BAN VE P « A T TRIEN RY NANE NE«E NE«IEP T S V u Xuan H u n g Vien Nghien aiu Khoa hgc dgy nghe Tom tat Hien cdn cd nhieu cich hieu khac ve thuat ngQ"ky nang nghe nghiep", dan tdi nhQng tiep can sai leeh hoat ddng p h i t trien ky n i n g nghe nghiep Bii viet trinh bay nhQng nghien cQu l i m rd ndi ham cua mdt sd t h u i t ngQ nhu ky nang, ky nang nghe, ky nang nghe nghiep, n i n g luc thUe hien, tU dd l i m rd ndi h i m cua thuat ngQ phat trien ky n i n g nghe nghiep l i m co sd cho viec thQc hien cic boat dgng p h i t trien ky nang nghe nghiep Tdkhoa: Ky nang, ky n i n g nghe, n i n g lue, ky n i n g nghe nghiep, p h i t trien, p h i t trien ky n i n g nghe nghiep Abstract Today, various v^ays of perception existing around the term "professional skills" have caused inappropriate approachs applied in professional skills development With the aim to elaborate the notions of "skills", "performance", "professional skills" though featured studies on these topics, this article also bring us to the real notion of "skills development" so as to create a solid foundation for skills developments'activities to come up later Keyword: Skill, competence, professional skills/vocational skills, development, skills development/ vocational skills development Khi ndi den d i o tao, p h i t trien ngudn nhan lUc, phat trien ky nang nghe nghiep ngudi ta thudng bi vUdng vlu v i o nhieu thuat ngQ cd lien quan nhu l i ky nang, ky nang nghe, ky nang chuyen mdn, ky nang nghe nghiep, ky nang cQng, ky nang mem.v.v Do khdng hieu dung ndi h i m cua nhQng k h i i niem dd, nen da cd nhQng quan niem hoac tiep can sai lech ve nhQng van de xung quanh p h i t trien ngudn n h i n lUc Bii viet dudi diy, trinh b i y nhQng nghien cQu ve ndi ham cua nhQng t h u i t ngQ Khai niem ky nang, ky nang nghe Cd nhieu each dinh nghia khac ve ky nang,tuy v i o cich tiep can.Theo tQ dien Oxfort[8], "ky nang" l i k h i n i n g de l i m tdt mgt cdng viee nao dd thudng ed duge qua d i o tao hoac kinh nghiem (the ability to something well, usually gained through training or experience) Theo dd, ky nang duge hieu la sU thao, tinh thdng ve cic thao tic, ddng t i c q u i trinh h o i n mdt cdng viee cu the n i o dd Theo TQ dien Giio due hgc[2], ky nang duge phan chia bac: Ky nang b i c t h i p (bic I) va ky nang bac cao (bac II) Ky nang bac thap la k h i nang thUe hien dung h i n h ddng, phu hgp vdi nhQng mue tieu v i dieu kien cu the bac ed nhQng ky nang hinh khdng can qua luyen tip,ne'u biet tan dung hieu biet v i ky nang tuong t u da cd de chuyen sang cae h i n h ddng mdi Ky nang b i c cao l i k h i nang thuc hien hanh ddng, hoat ddng mdt cich thao linh hoat, sing tao phu hgp vdi nhQng mue tieu nhQng dieu kien khic De dat tdi ky nang n i y cin t r i i qua giai doan luyen t i p cic ky nang don giin, cho moi h i n h ddng, ngudi ta khdng cdn ban t i m nhieu den thao t i e nUa vi nhieu thao tac da tu ddng hda So 35 thing 8/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [1] Theo T i m ly hge[3], ky nang l i k h i nang van dung kien thQc de g i i i quyet mdt nhiem vu Theo t i e g i i D i n g Thinh HUng[4], ky n i n g la dang h i n h ddng t u giic, dugc thuc hien cd ky t h u i t , dua v i nhQng dieu kien sinh hgc, t i m ly v i xa hdi d e i nhin, v i cd ke't q u i nhat djnh d i p Qng muc tieu hay chuan da dinh trudc Cd ky t h u i t tQc la khdng tien, m i tuan theo trinh tQ, quy t i e v i yeu cau ky thuit Tren the gidi, t h u i t ngQ ky n i n g d i dQgc l u i t hda nhieu dao luat cua nhieu qudc gia Theo Dao l u i t TESD/l /994 cua Philippines[10], ky nang ed nghia l i k h i nang dugc hgc v i duge thuc hanh de thUe hien mdt nhiem vu hay mdt cdng viee (Skill shall mean the acquired and practiced ability to carry out a task or job) Tuong tu nhuvay, Luit Phittrien ky n i n g nghe nghiep eua IMalayxia cho rang[9]: Ky n i n g dUgc hieu l i k h i nang dugc hgc v i dUgc thUe h i n h de thue hien t h i n h thao mdt nhiem vu hay mdt edng viec (skill means an acquired and practised ability to competently carry out a task or job) Til nhQng quan niem neu tren, cd the rut mgt sd nhQng dac diem ve ky n i n g nhu sau: - Ky nang cd mdt sd ndi dung l i nhQng q u i trinh tam ly, vi nd l i td hgp cua h i n g loat cic ye'u td hgp t h i n h nhQ tri thQe, ky nang, ky x i o da cd; nang chu y, tuduy ; - Ky nang cd tinh linh hoat v i cd the di chuyen tQ hoan cinh sang h o i n cinh khic; ky n i n g cd tinh k i t h u i t , tUc l i cd cau true thao tie va trinh tu tdchdc cae thao t i c dd; - Ky nang dQgc hinh luyen tip, dQgc hinh thinh q u i trinh boat ddng cila ngUdi Ky nang duge hinh t h i n h qua 05 giai doan: Giai doan bat chudc: Chi hanh ddng theo mau; -Giai doan l i m duge: Hieu nhiem vu, quy trinh lam viec nhung cdn cd nhQng sai sdt, thdi gian hoin cham v i ddi cdn c i n cd sQchi dan Giai doan lam chinh xac: L i m viec theo quy trinh, chinh xac v i hoan thien cdng viec nhanh chdng - Giai doan hinh ky xio: Ky nang dugc tu ddng h o i , tren co sd dd hinh nen ky xio - Giai doan l i m bie'n hda The hien k h i nang di chuyen ky nang sang cae tinh hudng mdi hoac hinh cic ky nang phQc tap (Hinh 1) [2] K H O A H O C D A Y N G H E A 001 GD3 Hinh Cdc giai dogn hinh thdnh ky nang NhQ v i y cd the thay mac du ed nhQng djnh nghia khie ve ky n i n g , nhien, deu thQa n h i n rang ky n i n g l i mdt q u i trinh t i m ly, dugc hinh t h i n h ngUdi i p dung kien thQc vao thQe tien Kynang co duqc qud trinh lap dilqp Iql mot hodc mgt nhom hdnh dgng nhdt dinh nao Ky ndng theo nghia hep hdm chi den nhiing thao tde, hdnh ddng eiia the eua eon ngudi Kynang hiiu theo nghia rdng hUdng nhiiu din kha nang, din ndng lUc ciia eon ngudl Trong mgt nghe cu the, ky nang theo nghia hep cung thudng dUgc hieu l i ky ndng nghe, tdc ham chi den thao tie, h i n h dgng cua ngUdi mdt nghe cu the nao dd Vi viy, tiep can n i n g lUc thUe hien (competence base training), ky n i n g l i mgt td quan trgng ba t b i n h td tao nen nang iQc thQe hien cua ngUdi (kien thQc, ky nang v i t h i i do) Theo tiep can niy, van l i nang cua ngQdi de lam tdt mgt cdng viee nao do, nhQng ngudi ta khdng chi nhan manh den ky n i n g ma l i sQ hda quyen nhuan nhuyen eua ea kien thQc, ky n i n g , t h i i degiup ngUdithUc hien mgt cdng viec n i o nhU mong dgi The nao la ky nang nghe nghiep? Ky nang nghe nghiep [professional skills hoac vocational skills) l i t h u i t ngQ cd ngudn goc tU t h u i t ngQ ky nang (skill), nhQng ndi h i m duge md rgng theo hUdng k h i nang v i n i n g iQc thUc hien cua ngudi "Nang luc thuc hien" l i t h u i t ngQ dUOc dich tQ tieng Anh (Competency hay Competence) hoac tieng DQc (Handlungskompetenz) dung cac t i i lieu cua nhieu t i c g i i trinh bay ve quan diem giao due, d i o t a o theo tiep can n i n g lUc thUc hien Theo quan niem niy, n i n g lUc thUc hien dUOc coi l i sQ tich hap nhudn nhuyen ciia ba td kiin thdc, ky ndng, thdi cdn thiit dihodn dddc tdng edng viee cu the eua nghi, chil khdng phai la su ton tai dgc lap giQa chung vdi va it lien quan den cdng viec cua nghe[5] So 35 thing 8/2016 Neu ky n i n g t h u i n dugc hieu theo nghia hep, hudng tdi thao tic, k h i n i n g hoat dgng eg the thi ky nang nghe nghiep dUgc hieu theo nghia rgng hudng tdi kha nang, nang lUe thUe hien h i n h ddng eua eon ngUdi cic linh vUc nghe nghiep Ky nang theo nghTa hep chi la mdt t h i n h td eua nang lue (ning lUe bao gdm kien thQe, ky nang va t h i i do) Trong hoat ddng nghe nghiep, ngQdi ludn bieu hien nhQng kha n i n g nhi't dinh de thUe hien cdng viee n i o Khi thue hien nhQng boat ddng ay, eon ngUdi c i n p h i i cd tri thUc, kinh nghiem ein thiet tuong Qng vdi boat ddng, cd k h i nang tap trung chu y, tU duy, tudng tugng Cd l i m nhu vay, eon ngUdi mdi thUe hien boat dgng theo muc dich T i t c i nhQng yeu td dd bieu hien k h i n i n g thUc hien hoat ddng nghe nghiep cua ngudi Cd ngUdi ggi dd l i ky ndng nghi nghiep, ed ngudi ggi l i ndng lue nghi nghiep, ed ngudi don gian ehi ggi l i ky ndng Do vay, ky ndng nghi nghiep p h i i dugc hieu theo ngiiia rdng (tQc l i nang lUc), mdi thay dugc d i y du y nghia cua ky nang nghe nghiep Ngiy nay, vdi tiip can ndng lite thUe hien dao tao, cic n h i sUpham n h i n manh den viee dgy hge tich hap kiin thdc, ky ndng vd thai cdn thiet dengudi hge ed thi van dung vdo viee thUe hien tdng edng viec eu the ciia mdt nghi Theo dd, ky ndng nghi nghiep hay ndng lUc nghe nghiep dUge hieu nhQ ve ndi h i m v i deu hQdng tdi k h i n i n g thUe hien cdng viec cua ngQdi boat dgng nghe nghiep.Tuy nhien, ndi den ky nang nghe nghiep, ngUdi ta thudng khu tru nd pham tru cua ky nang (nang lUc h i n h dgng) nhieu hon d cic linh vQc khic nhu kien thQc v i cic pham chit t i m ly nhQ dao dQc, t h i i do, h i n h vi Cdn ndi ve nang luc thi thudng la rdng hon v i hQdng v i o c i ba td Nhu vgy, ky ndng ngbi nghiep duac hiiu Id khd ndng cua eon ngUdl thu'c hien edng viec nghi nghiep mdt cdch'cd hieu qud mdt thdi gian thich hap, vdi cdc diiu kien nhdt dinh, dua vdo sU tich hap nhudn nhuyen cdc kiin thdc, ky ndng, thdi dd Ky nang nghe nghiep duge phan chia nhieu loai khic nhau, dUa v i o mdt sd tieu ehuan xie dinh - Neu can cQ v i o mQc eua hanh ddng, ed cic loai ky nang don g i i n nhu dge, viet v i cic ky nang phQc tap nhu hgc tap, van hanh m i y mdc - Neu can cQvio.mQc bieu hien cua ky nang cd: -t Ky ndng chung, l i loai ky nang bleu hien d mgi boat dgng cua ngUdi nhu ky nang sQ dung cae edng cu lao ddng, ky nang hgc t i p , ky nang giao tiep, ky nang nghien cQu -t- Ky ndng neng, l i ky n i n g boat ddng nghe nghiep nhi't dinh n i o d moi nghe, thude vao tQng trinli do, ddi hdi ngQdi lao ddng p h i i cd cic ky nang tQOng Qng; - Neu c i n cQ v i o mQc quan trgng eua ky n i n g , ngUdi ta p h i n cic loai: -I- Kyndng eabdn: Gom nhQng ky n i n g ap dung de l i m viec ndi chung khdng d i n h rieng cho mdt nghe hoae mgt nginh sin xui't, kinh doanh, dieh vu; -f Ky ndng chung: Gom nhQng ky n i n g ed the i p dung chung cho nhieu linh vQc, n g i n h nghe cd lien quan; -I- Ky ndng cdt ldi: Gdm nhQng ky n i n g can thie't, bat bude p h i i cd de dQgc cdng nhan l i cd trinh nghe nghiep nhat djnh nao dd - Neu can cQvio tinh chi't eua ky nang, ngQdi ta cdn phan loai cic ky n i n g cQng v i ky n i n g mem + Ky ndng cdng (hard skill) l i ky n i n g chuyen mdn nghe - ky nang ky thuat eu the nhu kha nang hgc van trinh ehuyen mdn cho mdi cdng viee, n g i n h nghe n h i t djnh va kinh nghiem -I- Kyndng mim (softskiil)[7], thudng hieu l i cic ky n i n g khdng mang tinh ky thuat (hay cdn ggi l i Ky nang thuc hanh xa hdi) la t h u i t ngQ lien quan den tri tue xuc c i m dung de chi cic ky n i n g quan trgng cudc sdng ngudi Phat trien ky nang nghe nghiep la gi? TrUdc het, tQ k h i i niem " p h i t trien" eung l i mgt khai niem phQc tap, vdi nhieu quan niem khie Cd quan niem cho rang " p h i t trien" l i " v i n ddng" cd quan niem " p h i t trien" l i "tie'n bg".v.v nhien, ve co b i n cic quan niem n i y cung khdng t h o i t ly khdi quan niem cua phep bien chQng vat Theo triet hgc IVlac - Lenin, k h i i niem p h i t trien dung de chi q u i trinh van ddng theo chieu hQdng di len cua sQ vat, hien tugng, tU trinh thap len trinh cao tQ don g i i n den phQc tap, tQ kem hoan thien den h o i n thien; c i i mdi ddi thay the eai cu, eai tie'n bd ddi thay the cai lac hau[6] Theo Dao luitTESDA 1994 eua Phippines[10], phdt triin ky ndng l i mdt q u i trinh qua dd ngudi hgc v i ngudi lao ddng duoc tiep can mdt cich cd he thdng vdi eic ea hgi hgc tap de linh hdi hoac bdi dQdng, hoic e i hai ve kien thUc, ky nang va cich thUc Qng xQ c i n cd nhu l i dieu kien tieu chua'n can thie't cua mdt cdng viec hoic mdt loat edng viec mdt ITnh vUc n g i n h nghe Theo Luat Khuye'n khich phat trien ky nang nghe nghiep Thii Lan[l 1], "Phit trien ky nang"cd nghTa l i mdt q u i trinh m i cho phep hgc vien v i nhQng ngQdi tudi lao dgng cd dugc kien thQc, ky nang va dao dQc nghe nghiep, t h i i l i m viee tdt bang cich d i o tao v i cic iioat ddng lien quan khac So 35 thing 8/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [3] Theo Luit Phit trien ky n i n g nghe nghiep cho ngQdi lao dgng H i n Qudc[12], p h i t trien ky nang nghe nghiep cd nghia la boat dgng d i o t a o cho ngQdi lao dgng de giup cung cap v i eii thien nang lUc thUc hien can thie't cho edng viec cua hp "Phittrien l