Quản lý khủng hoảng di cư thực tế hiện nay và kiến nghị chính sách đối với việt nam

Nghiin cuu Qudc tisS (103), 12/2015: 69-83 V QUAN LY KHUNG HOANG DI CU^: THirC TE HIEN NAY VA KIEN NGHI CHINH SACH D I V d l VlfT NAM Ly Qudc Tuan* Tom tat Di cu dang trd thdnh mdi quan tdm chung ddi vdi hdu het cdc qudc gia tren the gidi Viec di chuyen cua ngudi mdt qudc gia hoac xuyen bien gidi Men Id mdt vdn de chinh sdch quan trpng, dgc biet khudn khd todn cdu hoa vd hpi nhgp Khi di cu nude ngodi, ngudi di cu thudng bi red vdo cdc hodn cdnh khd khdn han ve dieu kien sdng, sinh hogt vd lam viec vd hp de bi tdn thuang ddi mgt v&i cdc su kien bdt nga igi cdc nuac tiep can Dong ngudi di cu bi dnh hudng lan bdi cdc su kien ben ngodi biin gidi qudc gia vd ngodi tdm kiem sodt: vi du nhu bdt dn kinh ti, thien tai, bdt dn chinh tri vd mdu thudn tiem dn tgi nu&c tiip nhdn Khiing hodng di cu didn ngdy cang nhidu han, cd nhidu nguydn do, tCr 1^ khung hodng kinh td - tai chfnh, ddn nhung mdi hidm nguy tii thidn tai, ddng ddt, sdng thdn, bien ddi hau v.v Cac ly do tac ddng Idn tdi cugc sdng, sir an toan, dn dinh ciia m^t bg phan di cu hoac ea cdng ddng ngudi di cu Hi^n tugng khung hodng di cu, ndu khdng * Pho Cue tnrdng Cue Lanh s\f Bo Ngoai giao 12/2015 69 dugc xu ly thda ddng, se tidp tyc gay hau qua Idn han, rgng hon, vu^it khdi pham vi mgt qudc gia, anh hudng ddn cd khu vyc hoac the gidi Bai vidt dudi day se gidi thieu vdi ban dgc mgt sd kinh nghiem cua Viet Nam cdng tdc xu ly khiing hodng di cu thdi gian vita qua, ddng thdi dd xudt phuang hudng xdy dung chfnh sdch cho thdi gian tdi nhdm bdo ddm nhiem vy bdo hg cdng dan Viet Nam d nude ngoSi dugc nhanh chdng vd hieu qua Di cu vd khung hoang di cir qu6c te Dicuqudcte Lich sii lodi ngudi da chiing kidn cdc qua trinh di cu lidn tyc ciia ngudi Tii xa xua, di cu la bdn nang sinh tdn eiia ngudi, ludn tim noi tdt hon dd sinh sdng Trong thdi dai nay, di cu didn tren quy md Idn, vdi hinh thiic da dang vd tinh chdt phiic tap nhu bdi canh toan cdu hda vd hdi nh|ip quoc td Trong thd gidi hien dai, di cu qudc t^ trd thdnh mdt vdn dd todn cdu dang thu but su quan tdm cua tdt ca cac qudc gia vd khdng cd qudc gia nao diing ngodi van de di cu va khQng qudc gia nao cd thd tu minh gidi quyet dugc vdn de di cu Theo bao cao ciia Td chiic Di cu qudc td (lOM), hidn cd khoang tren 232 trieu ngudi dang sdng vd 1dm vide ngoai ddt nude md ngudi d6 mang qudc tich hoac thudng tru, chidm khodng 3,3% ddn sd thd gidi vi du bdo den nam 2050 se ed khodng 405 tri^u ngudi di cu giiia cdc nuoc' Tdc tdng trudng cua di cu qudc td khodng 3%/nam, han ca tdc tang trudng kmh td thd gidi giai doan hidn Cd nhidu ydu td Idi keo vd thiic ddy ngudi dan di cu, nhung di cu Vi myc dfch kinh td la xu thd ehii dao bdi cdnh hien Di cu To chiic Dl cu quoc te (lOM), Bao di cu qu6c t£, 2014 70 12/2015 Nghiin cuu QuSc tiso (103) qudc td dugc thiia nhdn rdng rai la mgt nhan td quan trgng cho su phat trien ciia cae qudc gia lien quan Quan ly di cu qudc td nham tdi uu hda mat tfch c\rc vd gidm thidu nhung tdc dgng tidu eye la mgt nhu edu biic thidt khdng chi ddi vdi tung qu6c gia md Id nhu cdu ciia todn nhan loai Di cu quoc te da dem 1^ ca hdi ndng cao cudc sdng cho bdn thdn ngudi di cu, gdp phdn ddng ke vao tang trudng kinh td, tao ddng lue cho su phdt trien ben vung cua nhidu qudc gia tren todn thd gidi, nhung qud trinh di cu, ngudi di eu ciing gdp khdng ft rui ro va thdch thiic nhu bi bdc Idt, quyen va Igi fch khdng dugc tdn trgng vd bdo vd Khi khung hoang xdy d nude tidp nhdn hay nude qua canh, hg cdng trd ndn de bi tdn thuang han rdo edn ngdn ngG, thidu thdng tin vd hd trg vd thdm chf cd nguy co khdng dugc trg giup nhdn dgo ndu hg Id nhiing ngudi di cu trdi phep Ddy cung Id mdt vdn dd mdi ndi thu hiit sy quan tdm cua cdng ddng qudc te nd luc quan ly di eu vi muc tidu phat trien va tang cudng bdo vd quydn vd Igi fch cua ngudi di cu Vide di chuydn ciia ngudi mdt qudc gia ho?ic xuydn hidn gidi hidn Id mdt van dd chfnh sdch quan trgng, ddc biet khudn khd todn edu hda vd hdi nhdp Ciing vdi xu hudng phdt tridn Idn manh ciia di cu qudc td, ngdy cang nhidu cdng ddn cdc nude chgn di cu nude ngodi vi myc dfch kinh doanh, hgc tap, lam vi?c hay cdc ly khac Tuy nhien, nhin chung, ngudi di cu thudng bi rai vdo cdc didu kien khd khdn han khidn hg trd ndn dd bi tdn thuang ddi mat vdi cdc su ki$n bdt ngd t^ nude tidp nh§tn Ddng ngudi di cu bi anh hudng Idn bdi eac su ki|n ben ngodi bien gidi qudc gia vd ngodi tdm kidm sodt: vf dy nhu su bdt dn kinh td, thidn tai, bdt dn chfnh tri vd mdu thudn tiem dn tai nude tidp nhdn Khiing hodng kinh td hidn dang la mdt thdch thiic ddi vdi cae 71 qudc gia vd cdng ddng qudc td Khiing hoang dang t^o cang nhidu cdc ddng di cu vdi quy md Idn va phiic tap vd cdc hinh thiie di cu bidn ddng khac vd qua dd, quy md di cu bidn dgng cua ngudi ti-ong cdc cudc khiing hodng nhan dao dang ddn trd ndn rd rdng hem Nhdm di cu chiu anh hudng cua khiing hodng ed nhung bidu hidn vd tinh dd hi tdn tiiuong vd ddng thdi, cac ddng di eu vdi quy md Idn vd phiic tap ciing vdi cac hinh thiic di cu bidn dgng khdc tao cae thach thiic nghidm ttgng vd lau ddi ddi vdi cdng tdc quan ly hi?n tugng ndy Tuy vay, nhidu trudng hgp, quy md di cu ciia khung hodng thudng bj xem nhe vd bd qua qua trinh iing phd vdi khung hodng Khung hoang di cuquSc tihipi Khiing hodng di cu didn ngdy cdng nhidu han vd cdng phiic tgp ban vi nd khdng chi lien quan tdi su di chuydn chd sinh sdng cua ngudi ma di kem theo cdn la sy di cu ve van hda, tdn giao, loi sdng, phong tyc tap quan vd v|iy, se xudt hi^n hi?n tugng tiep bidn van hoa vd vi?c Igi dyng sy khdc bi?t vd van hda vd tdn gido se dan den cdc hign tugng xa hdi ma nghiem trgng nh4t Id khung bd, xung dot sdc tdc, t6n gido, gdy mdt dn dinh an ninh, chinh tri, kinh td vd xa hdi ciia nude tiep n h ^ ddn di cu Cd nhidu nguydn nhdn ddn ddn di cu qudc td: tir ly khiing hoang kinh td - tdi chfnh, den nhiing mdi hidm nguy tii thidn tai, ddng ddt, song thdn, bidn ddi khf hdu (khien nude bien xdm thuc ddt lidn lam mdt bo phdn ddn cu qudc gia phai dich chuydn len vung ddt cao hon), ddn nhtog nguyen nhan ngudi gay nhu xung ddt, chidn tranh, ndi ehien, thay ddi the chd ehhih tri Cac 1^ dd ddn ddn nhfing bidn ddng Idn t6i cudc sdng, su an toan, dn dinh cua mgt bd phdn ddn cu hoac mdt phan hoac ca cdng ddng ngudi di cu vd khidn nhftng ngudi dd phdi dich 12/2015 Nghien cuu Qudc tisd (103) chuydn ddn noi an todn hon Hien tugng khiing hoang di cu ndu khdng dugc xii ly thda ddng se tidp tyc gay hgu qua Idn hon, rdng hon, vugt khdi pham vi mgt qudc gia, ma dnh hudng den ca khu vuc bode thd gidi Bang chung rd nhdt Id cudc khiing hoang di cu hien tu chdu Phi va Trung Ddng sang chau Au bat ngudn tii chidn tranh va xung dot d cdc qudc gia gdc Nhan thiie dugc tac dgng nghidm trgng do, eac qudc gia, cdc nhdm nude vd trdn binh dien rdng Idn hon la cdc to chiic qudc td nhu td chiic lOM da dua vd trien khai thuc hien cac quy chd, co chd dd han chd tdc dgng tidu cue cua khiing hoang di cu, gidm thidu thidt hgi gdy vdi nude tidp nhdn, nude gdc vd nude qua cdnh Cd the ndi, khiing hodng di cu tdc dgng ddn hdu hdt cdc qudc gia lidn quan vd bdn thdn ngudi di cu, ddi hdi cdn ed ea chd gidi quydt hieu qud khiing hodng di cu nham phat huy tdi da Igi ich cua di cu cung nhu bdo vd quyen va Igi fch hgp phdp cua ngudi di cu Dd gidi quydt vdn dd ndy, nhidu qudc gia da phdi tim cac bi$n phdp iing phd khdn edp hoac thiet lap nhiing ea chd xii ly khung hodng qudc gia nhdm du bdo, iing phd vd Cliu trg kip thdi cdng dan nude minh khdi viing bi khiing hodng hoac viing chiu dnh hudng ciia khiing hodng Cac qudc gia cung tim kidm su hgp tac khu vuc bode qudc td dd tang cudng cdng tac qudn 1^ di cu cung nhu xii ly khiing hodng vdi mgt myc dfch chung Id hoan thidn thd chd de bdo v | quyen loi ngudi di cu Khung hoat dgng xur ly khung hodng di cu ciia Td chiic di cu qudc td (lOM) dugc thdng qua nam 2012 la mgt vf du diln hinh cho co che hgp tac qudc td vd xii \f khiing hodng Khung hoat ddng xii ly khiing hodng di cu dugc coi la mdt cdng ey thuc tidn, mang tmh iing dung vd dugc dp dyng todn td chuc nhdm muc dich cdi thi$n vd bd thdng hda phuang thiic hd tig cdc nude thdnh vidn va ddi tac, qua do, giiip cdng tdc chuan bi va iing phd hieu qud han ddi vdi khiing hoang di cu Khung hodng di cu cfia Vidt Nam thdi gian qua Nhimg cudc khung hodng di cuma Viet Nam Ih quoc gia gdc Vdi dudng Idi, chii truang hdi nh$p qudc te sdu rdng cua Vi^t Nam, giao luu, di lai cua cdng ddn Vidt Nam nude ngoai va ngudi nude ngoai ddn Viet Nam ngdy cang tdng sd lugng, da dang, phiic tgp vg loai hinh giao luu; lao dgng, du hgc, kdt hdn, dinh eu v.v Thdm vao dd, cdng ddng ngudi Vidt Nara d khdp nai trdn thd gidi, trdn nam chau li^ ciing cd nhung boat ddng giao luu, di lai rdt da dgng va phiic tap Vi v^y, mdt thyc td khdch quan dat Id ngdy cdng cd nhidu vy vide tOc nho le nhu ggp hogn nan, khd khan, tai nan, nii ro, td ngn xa hgi den nhung vSn dd di cu ndy sinh Trong thdi gian qua, nhdt la kd tir btmg nd su ki?n miia xuan A Rap, Viet Nam Id nude hiing ehju nhidu cugc khung hoang di cu vdi nhiing tdc ddng tieu cue ciia nhiing cudc khiing h o ^ g ndy v& ciing phdi trien khai thuc hien nhung bien phap iing phd cdn thidt D61^ cugc khiing hoang d Li-bi, U-erai-na, Nga Thf dy, nude ta md rdng quan h$ hgp tdc lao dgng vdi cdc nude Trung Ddng - chdu Phi, lao ddng Vidt Nam dugc gui sang Li-bi va mOt sd nude khdc cd nhu can c4p thidt ddi vdi mdt sd lugng lao ddng Tiiy nhidn, tinh hinh ndi bd Li-bi phiic tap, mau thudn ndi bO gay gat, ddn den chuydn ddi the che, gdy ndn khiing hoang di cu, lam eho su an todn cda hdng vgn lao dOng ciia Vi?t Nam va ede nude dang 1dm vide tai dSy khdng dugc dam bdo Tinh hinh dd tao thdch thiic cho Viet Nam Nam 2011, d Li-bi, chd cua Gaddafi hi Idt dd bdi luc lugng chdng doi nude, lao ddng Viet Nam vd mgt sd nude phai so tan khdn edp Chfiih phu Viet Nam da nhanh chdng iing phd, thdnh Igp Ban chi dgo ciia CMnh phu, lap cdc dodn cdng tdc ddn Li-bi vd nude lan can dd td chiic sa t ^ cdng ddn, van ddng sy giup dd qudc td eua lOM, Chu tiigp dd qudc te, 74 12/2015 Nghien cuu Qudc tisd (103) cdc nude ximg quanh Li-bi Vdi nd iuc va trdch nhiem cua Nhd nude, 10.500 lao dgng Vidt Nam dugc dua vd nude an todn Cau chuydn lap Igi nam 2014, phe phdi Li-bi Igi mdu thuan gay gat vd xdy xung dgt Chidn su d Li-bi de dga tfnh mgng vd sv an todn cua 1.700 cdng ddn ta dang lao ddng tai day Bg Ngoai giao da phdi hgp chdt che vdi Dai su qudn Viet Nam tgi Li-bi, Ai-cap, Angid-ri, Phap, Diic, ^ v.v , vdi BO Lao ddng, Thuang binh vd Xa hOi, kdt hgp van ddng hd tig eua td chiic qudc td lOM eiia eac nude Tuy-ni-di, Ai-cdp, Phap, Diic, Thd NhT K^ dd dua 1.700 lao ddng an todn vd nude Thuc tien trdn eho thdy, cUng vdi su phdt trien quan h§ qudc te sau, rgng, cac quoc gia ciing dang phdi ddi mat vdi nhGng thdch thiic thien tai hoac chfnh ngudi gay ndn Trong di cu ciia cdng dan Viet Nam nude ngodi tdng mgnh md, thi didu dd ciing cung d^ng nghia vdi khd nang phdi gidi quyet khung hodng di cu xudt hien tinh hudng edp bdch, khdn edp nhu trudng hgp ddng ddt, sdng than tgi Nhat Ban nam 2011, Vi?t Nam da tidn hdnh sa tdn vd nude 450 sinh vidn, thue tgp sinh tai Fukushima vd viing dnh hudng quanh do; hay nhu ta xu ly trudng hgp chii lao dgng bdc Igt 260 cdng nhan Viet Nam tai Li-bang nam 2008, 69 nu cdng nhan tgi Ma-lai-xi-a nam 2012, 1000 cdng nhan tgi Mdt-xca-va nam 2012 Nhu v$y, cd thd thdy khiing hodng xdy ra, Chfnh phii Vi$t Nam Igp mdt sd ca chi tidn ngdnh, lidn bd de gidi quydt nhiing vdn dd Udn quan ddn di cu phdt sinh, nhung chua ed co che qudn ly thudng true, theo huitog chuydn mdn, chuydn nghiep Vi dy nhu: (i) ndm 2011, Li-bi xdy chidn su, Thii tudng Chfnh phii da chi dgo, giao BO Ngogi giao chii tri phdi hgp vdi BO Lao ddng, Thuang binh va Xa hOi, cdc ngdnh ehiic nang lien quan td chiic so tdn cdng ddn Viet Nam va chdng 12/2015 75 ta da dua hon 10.500 cdng dan Vi^t Nam dang lao dpng t»i Li-bi vi nuac; (ii) dSu nam 2014, xay xung dot t^ U-crai-na, Thil tudng Chinh phu da chi dao Bo Ngoai giao chii tii, phdi hgrp c4c nginh chiic nang Uen quan co kS hoach so t&i vi bao hd cong dan truang h(} khin cip; (iii) thtog 7/2014, Thu tuang Chinh phii giao Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Bp Ngoai giao ph6i hap sa tan 1.700 lao dpng Vipt Nam tjii Li-bi, tji dSy xay xung dot dii dpi, de dpa an toin tinh mgng c6ng dSn ta Dik c6 nghia la thy tinh hinh vi cip dp "khung hoang" a nu6c ngoM, cin thiSt Thil tucmg Chinh phu se co van ban chi dao vk giao BO, nginh phh hpp chu tri ki hojich so tan cong dSn Cac bp, nginh itujc giao chu tri se xay dung ki hoach; de xuat lap Ban chi d^; hpp bin voi cac ca quan chuc nang lidn quan vi to chirc thuc hien ke ho^h so t i l cSng dan va t6 chiic dua cong dto Viet Nam vi nuac Cupc khdng hodng di cu md Vift Nam lit qudc gia dip nhgn Ciing vai tinh hinh nguoi Vi$t Nam or nuac ngoii c6 thj chjj nhihig tic dOng cua npi tri cic nu6c mi tra ngucri di cu khihg hoang xiy tai cic nude niy, thi co mpt thuc ti a nuac ta cung di xiil hien mOt vii lin c6 ddng nguoi nuoc ngoii di cu tir Viet Nam ve nude g6c Thi du gin day nhit Ii viec Trung Quoc ySu cau dua ve nude nguoi lao dpng Trung Quoc tir khu kinh te Viing Ang, tai Hi Tinh D\r an khu kinh te Viing Ang Dai Loan dau hi voi tri gia hon 10 ty USD de xay dung mpt khu c6ng nghidp t6ng hpp vdi trpng tam Ii nhi miy san xuat th6p vi cdng nghiep, dich vy ph\i trp Dyr an duac tien hanh 60% khfii lupng cdng viec, nhung dpt biSu tinh chdng Trung Qudc d|it dJui khoan HD 981 trai phep tren viing biSn Vipt Nam thing 5/2014 di lim day len lan sdng phan doi Trung Qudc cua nhan d§n ta Tai khu cdng 76 12/2015 Nghiin cuu Qudc tisd (103) nghiep Viing Ang, bien tinh bi bien tudng bdi mgt sd phan tu xau xui giuc, chii muu kich dgng, khidn ngudi bidu tinh dap phd tai sdn, nhd xudng cua nhd ddu tu, noi ed cdng nhan Trung Qudc lam thud, mOt sd vy xd xdt dan den nam cdng nhdn Trung Qudc hi thuang, bi chdt Vy viec trd nen nghidm trgng ban Trung Qudc cd tinh thdi phong su vide, dua dodn cdng tde vdo Ha Tinh, Binh Duong khdo sdt, ndm tinh hinh, xem xdt thidt hai, yen can gdp, thudng xuydn, lidn tyc dd dua may bay vd tdu chd ngudi vdo cdng Viing Ang dua 4.000 cdng nhdn Trung Qudc vd nude BO Ngogi giao va Cyc Ldnh su da cii doan cdng tdc vdo Vung Ang, Hd ITnh, true tidp tham gia gidi quydt nhung vdn dd dodn Bd Ngoai giao Trung Qudc yen edu vd phdi hgp chat che vdi dia phuang, bO, ngdnh dua 4.000 ngudi Trung Qudc Idn may bay, tdu bidn an toan vd nude Vy vide dua ngudi vd nude ndy dien d miic dg nhd, qui md d mgt dia phuang, nhimg vdi y thidu thidn chf cua Tnmg Qudc cd tinh thdi phdng su vide, dua phuong tien vao Viet Nam, bd trf thdng tin dgi chiing lay tin, lam riim beng ve "Idi" eiia Vi^t Nam bdi Hoa, "ddnh chdt" ngudi Trung Qudc dang lam vide tgi khu kinh td cua Viet Nam; chfnh quydn Viet Nam khdng "can thidp" kip thdi v.v Dieu cung da gdy su chu y nhat dinh ciia cdc nude tren the gidi, nhat la bdi cdnh cae doanh nghiep eua Dai Loan, Nhat Ban, Xinh-ga-po, Hdng Kdng, Han Qudc vd cua mdt sd nude khdc cung bi dap phd, ddt chay, hdi eua V.V Vi vdy, vide Trung Qudc dua ngudi vd nude da idm mgt sd nude va cd nhan khdng hieu, cho Id Viet Nam gay ndn bgo logn dan chung dd bai ngudi nude ngoai, ngudi Trung Qudc, khidn Trung Qudc phdi dua phuang tidn vdo chd cdng ddn vd Trudc nhirng y dd khdng thidn cbi, md thuc chdt Id Trung Qudc che gidu di su that rat rd rdng muu dgc chiera Bidn Ddng, dua ddn khoan HD 981 vdo viing dac quydn kinh td vd thdm lye dia cua Vidt 12/2015 Nam dd 1dm sy da rdi, tii ngang nhidn xdm pham chu quydn, quyen chii quydn va quydn tdi phan ciia ViOt Nam tai qudn ddo Hodng Sa, quan ddo Trudng Sa trdn Bidn Ddng Cdch 1dm "lap Id trdng den" eiia Tnmg Qudc dugc Viet Nam bidt trudc, hidu ro Chfnh phu Vi?t Nam da nhanh chdng ban hanh nhiing giai phdp ddng bg, quydt liet, giai quyet cd tuih, cd 1^, khdng chi vdi Trung Qudc, md cd vdi cdc ddi tac lidn quan nhu Ddi Loan (Trung Qudc), Nhgt Bdn, Xinh-ga-po v.v Do v^y, da 1dm cho chfnh quydn cac nude, cdc nhd ddu tu nude ngoai, cae bdn lidn quan h i ^ rd thyc tdm cua Chfnh phu Viet Nam, nguydn nhan sau xa cua cdc cupc bidu tinh Id bdt ngudn tir vide 1dm sai tidi ciia Trung Qudc O gdc di cu vd khiing hodng di cu, cd thd ddnh gid ddy Id cuoc di ddn Trung Qudc vd nude Trung Qudc ehii dOng thyc hiOn, c6 linh gdy chuydn, khdng phdi khiing hodng xa hdi hogc khung hodng kinh td d Vidt Nam khidn ngudi dan Tmng Qudc phai di chuydn ve nude Tuy v^y, y mudn chu quan cua qudc gia lidn quan thd hidn ydu td "keo" quan niem ve di cu va khiing hodng di cu Dudi gdc do, vifc B§ Ngogi giao va Cue Lanh sy tham gia giai quydt vdn dd dua cdng nhSn Trung Qudc vd nude Id mdt hoat dgng cdn xem xet tiong cdng tde di cu, xii ly di cu ed khiing hodng cua Vidt Nam Didu cd nghTa lil khdng chi can ed ca chd, chfnh sdch, bidn phap xu ly khung hoang di cu ciia Viet Nam theo chidu dua cdng dan Vidt Nam vd nude, md cin ed co che, chfnh sdch, bien phdp cua co quan chuc nang Viet Nam gidi quySt ngudi nude ngoai di cu tii Viet Nam vd nude hg Thdnh l|ip Trung tam xu ly khung hosng: Gidi phap cho Vi^t Nam Vdi suy nghi phdi chd dOng, tfch cue iing phd vdi van dd khiing hoang di cu dgc diem vd xu thd trdn thd gidi hidn nay: khdng m^t 78 12/2015 Nghiin cuu QuSc ti sS (103) qudc gia nao cd thd dan phuang phdt tiidn md khdng cd quan he vdi bdn ngodi, ciing khdng qudc gia nao dan le giai quydt dugc vdn dd di eu qudc td, bdi cdc qudc gia ngdy cdng cd Igi fch rang budc, dan xen vd phu thuOc Idn ViOt Nam dang ngdy cang hOi nhgp qudc te sau, rgng Qud tiinh hOi nhdp md nhidu ITnh vuc hgp tde, nhidu quan he giao luu, cdng ddn Vi^t Nam nude ngodi ngdy cdng nhidu vd tii nude ngoai tid vd Viet Nam vdi sd lugng ddng; ngudi nude ngodi ddn Viet Nam ciing ngdy cdng ddng Di cu tien tiid gidi ludn tidm dn nhung khd ndng cd thd xdy khung hoang, Viet Nam ciing chiu nhiing tdc ddng, dnh hudng nhat dinh vd khung hoang di eu vdi cdng dan Viet Nam dd vd se didn Tuy Viet Nam dang d giai doan tap trung gidi quydt khiing hoang di eu lidn quan true tiep, nhung vd lau ddi cdn thiet phdi xdy dyng mOt ca chd xu ly khiing hodng di cu dd umg phd chii ddng vd ndng tdm xii ly d pham vi rdng ban, hidu qua ban va tidn tdi qudn ly dugc khiing hodng, giai quydt sdm nhiing mam mdng cua khiing hodng, tii ddng gdp nhidu hon, phu hgp vdi vai trd ciia qudc gia rich cyc hOi nhgp qudc te Vdi sy phdt tridn cua ddt nude, mgt co chd hoan ehinh dd qudn I^ di cu, cung nhu qudn ly, xu 1^ khung hodng di eu can dugc nghien ciiu xdy dyng dd kip thdi, nhanh chdng xii ly, giai quydt cdc cudc khiing hoang di cu tuang ty cd thd xdy tuong lai Tnrdc mat, vide nghidn cdu xdy dyng mgt co quan, tgm ggi 'Trung tdm xu ly khung hodng" nhdm kip thdi ling phd vdi cdc tinh hudng khan cap va tridn khai hoat ddng bdo hd cdng ddn Viet Nam d nude ngoai va ngudi nude ngoai tai Viet Nam quy md Idn la rat cdn thidt Vide thdnh Igp Trung tam xii ly khiing hodng la nhiing nguydn nhdn sau: (i) Viet Nam ed nhu cdu thyc tidn cua quoc gia vira Id nude g6c, viia Id nude tidp nhgn, vua Id nude qud cdnh eiia van dd di cu; (ii) 79 Cd ca sd phdp ly vd vdn dd xem xdt ca chd "Trung tdm": Nghi quydt s^ 36 cua Bd Chfnh tri ngdy 26/3/2004 vd cdng tae ngudi Vidt Nam d nu6t ngoai, gdn ddy nhdt, Chi thj sd 1737/CT-TTg ngdy 17/10/2010 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu tidp tyc khdng dinh dudng Idi, chfnh sdch eua Dang, Chfnh phu vd bdo hO cdng ddn Vidt Nam d nude ngodi Mat khdc, nguoi nude ngodi d Viet Nam dugc ddi xir cdng bang vdi cdng dan Viet Nam tiong vdn dd di Igi, lao ddng, hgc tdp, 1dm vide Dieu ndy dugc the hi8n Hidn phdp ndm 2013 ciia nude Cdng hda Xa hOi Chii nghTa Viet Nam Cac van bdn phdp ludt khac, nhu Ludt xudt cdnh, nhgp canh, qud cdnh, di lai cua ngudi nude ngodi tgi Viet Nam nam 2014 vd cdc van ban khac khang dinh ngudi nude ngodi dugc Nha nude Viet Nam bdo hg cdc quyen ca ban cua ngudi tgi Viet Nam, vdi dieu kien tudn thu phap luat Viet Nam Tren ca sd do, viOc giiip dd, ho trg ngudi nude ngoM dugc cdc ea quan Viet Nam thyc thi, cd trudng hgp giup di chuydn khdi Viet Nam nhu tnrdng hgp ngudi Trung Qudc rut khdi Vi^t Nam hdi thdng 5/2014; (iii) Thuc tidn thdi gian vua qua, nhu ciu xu 1^ khung hodng di cu ciia Viet Nam cho thdy cdn thidt phai gidi quygt cd cdng dan ta di chuydn vd nude vd cdng ddn nude ngodi rdi Viet Nam; (iv) Kinh nghidm ciia qudc gia khdc ciing da xu l^ tuong ty 6-xtiay-li-a, Phi-lfp-pin, In-dd-nd-xi-a, Hoa Kj/, Phdp, Anh v.v Nhin chung la cac nude phat tridn, hodc cac nude dang phat tridn hon Viet Nam ddu nhin nhdn xii ly khiing hodng di cu rdt edn thidt phai ed mOt ca quan chuydntideh,chuydn nghidp, bai bdn nhu y tudng "Trung tam ndu tidn Han niia, viec kidn nghi lap "Trung tam xii Vy khiing hodng" cdn vi nhung 1^ khac Dd la: (i) vide thdnh lap "Trung tam" dh cdng viec xii ly van dd di eu ngdy cang dugc hodn thidn, chuyen nghidp han Vdi cdng tac bdo hg cdng dan cang trd thdnh mOt nhiem vy trgng tara ciia Bg Ngoai giao tiong tinh hinh hidn thi nhidu khi, mdt ca quan chuySn 80 12/2015 Nghien cim QuSc tisS (103) giai quydt vdn dd bdo hO cdng dan ciia BO khdng the giai quydt dugc vdn dd trdn todn lanh thd, ddi hdi phdi ed phdi hgp da ngdnh, da ITnh vyc giua Bg Cdng an, BO Qudc phdng vdi Bd Ngoai giao vd cdc dia phuang Do dd, mOt Trung tdm xu 1^ khung hoang se gdm ca che da nganh, da ITnh vuc, tii nhdp, xudt cdnh, ldnh su, den y td v.v mdi du ndng lye va khd nang huy ddng ngudn lye vd thuc thi nhiem vy, dudi su chi dgo cua Chfnh phii; (ii) vide thdnh lap 'Trung tdm" khdng chi gidi quydt vdn dd khiing hodng di cu tiong pham vi qudc gia, ma Trung tdm se Id ddi tac tuang xiing, ngang bang thii bdc hdnh chfnhti-ongquan h? qudc td dh tao dieu kien hgp tdc thudn Igi vdi cdc bdn nude ngodi Udn quan xii ly khiing hodng; (iii) Bdn thdn Trung tdm dugc Chfnh phu quydt dinh thdnh lap se mang chiie ndng, nhiOm vy dugc giao, nhung didu dang nhan mgnh han Id Trung tdm mdi cd dil quydn hgn dd buy dOng, chi dao, hudng ddn ede ea quan chiic nang lidn quan ciia cdc bd, ngdnh, dia phuang, co quan dai dien Viet Nam d nude ngodi thdng nhat tudn theo mOt trung tam MOt trung tdm nhu vay mdi cd khd nang ehi huy, tgp tmng cao nhdt ngudn luc dd gidi quydt khung hoang di eu, md rdt thdng thudng Id Udn quan ddn cac bdn nude ngodi vd cd vi thd de chi dao cac CO quan chiic nang nude Ld co quan ciia Chfnh phu, Trung tdm ndy se dugc h5 trg ve ky thuat nhu thdng tin lien lac vdi cac nude trdn thd gidi thudng xuydn vd lidn tuc, thdm quydn tidp can cac ngudn thdng tin, cd khd ndng Udn lac, trao ddi vdi khap nai trdn thd gidi dd sdn sdng hd trg cdng ddn; cdn cd dii phuang tidn vd ndng lye vd huy dOng phuang tidn dd xu 1^ khung hoang Dd lam viec nay, rat can thidt kien nghi vdi Chinh phii vd mOt bO ludt di cu vd nhgp eu dd cd chidn luge, chfnh sdch rd rdng, gia tii cao vd phdp ly Viet Nam mdi ban hanh Lu^t xudt cdnh, nhdp canh, qud cdnh vd di Igi ciia ngudi nude ngodi nam 2014, nhung chua didu chinh tdng the van de ngudi nude ngodi Thf dy nhu vide lao dOng tgi Viet Nam, Lu|t ndi tren chua dd cap cu thd, ciing nhu chua dd edp ddn vide xin nhdp cu, 1dm vide Idu ddi Vdn dd qudc tich dugc qui dinh tiong Lu$t qudc tjch sua ddi nam 2013; Vdn dd lao dOng chua dugc dua vao Ludt xudt cdnh, nhgp cdnh, qud canh vd di lai ciia ngudi nude ngodi ma dugc didu chinh bdng Nghi djnh sd 102/2010/ND-CP cua Chfnh phii Nhu v^y, Vidt Nam chua xdy dyng mdt van bdn Ludt thdng nhdt cac nOi dung can didu chinh lidn quan ddn nhap cu, di cu ViOc nghidn ciiu ban bdnh Ludt nhdp cu, di cu cd thd kdt hgp vdi vide qui dinh vd 'Trung tam xii ly khung hodng" dS chuyen tidch xu 1^ khiing hoang di cu Ndi tdm Igi, hda binh, hgp tde va phdt tridn Id xu thd chu dgo tiong quan he qudc td hien Tuy nhidn, tinh hinh thd gidi van tiem an nhieu ydu td phiic tgp, khd ludng; nhidu khu vuc trdn thd gidi vdn tidp tyc bdng phdt xung dgt vii tiang hoac bat dn chfnh tri Bien ddi khf hdu toan cau gia tdng ddn ddn nguy ca xdy nhidu tham hga thidn nhidn bit ngd ntar dgng ddt, sdng thdn, lu lyt v.v Cd thd ggi day Id mOt sd hien tugng din ddn khung hodng di cu Khung hodng di cu dang Id mOt thach thiic ddi vdi cdc qudc gia va eOng ddng qudc td Khung hodng dang t^o ngdy cdng nhieu ddng di eu quy md vd phiic tap, cae binh thiic di cu bien dOng khdc vd qua dd, quy md di cu bidn dOng ciia ngudi cac cuOc khiing hodng nhdn dgo dang ddn trd ndn rd rdng hon Nhdm ngudi di cu chiu dnh hudng cua khiing hodng cd nhflng bidu hi?ii v^ tfnh dd hi tdn thuang vd ddng thdi, ede ddng di cu vdi quy md Idn, phiic tap vd ede hinh thiic di eu bidn ddng khdc tao cdc thdch thiic nghidm tigng vd Idu ddi ddi v6i cdng tdc qudn ly Tuy vdy, nhidu trudng hgp, quy md di cu ciia khung hodng thudng bi xem nhe va bd qua ling phd vdi khung hoMig Vi vgy, bdi cdnh ndy, viOc nghien ciiu hudng tdi xdy dpg 82 l2/2m Nghiin cim QuSc tisS4(103) chfnh sdch nham quan ly khdng hodng ITnh vyc di cu Id didu cdn thidt dd ling phd vdi nhiing khiing hodng cd thd xay tuong lai, thdng qua dd, gdp phan qudn ly di eu hidu qud, toan dien nhdm bdo vd quyen vd Igi fch ciia ngudi di cu cung nhu tdi da hda Igi ich ciia di cu qudc td ddi vdi su tang trudng kinh t^ vd phdt tridn bdn viing ciia ddt nude./ TAI UEU THAM KHAO Cue Lanh sy - Bd Ngoai giao, Bdo cao tdng quan vi tinh hinh di cuciia cdng ddn Viet Nam nude ngodi Ha NOi, 2011 Dd tai nghidn ciiu ca sd Bd Ngoai giao, Bdo hd ldnh sif ddi v&i ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam & nu&c ngodi, 2011 Td ehiic Di eu Qudc td, Gidi thich thuat ngic ve di cu, Hd NOi, 2011 Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis - The Challenge to State and to Human Rights, Harper CoUins College, 1995 International Organisation for Migration, Migration Development and Poverty Reduction in Asia, Switzerland, 2005 Uitemational Organisation for Migration, Return Migration: Policies and Practices in Europe, Switzerland, 2004 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Disasters Report 2012, Switzerland, 2012 , 12/2015 83 ... phd hieu qud han ddi vdi khiing hoang di cu Khung hodng di cu cfia Vidt Nam thdi gian qua Nhimg cudc khung hodng di cuma Viet Nam Ih quoc gia gdc Vdi dudng Idi, chii truang hdi nh$p qudc te sdu... the ndi, khiing hodng di cu tdc dgng ddn hdu hdt cdc qudc gia lidn quan vd bdn thdn ngudi di cu, ddi hdi cdn ed ea chd gidi quydt hieu qud khiing hodng di cu nham phat huy tdi da Igi ich cua di. .. Lich sii lodi ngudi da chiing kidn cdc qua trinh di cu lidn tyc ciia ngudi Tii xa xua, di cu la bdn nang sinh tdn eiia ngudi, ludn tim noi tdt hon dd sinh sdng Trong thdi dai nay, di cu didn tren