dac diem lao dgng 0,062608 0.022847 2,74 0.000 0,078093 0.016496 4,73 0.000 Thanh phan Phan vj 0,1 Phan vj 0,25 Chenh lech he so Phan vj 0,5 Chenh lech he so Phan vi 0,75 Chenh lech thuan 0,186417 0,02378 7,84 0.000 Chi;nh lech dac diem lao dpng 0,105952 0,034992 3,03 0,000 Chenh lech he so 0,080465 0,022387 3.59 0,000 Chenh lech thuan 0,25964 0,02.5381 10.23 0,000 Chenh lech dac diem lao dgng 0,1632.56 0,04663 3.50 0,000 0.096384 0,03388 2,84 0.004 Phan vi 0,90 Chenh lech he so Tap chi ndi imn imh li 277 (11 '2013) 21-37 32 I Tran Tin Tuan \nh Ngudn Tac gia tu tinh toan tii' so lieu thu thap dugc Phan chenh lech bien log-thu nhap o ngoai ' Chenh lech thuan — ^ - Chenh lech dac diem lao done Chenh lech he so Hinh Phdn tich ehenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh tai TP.HCM Ngudn Tac gia tu linh loan theo so lieu thu Ihap duoc Xet tren todn bg mdu sd lieu, phdn ehenh lech thu nhap dugc giai thich d cac phdn vj khac Id khdc phdn vi 0,1; mirc ehenh lech bien log-thu nhap eua lao ddng nam va ntr len den 0,15; dd 27.42% mirc chenh leeh dugc giai thieh la sy chenh lech eua cac bien doe lap md hinh; cdn lai 72.58% Id su ehenh lech v^ he sd hoi quy Id phan chenh lech khac biet ehinh saeh dai ngd giua lao dgng nam va nu' vdi gid djnh hai nhdm lao dgng cd eiing dac diem lao dong Ket qua phdn tieh ehenh lech theo lung phan vj Bang eho thay, d cae phdn vi cang eao thi chenh iech thu nhap eung cang cao ddng thdi phan chenh lech thu nhdp duge giai thich eung eang nhieu Cu the d phdn vj 0.25 phan chenh leeh dugc gidi thich Id 34,32%; sd tiay la 44,5"''o d phan \ i 0.5: d phan \ i 0,77 la 56.84% va dac biet d phdn vj 0.9 thi phdn chenh lech chua duge giai thich ehi cdn 37.12% Bang Phan tich chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh tai TP.HCM, nhdm lam viec d ngi Thanh phan p-value Phan vi 0.1 Chenh lech thuiin 0.1902% 0.021684 8.78 0,000 Chenh lech d.'ic diem lao tlong 0.047664 0.031759 1,5 0.066 Chenh lech he so 0.142632 0.025898 5,51 0,000 Phan vi 0.25 Tran Thi Tuan Anh | 33 Chentl lech tliuin 0,14518 0.020099 7,22 0,000 Clienli lech ddc diem lao dpng 0,048278 0.030313 1,59 0,019 Chenh lech he so 0,096902 0,020666 4,69 0.000 Chenh lech thuan 0,142624 0,025353 5,63 0.000 Chenh lech dac diem lao dong 0,061028 0,027079 2,25 0.007 Chenh lech he so 0,081596 0,022446 3,64 0.000 Chenh lech thuan 0,199139 0,028711 6,94 0.000 Chenh tech dac diem lao dong 0,115761 0,034593 3,35 0,000 Chenh lech he so 0,083378 0,028407 2,94 0,003 Chenh lech thuiin 0.253606 0,036226 0,000 Chenh lech dac diem lao dong 0.165771 0,052403 3,16 0,000 Chenh lech he so 0.087835 0,035036 2,51 0,012 Phan vj 0,5 Phan vi 0,75 Phan \i 0,9 \'giidn Tac gia tu tinh toan tir so lieu thu thap duoc Phan chenh lech ham phan phoi cua bien log-thu nhap Hinh S Phan tich chenh lecb thu nhap theo g i o i t i n h tai T P H C M o k h u vuc ndi \gu6n- Tac gia ty linh toan tir so lieu thu thap dugc K.hi \ e i p h d n chenh lech thu nhap ciia ngudi lao ddng nam \ a nir cimg lam viec o n d i ihanh dien lien kha gidng \ a i trudng hgp phan tich chenh lech tren loan bd mau sd lieu Dieu L( the quan sat dirge \ e su tuong ddng hinh dang dudng d i n quang in dam irony H m h f the xet nhdm lam \ i e c d n g i d phan \ i : phan chenh lech dugc giai ihich b"} •.,,- bien diV lap mo hinh la 25.05^0 sd d phdn v i cao nhdt ~ phan v, 0.9 len den 65.37^0 Chenh lech thu nhap d nhdm iam viec irong ngi ciing co hinh dang vhir 34 I Tr^ Thj TuSn Anh U nhu phdn tieh tren nhdm lam viec ngoai thdnh (Hinh 5) va todn bd mau sd lieu (Hinh 4) Nhung chir U nhdm lam viec d ndi thdnh rd ret hem Bang Phan tfch chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh tai TP.HCM 6" khu vyc ngoai Thanh phan Hes6 Sai so chuan t p-value 0,001 Phan vj 0.1 Chenh lech thuan 0.124942 0,037169 3.36 Chenh lech dac diem lao dong 0.011726 0,044843 0,26 0,756 Chenh lech he so 0.113215 0,037783 3,00 0,003 Phan vi 0,25 Chenh lech thuiin 0.118488 0,023422 5,06 0,000 Chenli lech dac di^tn lao dong 0.024201 0,026085 0,93 0,410 Chenh lech he so 0.094287 0,02937 3,21 0,001 Phan vj 0,5 Chenh iech thuan 0,150033 0,026768 5,60 0,000 Chenh lech dac diiim lao dong 0,055087 0,030742 1,79 0,038 Chenh lech he s6 0,094946 0,026561 3,57 0,000 Phan vj 0,75 Chenh lech thuan 0,173872 0,039995 4,35 0,000 Chenh lech dac dtem lao dong 0,089606 0,040728 1,80 0.010 Chenh Iech he so 0,084267 0,034953 2,41 0,016 Phan I! 0.9 Chenli lech thuiin 0,255556 0,063253 4,04 0.000 Chenh lech dac diem lao dpng 0,154377 0,092133 1,68 0,002 Chenh iech he s6 0,101178 0,048778 2,07 0,038 \gimn Tac gia tir tinh toan iir s6 lieu thu ihap du-gc 'P Lhi /'/,,;/ „;.-,; kmh U' 111 (I 1/2013) 1-37 Tran Thi Tuan Anh | 35 Phan che ih lech bien log-thu nhap o ngoai ^— y -._, ^ Phan vi • Chenh lech thuan - - • Chenh lech dac diem lao done • Chenh lech he so Hinh Phan tich chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh tai TP.HCM khu vuc ngoai Ngudn Tac gia tir tinh toan theo so lieu thu thap diroc Khi phdn tich chenh lech giu-a lao ddng nam va nir lam viec d khu vuc ngoai Ihdnh khdng cd dang chii' U ro ret nhu khu vuc ndi nhung chieu hudng bien ddi kha tuong ddng Chenh lech eao d nhirng phan vi dudi va thap dan tien vao nhung phan vi giu'a Mirc dugc gidi thich d nhirng phan vi cang cao thi cang nhieu Cu the, d phan vi 0,1: phan dugc giai thich chi ed 9,39%; d phan vi 0,5 phan chenh tech dugc giai thich la 20.42%; d phan vi 0,5 phan dugc giai thich Id 36.72%; sd d phan vi 0,75 la 51,54% sd cao nhat d phan vi 60,41% Phdn ehenh leeh dugc giai thich bdi dac diem lao ddng d phan vi 0,1 ciia ca hai nhdm lao dgng ngi ihanh vd ngoai thdnh deu khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke Ket luan va kien nghi S.l Ket lugn Phan tich tren mau sd lieu ve thu nhdp thu thap duge tren dia ban TP.l ICM eho thdy thue su cd chenh lech thu nhap giira lao ddng nam vd nir Lao ddng nam thuc su cd thu nhdp eao han lao dpng nu' Su chenh leeh Ihu nhap xdy kiem dinh tren tat ca cac phan vi ciia ham phan phdi bien thu nhdp Phan vj cang eao thi mue chenh lech eang Idn ehenh lech thu nhdp giira lao ddng nam vd nu' cd y nghTa thdng ke nhdm lam viec d ndi ihanh d cac phan vj tir 0,25 den phan vj 0.9 Trong chenh lech nd> xdy d tdt cd cdc phdn vi cua lao dgng ngi thdnh Ihi d nhdm lao dgng ngoai thdnh chenh lech ihu nhap giira nam va nii' d nhung phan vj cang cao thi cang thap vd ngugc lai Xet tren loan bd mdu sd lieu thu thdp d TP.HCM sir chenh lech ve dac diem lao ddng chi gidi thieh dugc 27.42% su chenh leeh Ihu nhdp d phdn vj 0.1 Vd d nhirng phdn vi eao hem mirc T?p chi Phat tnen kinhte 277 (11/2013) 21-37 36 I Tran Thi Tuin Anh tham gia giai thich cua y^u to dac di£m cung nhi^u hem Nhin chung, muc giai thich cua cac yeu td tham gia vao md hinh ddi vdi chenh lech ti8n luang d ngoai cao hon d ngi 5.2 Mpi so de xudt Sir chenh lech thu nhdp theo gidi tinh dugc gdy bdi rdt nhieu nguyen nhan Mdt so ehinh la ehenh leeh ve cac dac dilm lao ddng nhu trinh hgc vdn, mue thao ngoai ngir, sire khde D6 thu hep khoang each thu nhdp, nu gidi can dugc tao dieu kien hgc tap, thang tien ban niia nhdm giam chenh lech trinh vdi lao dgng nam gidi Ben eanh dd, phu ntr cdn phai dam duang ca nhirng edng viee khdng dugc tra edng tai gia dinh nhieu ban nam gidi Ngudi phu nii- cdn bj gian doan cdng viec bdi thdi gian mang thai, sinh va nudi dudng cai Nhirng dieu la nguyen nhdn gian tiep tde dgng lam cho thu nhap nij- gidi thap ban nam gidi Do vdy, viec binh ddng giira nam va nU khdng phdi chi dugc thuc hien tai nai lam viee ma cdn d chinh mdi gia dinh cua ngudi lao ddng Ben canh su ehenh leeh thu nhdp gay bdi chenh lech dac diem lao dgng, ket qud nghien euu cung cho thdy phdn Idn sir chenh lech thu nhdp gdy bdi su chenh lech he sd lao dgng, the hien cua ea che dai ngg khdc danh eho lao ddng nam va nir Theo Arulampalam & cgng su (2005) dd ed the Id dau hieu eua tinh trang bdt binh dang theo gidi tinh Ci VN, khdng the phu nhan rang dinh kien phan biet giira nam nir vdn cdn tdn tai Do vay, can kiem sodt lai ehinh sdch dai ngd d nhiing don vj sir dung lao dgng, kiem soat lai eo che trd luong, trd cdng, cdng tac can bd ciia cac to chuc nham ban che tinh trang phan biet ddi xu theo gidi tinh Cac chi'nh sach va giai phap can hudng tdi viec han ehe bdt binh dang theo gidi tinh, tao cc hdi de nu' gidi vuon len tiep can vdi miie ehung ciia xa hdi, chu khdng hudng den eao bang thu nhap giu'a lao dpng nam vd nu' Khoang each chenh lech thu nhdp khdng the giai quyet mdt cdch ndng vdi ma ddi hoi mdt qua trinh nd lue khdng ngimg tir mdi ca nhan, gia dinh doanh nghiep va cua ca xa hdi 5.3 Hgn che cda nghien ciru Bai viet da phan anh duoc mgt phdn thuc trang chenh lech ve thu nhdp theo gidi tinh a TP.HCM Tuy nhien van cdn cd nhirng han che nhdt djnh Mau sd lieu thu thdp gdn 4.000 quan sat vdi cdch chgn mdu phi xde sudt ed the chua thue sy dai dien tot cho tdng the cdn nghien cuu Viee thu thap sd lieu vd phdn tich cua nghien cuu dugc thuc hien irong mgt nam 2011, chi phan anh dugc mdt phdn thue trang ehenh lech thu nhdp theo gidi tinh nam dd ma chua phdn anh dugc xu hudng thay ddi chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi tinh tai TP.HCM theo thdi gian Ben canh dd, tir liic thu thap so lieu eho den nhdp va xii li sd lieu mat mgt khoang thdi gian kha dai lam cho ket qud khdng edn mang tinh thdi su, hien trang ti8n luang hien cd th8 da thay ddi so vdi thdi diem bdt ddu tien hanh nghien eii'u Vdi nhung ban chS nhu vay, nghien eiru co the dugc ddu tu md rgng theo khong gian hoac thdi gian d6 nang cao tinh tong quat eua kk qua thu dugc Viec md rpng theo khdng gian da nghien eii'u cho mdt pham vi ldn han nhu d Nam Bp hoac d VN Bai viet cung ed the md rdng nghien cuu theo thdi gian, ti^n hdnh thu thap so lieu ban nhieu thdi diem de phan tich so sanh, lam ro xu hudng thay ddi chenh lech thu nhap theo gidi linh d TP.HCM ndi rieng va d VN ndi chung" i ip i-hi Pluii ini-n kmh tO 111 (11/2013) 21 -37 Tran Thi Tuan Anh | 37 Tai lieu tham khao Albreeht J, Vuuren A V., & Vroman S (2004), "Decomposing the Gender Wage Gap in the Netherlands with Sample Selection Adjustments", Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 04-123/3, Tinbergen Institute Arulampalam, W., Booth, A.L and Bryan, M.L (2005), "Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? An Exploration of Asymmetries in the Gender Pay Gap Across the Wages Distribution" Revised version oflZA Discussion Paper No 1373 Asplund R & Napari S., (201 \), Iniangibles and the Gender Wage Gap: An Analysis of Gender Wage Gaps Across Occupations in the Finnish Private Sector, Discussion Papers 1243, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Binh N T., Albreeht J W., Vroman, S and Westbrook, M D (2006), -A Quan-Tile Regression Decomposition of Urban-Rural Inequality in Vietnam", Journal cua Development Economics 83,466-490 Blinder, A S (1973), "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates", The Journal of Human Re.sources&\ 426-A55 Buchinsky, M., (1994), "Changes in the U S Wage Strucmre 1963-1987: Application of Quantile Regression", Econometrica 62.405^58 Chamberlain, G., (1994), "Quantile Regression, Censoring and the Structure of Wages" in: C.Sims and J J.Laffont, eds., Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress of the Econometrics Society, (New York; Cambridge University Press), 171-209 Deaton, A (1997) The Analysis of Hou.seholdSurveys • A Micraecanomelric Approach to Desvlopment Policy, John Hopkins University Press Gallup J.L (2004), "The Wage Labour Market and Inequality in Vietnam", In, Glewwe P Agarwai N Dollar D(eds) Economic Growth Poverty, and Household Welfare in Vieimim, The World Bank, Washington DC pp 53-93 Glewwe, P., M, Gragnolati, and H Zaman (2000), "Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends", World Bank Working Paper 2275 Washington D.C Gunawardena, D (2006), "Exploring Gender Wage Gaps in Sri Lanka' A Quantile Regression" Approach Paper Presented During the 5th PEP Research Network General Meeting, June 18-22, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Hoang K., Baulch, B., Le, D.Nguyen, D Ngo, G-and Nguyen K., (2001), "Determinants of Earned Income", in Haughton, J Haughton, D., and Nguyen, P., eds Living Standards During an Economic Boom- The Case of Vietnam UNDP and Statistical Publishing House Hanoi Hung , P T and B Reilly B (2006) The Gender Gap in Vietnam 1993-2002: A Ommtile Regression Approach Poverty Research Unit at Sussex Working Paper 34 Koenker, R, and G Bassen (1978) "Regression Quantiles" Econometrica Vol 46 pp 33-50 Machado J and Mata J (2005) "Counter Factual Decomposition of Changes in Wage Dislribulions using Quantile Regression", Journal of Applied Econometrics 20 445-46 Mary C .(2007) "Closing the Global Gender Pay Gap Securing Justice for Women's Work 28 Comp" Labor law A Pol•)'Journal, 2]