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Sy kien - Nhan dinh xd hot hgc, sS (142), 2018 37 Cd CHE LAN TOA TIN DON TRONG KHONG GIAN BAN CONG CONG: NGHIEN CUtT TRUCJNG HOP Q U A N C A PHE H A N O I Lty THI MAI O A N H ' NGUYEN QUY T H A N H " Tom tat: Di^a tren so li$u khdo sdt chgn mdu 900 ngudi d Hd Ngi tic thdng 10/2017 din thdng 03/2018, bdi viet phdn tieh ca che lan tda tin ddn khong gian bdn edng cgng qudn cd phe Kit qud eho thdy, tin ddn khdng chi dimg lgi theo bg quy lugt truyen tdi chinh Id nhdn mgnh dg nghiem trgng ciia tin (sharpening), gidn lugrc chi tiit n$i dung Reveling), nh^n djnh thong tin theo bdn thdn (assimilation) md cd thim thdt thdng tin (adding) vd bdy td trgng thdi cd nhdn truyen tdi lgi thdng tin Ben cgnh do, bdi viit cung chi rdng cd nhdn dgc nhieu thdng tin khong ro nguon gdc vd ehua cd kit lugn chinh thuc tie ca quan chinh thdng thudng cd cdm giac hoang mang, lo Idng mdt niim tin vdo xd hgi vd truyin tdi tin ddn nhiiu han Vi vgy, huang tai Idem sodt tin ddn hi^u qud Id rdt quan trong xd hdi thdng tin hi4n Tir khda: tin ddn, hinh thdnh tin ddn, khdng gian bdn cdng cgng Nhgn bai: 02/4/2018 Gui phdn bien: 02/5/2018 Duy^t ddng: 05/6/2018 D^t van de Trong nghidn ciiu xa hf i, tin ddn Id hifn tugng tdm ly khdng the thidu lgi ieh vd gid tri Clia ngudi bj chi phdi hay cd nguy ea bj chi phdi bdi nhihig van di xd hgi Thugt ngft tin don duge Peterson vd Gist (1951) di cgp mgt cdch thdng thudng nhdt la thdng tin ehua duge xdc minh hogc Idi gidi thich vd cdc sy kif n, lan truyen tft ngudi sang ngudi khde vd lidn quan din mdt ddi tugng,sy kifn hodc vdn dd cdng chdng quan tdm Trong dd, khdng gian ban cdng cgng duge xem Id noi ly tudng di cdng chiing thao lu$n vi nhftng vdn di hg quan tdm Tgi ddy, ngudi sft dyng khdng gian bdn cdng cfng thudng duge hudng cdc dich vy di kem, song bi ap ddt theo nhftng quy chudn nhat dinh Cy thi hon, khdng gian bdn cdng cgng mang mdt phan tinh chdt eiia khdng gian ty nhdn vd Id sy chuyin tiip, giao thoa gifta khdng gian cdng efng vd khdng gian tu nhan Chdng hgn nhu tgi qudn cd phe, edng chiing la khaeh hdng ed thi sur dyng cdc dich vy nhung phai tudn thii theo quy dinh cua chii sd hftu nhu: hanh vi dn mdc, mua bdn, tra phi djch vy vd tuan thu thdi gian md - ddng eua Ddy chinh Id khdng gian bdn cdng ' Dgi hgc Khoa hgc xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Hd N0i " Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi 38 Ca chi lan tdatinddn khong gian bdn cong cgng cdng dgc thu d Viet Nam va duge xem Id nai chon eho nhdm edng chiing trao d6i thdng tin, giao tiip, tao diiu kifn cho sy hinh thdnh vd phdt hien tin ddn Theo Allport vd Postman (1947), tin ddn thudng duge truyin tft ngudi sang ngudi khde qua eon dudng truyen mifng song cdc phuang tifn truyin thdng cd mgt vai trd quan trgng sy lay lan eua ehiing (Hall, 2011) Sy phdt triin manh mS eiia cdc phuang tifn truydn thdng, intemet cung gdp phan Id cdng eu ddc lyc cho nhieu ddi tugng lgi dyng de truydn tdi nhftng tin ddn that thif t vi myc dich cd nhan ho^c tgo sy chii y cda cdng chiing Cd thi thdy, tin ddn xdu khdng chi gay thift hai linh vyc kinh ti, chinh tri nia cdn dnh hudng tdi tam l;y todn xa hgi Bdi vgy, myc dich cua bdi viit la lam rS ca chi lan tda tin ddn khdng gian quan ed phe va phdn ling ciia nhdm cdng chiing giao tidp, xft ly tin d^n tidp nhgn Thdng qua dd, tac gia mudn ldm rd hon vai trd vd tdm quan trgng eua cae cd nhdn/nhdm vifc tao dung mdi trudng giao tiip, thao ludn, trao ddi thdng tin dan den hinh tin ddn Nghidn ciiu ddt hai cdu hdi: 1) Mire dg tham gia vao khdng gian ban edng cdng qudn ca phe eung vdi qud trinh tidp nhgn, bdp meo, truyen ddn thdng tin dnh hudng nhu thi nao din eon dudng hinh tin ddn? 2) Cd nhan nghe/dge duge nhidu tin khdng rd ngudn gde thudng cam thay mat nidm tin vdo xd hgi vd truyen tdi tin ddn nhiiu han? Ngudn du Ueu cua bai viet dua vao ket qua nghien eiiu de tdi Tin ddn vd su hinh thdnh tin ddn khong gian bdn cong cgng: Nghien cuu trudng hgp qudn ed phe tren dia bdn Hd Ndi Cugc khdo sdt phdng vdn bdng bang hdi vdi 900 ngudi, dd ed 472 nam vd 428 nu ket hgp phdng vdn sdu vdi 90 ngudi duge chia ddu tai ba khdng gian: ban edng cgng (qudn ed phd), edng edng va khdng gian rieng tu (hd gia dinh) Trong khdng gian cdng cgng vd bdn cdng cgng, mlu duge chgn theo phuang phap ngau nhidn thudn tidn Tai khdng gian rieng tu, quy trinh ehgn mau nglu nhidn don gidn dua theo danh sdch todn bd cac hg gia dinh Qud trinh quan sdt vd phdng vdn sdu duge thyc hifn tgi nhidu thai diem khac khoang thdi gian tu thdng 10 ndm 2017 din thdng nam 2018 2, Dia ban khao sdt Nhiiu nhd nghidn ciiu (Fraser, 1990; Howell, 1993) cho rdng, khdng gian cdng cgng dam nhgn vai trd cung cdp khdng gian eho cac hogt ddng xd hdi va c§ng ddng cua tdt cd cdc thdnh phan "quan chiing" Tuy nhidn, ngudi ta thudng phdn bift cdc Itnh vyc cdng cfng va rieng tu theo ddc diim gidi tinh, cdp bgc xd hgi vd mdu da ciia vi6n ben ITnh vye dd Theo Carr (1992), khdng gian cdng cdng bao gom cdc mdi trudng ngoai trdi, tao cdm giae de chiu giiip ngudi ta thu gian khdi cugc s6ng dd thi ^n Chiing bao gom dudng di bf, pho, cdng vidn, qudng trudng, plaza, vd cdc kiin tnic khde Ddy la nai the hifn eac gia tri vdn hda cua xd hgi ciing nhu cde dgc diim v$t chdt, xd hdi, chinh tri vd kinh ti Trong dd, ngudi ta cd quyen trao ddi thdng tin, giao tiip vd hoat dfng chinh tri Khdng gian cdng cgng duge khdo sat nghien edu la khdng gian khdng thudc dia diim tu nhdn vd la mgt khdng gian md cua xa hgi md ngudi dan cd thi de ddng tiip can Cy thi, nghien eim thuc hifn khdo sdt tai khu vyc Hd Hodn Kiim va edng vien Thdng Nhdt d Ha Nfi Doi tugng den hai khdng gian cdng cgng tren Lu Thj Mai Oanh, Nguyin Qtry Thanh 39 kha da dgng, md rgng ddi vdi tdt cd mgi ngudi, khdng phdn bift gidi tinh, chiing tgc, dg tuoi hay vimg miin Khdng gian rieng tu nghidn ciiu duge hieu Id khdng gian thude sd hftu tu nhan vd mdt dia ly va thudng di kem vdi sy kin ddo, kidm sodt ehdt ehS, thien kiin, vi ki, va cdm xiic Khdo sat khdng gian rieng tu duge thyc hifn tai nhd ddn phudng Thinh Quang, mgt phudng lya chgn nglu nhidn thuge Qugn Ddng Da, Hd Nfi Phudng TMnh Quang thuge phia Nam qudn D6ng Da, cd difn tich 0,45 kmS dan sd ndm 2010 Id 3.113 hg dan (18.006 nhdn khau) 11 cym ddn cu (Nguyen Minh Nguyft vd Phgm Thi Kim Thanh, 2010) Nhin chimg, phudng TMnh Quang Id noi cd diiu kifn ty nhidn khd thuan lgi cho vifc phdt trien kinh ti, xa hdi nen thu hiit khd ddng ngudi dan tir ede nai ddn sinh s6ng vd ldm vifc Trong nghidn cihi ndy, khdng gian bdn cdng cgng duge hidu Id sy kit hgp gifta khdng gian cdng cfng vd rieng tu Chang hgn nhu d mgt efta hdng, ta sd thdy sy pha trdn eua hai dinh nghia cdng cgng vd rieng tu: cung cd quyin vdo vd ghe qua md khdng phdi mua gi, nhung ngudi se khdng cd toan quyen thye hifn cdc hdnh dgng khdng lidn quan den chuc ndng cita cua hdng Cde hdnh lang vd eon ph6 trung tdm mua sam ed the duge tinh la khdng gian edng cgng, vd chung van ed the md cita eho khaeh su dyng cd cdc efta hang da ddng cda Tuang ty la ga dgi tau difn va xe bu^ cd nhdn cd nhu cdu cdn mua vd mdi duge vdo Thu vidn cdng cgng, ghd dd tren dudng hodc bdi xe edng cgng eiing la nhung khdng gian edng efng Doi vdi cde khdng gian "bdn cdng cgng" thi ed thd cd nhieu quy tdc ling xu md ngudi ta phdi tudn theo han la d khdng gian cdng cdng, vi dy nhu cdch dn m§c, cdch budn bdn, cam ngudi dn xin, gidi hgn quydn qudng cdo, gidi hgn quyen chup dnh, gidi han quyen dan dp phich, cdm trugt van' Tgi day, ca nhdn vira cd cdm gidc la mft noi minh cd thi din, ndi chuyfn vd thdo ludn vi nhiiu vdn di khae (cdng cdng vd ridng tu), nhimg dong thdi hg eiing nhgn thdy cdn phdi tudn thu nhiing quy dinh duge nhihig ngudi chu sd hihi ddt Qudn cd phe la khdng gian bdn cdng cdng ddc thii d Vift Nam va duge xem Id nai chon cho ede cd nhdn gdp gd, thdo lugn eac chu di quan tdm Trong khdng gian bdn cdng edng, dia bdn nghien edu duge lya ehgn ed chii dich gdm qudn ca phe tgi Ha Ngi M6i qudn cd phd duge quan sat 15 lan vdo thdi gian khde dd cho thdy sy khde bift vi vi tri, thiit ki cua quan vd ddc diim nhdn khau hgc ciia khdch hang Hai so ba qudn cd phe ndm d qudn Thanh Xuan vdi thiit ki tinh ti, nh? nhdng va khdch hang chu yiu Id dan kinh doanh, xay dyng, cdng nhdn, lao dgng ty cd dieu kifn kinh ti trung binh Qudn cd phe thii ba d qudn Hai Bd Tnmg vdi khdch hdng chu yiu Id sinh vidn, kinh doanh, cdng sd, nhdn vidn vdn phdng cd diiu kifn kinh te trung binh va khd gid Day chinh Id nai lya chgn tot nhat cho nhOng ngudi mudn trd truyf n, thao ludn d World Journals, Database of Academic Research Journals, (n.d.) Public space Retrieved from http://woridjoumal.org/articles/Public_space 40 Ca chi lan toa tin don khong gian bdn cong cgng bdn ngoai gia dinh vdi ban be, ddng nghifp vd cd vdi ngudi la vi nhihig chd de cdng cfng va rieng tu Ciy che truyin tai tin d^n khong gian bdn cdng cfng qudn cd phe Tin ddn thudng duge lan truyen nhanh chdng bdi nd thyc hifn hai chdc ndng dong thdi la gidi thich vd gidi tda sy cdng thdng tdm ly ma moi ed nhdn cdm nhdn duge (Rosnow, 1988) Trong xd hgi hifn dgi, cdng nghf thdng tin va cdc phuang tifn truyen thdng dgi chiing da gdp phdn phdt triin, lan tda tin d^n mdt cdch nhanh chdng va dnh hudng din ddi s6ng, nhgn thdc xd hgi Chinh vi vdy, vifc tim hieu qud trmh hinh thdnh tin don vi nhung vdn de ey thi vdi chu di quan tdm, ca che truyin tdi tin don vd phan anh edng ehiing tin ddn khdng gian bdn cdng cOng quan cd phd can duge tiep can da chiiu tft gde dg xa hf i hge 3.2 Chu de tin dbn thdo lu^n va vi$c ghi nhd thdng tin Theo Allport vd Postman (1947), tin ddn la mft gia thuyit mang tinh dgc thii hodc thdi sy, ddng vai trd gidi thieh cho mdt niim tin nao dd Gid thuyet ndy duge lan truyen tft ngudi sang ngudi kia, chu yeu qua kenh truyin mifng vd khdng di kdm thdng tin bdng chiing xdc thyc Kit qua nghien ciiu eho thdy cdc cd nhan, nhdm cdng chung thudng di cap tin don lidn quan din nhidu ITnh vye khde vdi ngudi than, ban be, ddng nghifp vd thdm chi cd ngudi la tgi khdng gian bdn edng cgng qudn cd phe Tuy nhidn, cdc chii di thdo ludn thudng xoay quanh hai nhdm chinh theo tin edng (hard news) vd tin mim (soft news) Theo Tuchman vd cdng sy (dlin theo Smith, 1985; Whetmore, 1987; Limor va Mann, 1997; Patterson, 2000), tin ciing duge djnh nghia la thdng tin cd gia tri tin tuc cao (thudng lien quan den chinh tri, kinh te vd cac vdn di xd hgi) ddi hdi duge ddng tin lgp tftc Trong do, tin mem khdng yeu cdu ddng tdi gdp vd ed ham lugng thdng tin thdp ho§c bdng khdng, vi dy nhu chuyfn ddi tu ngoi sao, sd thieh, ehuyfn Ig Trong do, tidu chi dd danh gid vd phan bift gifta cde tin tiie eumg vd mim Id mftc dd quan tdm hay dnh hudng eua tin Neu nhu tin tiic cdng thucmg di cdp den cac logi thdng tin thufc linh vyc kinh td, chinh tri, k i ^ doanh, phdp lu$t, y te, giao dye thi tin mem lgi quan tam den cdc ITnh vye vdn hda, giai tri, the thao, du lich, thdi ddt BAng T^ 1$ quan tSm den ITnh vye thdng tin cua cSng chdng ir ba khdng gian Dan vi: % Lo9i tin turc Tin tuc Cling Nam NO Tin tire mem Nam Na B ^ c3ng c^ng 77,3 58,6 41,4 92,0 59,4 40,6 Klidng gian CSng cOns 76,7 47,4 52,6 90,7 50,0 50,0 RiSnstu 73,0 54,3 45,7 88,7 48,9 51,1 300 300 300 N Ngudn: Khdo sdt cua de tdi tgi Hd Ngi, 20 IS Chung 75,7 53,4 46,5 90,4 52,8 47,2 900 LQ- Thj Mai Oanh, Nguyin Quy Thanh 41 Kit qua khdo sdt tai Hd Ngi cho thdy cd su chenh Ifeh ddng ke ve t^ If cdng ehiing quan tam din tin mim (90,4%) vd tin ciing (75,7%) Sy chdnh Ifch cung tuong ty cd ba khdng gian edng cgng, bdn cdng edng vdridngtu Cde chil di thuge tin mim van Id nhung thdng tin duge quan tam nhiiu nhdt vd ed su khde bift vi chu di quan tdm gifta hai loai khdng gian Tuy nhidn neu ede tin mdm duge 92% edng ehung khdng gian ban cdng edng quan tdm thi ty If ndy khdng gian rieng tu la 88,7% Bdn canh dd, cd su khde bift theo gidi tinh vi cdc ITnh vyc thdng tin md cdng chiing quan tdm Theo Rakow vdKranich (1991: 11), "tin tiie cftng" mang tinh nghidm tiie, quan trgng vd cd vd nam tinh, cdn "tin tiic mim" duge coi la mang tmh sd thich, Idi sing, thudng thuge phgm vi ciia cdc phdng vien vd dgc gid nft Kit qua nghidn ciiu khdng chi mang tinh khang dinh lgi lugn diem trdn md cdn phat hifn them trudng hgp ngoai If Cy the ddi vdi tin ciing, khdng gian ban edng cdng vd ridng tu, nam gidi thudng quan tdm nhieu han so vdi nft gidi vdi gid tri tuong ling la 58,6% va 54,3%, nft gidi chidm 41,4% vd 45,7% Ngugc lgi, ddi vdi tin mim, khdng gian bdn cdng cgng, nam gidi Id ddi tugng quan tam nhidu nhat chiim 59,4% vd nu ehi chiem 40,6% Ly gidi didu ndy duge ddt bdi cdnh xa hdi hifn nay, nam gidi khdng chi dan thuan quan tdm den nhiing ITnh vyc chinh nhu kinh td, chinh tri— ma chii de lien quan din gidi tri, ddi sdng xd hgi eung rat duge quan tam nham dap ling sd thich, nhu cau hay dan thudn dd gidi tda tam li cd nhdn: Tdt ed cdc tin tuc minh deu dgc vd quan tdm Ngodi nhiing thong tin vi biin dong thi truang, ehinh tri phuc vu cho vi$c kinh doanh thi minh ciing rdt quan tdm den nhimg tin tiec mang tinh gidi tri giiip minh thdy thodi mdi han (Nam, 35 tuoi, doanh nhdn) Cd Id quan diim cua Rakow va Kranich (1991) chi phu hgp nghien ciiu khdng gian ridng tu bdi kit qud khdo sdt d Ha Ngi eho thdy ty If nXt gidi quan tdm din linh vyc tin mim Id 51,2%, nhinh hom t^ If nhdm nam gidi (48,9%) Trong khdng gian rieng tu, nft gidi thudng quan tdm den ITnh vyc tin mem nhieu ban khdng chi sd thich ma cdn di phye vy cho nhung nhu cau thidt ydu gia dinh: Chi thucmg quan tdm din cdc tin tiic nhu gidi tri, thai trang vd ed nhOng cdch ndu dn ngon, trinh bdy d^p de gia Ida gia dinh (Nft, 45 tu6i, ngi trg) 3.2 Cff chi truyin tdi tin don Allport vd Postman (1947) di cgp din vifc truyen tai tin ddn thudng xem xet din ba quy lugt ehinh la trao doi lgi cd nhdn mgnh them df nghidm trgng cua tin (eudng dif u hda - sharpening), gidn luge chi tiit ngi dung (nit bdt ehi tiit - leveling) vd trao ddi lai thdng tin theo nhgn dinh bdn than (ddng hda - assimilation) Kdt qua nghien eiru eho thdy sy truyin tdi tin ddn theo ba quy lugt cd sy chdnh Ifch ddng ki ba khdng gian khdo sat, va tgp trung nhieu nhdt d quy ludt nhdn mgnh dO nghidm trgng cua tin chiim ty If cao nhdt 49%, tiip din Id dien dgt ngi dung theo y cua minh 37,3% vd gian 42 Ca che lan tda tin don khong gian hdn cong cgng luge ehi tiit ndi dung 30% Ngodi ba quy ludt truyen tai tin d6n trdn, kit qud nghidn cihi cho thdy quy luat thdm thdt thdng tin (^ding) vd cdeh bay td thdi dd ciing duge cdng chung dp dyng qud trinh truyin tdi thdng tin vdi gid tri tuang dng Id 49% vd 29,6% Diiu ndy da bd sung cho hgn chi ldn nhdt thi nghifm eua Allport vd Postman Id vifc truydn tdi thdng tin khdng chi dan thudn mdt chieu ngudi nhgn tin chi truyin dgt lgi ma khdng gidi thich thdm Tren thye ti, nghien ciiu each truyin tdi tin d^n tgi cde khdng gian khde trdn dja bdn Hd Ngi, chiing tdi nh§n thdy cdeh truyen tdi khdng chi dan thudn dya tren hf qud ciia sy bdp mdo thdng tin va bdt nguin tu giao tiip don chiiu Thuc ti, qud trinh giao tiip thudng dien khd phiic tgp lien quan din ngudi nhan, qud trinh thdo ludn va bdi cdnh khdng gian khde S6 lifu tft Bdng cho thdy sy chenh lech ddng ki vifc lya ehgn cdc quy ludt di truyin tdi tin don tgi cdc khdng gian khae theo nh?in xdt eua bdn than ngudi trd Idi Bing Cdch truyin tfii l^i tin ddn t^i ba khdng gian khfic Dan vj: % C ^ cAch trap doi Bay td thdi df (d6ng tbih, phin d6i, gi$n dtt, lo s(? ) Logi khdng gian B ^ cdng cfng Cong cfng 28,0 Trao dSi 1^ thdng tin c6 nhan m^nh them df nghidm trpng ciia tin Trao (J6i Igi thdng tin cd bo sung th6m nh§n x6t cda b ^ t h ^ Ah thu ht^t hem Trao d6i l^i thdng tin c6 gidn lugrc chi tiit nfi dung Trao d6i lgi thdng tin theo nhgn djnh cua b^n than JV 28,3 Rigngtu 32,3 45,0 36,3 20,0 20^3 48,3 28^3 21,7 63,3 300 300 300 Chu thich: Phi=0.283 p
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