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Dac aiem va lao dong ciia nguoi cao tu6i hien Le Thj Thiky Ly' ' Vi?n Nghien cuu Van hoa, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hpc xa h^i Vi$t Nam Email: lethithuyly@gmail.com Nhiin ngiy 20 thing nam 2018 Chip nh$n dang ngiy 13 thing 10 nam 2018 T6m tit: Nhiing tiSn bO manh me ciia y hgc va sy cai thign khong ngung dieu kign song da khien ngucri cao tuoi cang ttd mgt bg phan chiem ty ttgng dang ke ttong ccr cau dan so ciia nhidu qu6c gia, ttong d6 cd Vi^t Nam Tuy nhien, ttong bdi canh cua xS hgi cdng nghi?p vdi nhiing thay ddi nhanh chong ve ddi sdng cdng nghp va cdc hinh miu v3n hoa, ngudi cao tudi hien dang nim ttong nhom bj "ngoai Id hoa" Dac biet, nhung dinh kien ttong quan niem ve lao dgng cua ngucri cao tudi vdi nhieu net thieu tich cue dang la ttd nggi chinh ddi vdi viec giai quydt vkn de lao dgng cua ngudi cao tudi Ngudi cao tudi c§n dugc hda nh^p va co the cong hien nhieu hon cho xa hgi Tir khoa: Ngudi cao tudi, quan ni?m, lao dgng, djnh kidn Phan Ioai nganh: Xa hgi hgc Abstract: The dramatic advances in medicine and the incessant improvement in living conditions have made the elderly increasingly a significant part of the demographic stmcture of many countries, includmg Vietnam In the context of the industrial society, however, given the rapid changes in technologies and cultural patterns, they are now among the marginalised In particular, prejudices in the perception towards tiie labour of the elderiy, being more negative than positive, have been tiie main obstacles to handling the issue of the labour Elderly persons need to be able to integrate and contribute more to the society Keywords: The elderly, perception, labour, prejudice Subject classification: Sociology Mo- dau Ngudi eao tiidi la mgt phin khdng nhd ciia dan sd nhieu noi trdn thd gidi, ttong dd 64 cd^ Viet Nam, viec gia hda dan sd dang dien vdi tdc cao, va van dd lao ddng cua ngudi cao tiidi la v i n dd khdng hd nhd ddi vdi ban tiian hg Cugc song cung nhu Ld Thj Thuy Ly day [1] va tudi thg trung binh cua dan sd ca nude da dgt den sd 73,4 vao nam 2016, theo thdng bao cua Bg Y te Do dd, vigc ket ndi khai niem "lao" vdi tam tudi dudi 60 ttong dan cu khdng cdn phd bidn nua Du cgt mdc ciia tudi gia hi day xa hon trudc dang kd, song tudi gia vln thudng bj gan vdi sy thoai hda, timg budc hogc ddn dap, khdng thd ttanh khdi ve tit ca cac mat cua ngudi: thd lyc, tri tue va tam ly Vd thd lyc, gia bi xem ddng nghTa vdi ydu Sy thoai hda ve thd lyc bidu hidn ca d bdn ngoai va ben ttong co thd, vdi nhftng dau higu phd bidn nhu bgc tde, chimg da, giam Quan niem ve dac diem cua nguni cao tuoi chidu cao, loang xuong, giam thj lyc va thinh lyc, mac cae benh ndi va ngogi khoa "Nhan smh that thap cd lai hy" la cau ndi dgc tiung Ngudi nao ed nhieu bieu bidn khdng chi dung vdi phuong Ddng ma cdn se bj cho la "da budc vao tudi gia", va dung vdi toan the gidi ttong mdt phin ldn ngugc lai, ngudi nao khdng cd nhung bidu ljch su cua nd Trai nghidm vd vigc sdng d hien trdn cd nghia la hg "van cdn xuan" Vd lua tudi ttdn 70 la rat hiem hoi vdi nhidu tri tue, gia bj xem dong nghTa vdi suy giam thd he eho den tan thdi can dgi Bdnh tat va kha nang ghi nhd va tu duy, vi thd vfta dd didu kidn sdng (dac bidt la tinh ttgng thidu qudn eai cu, vfta khd tidp thu cai mdi Tat dinh duong) da khidn tudi thg cua nhidn, khdng phai ngudi eao tudi nao eiing ngudi trude day tuong ddi thip Didu dd sa sut tri tue, tham chi cd nhftng nghidn cftu eho thay, dd tudi duge xem la gia khdng chftng minh rang, mdt so kha nang lidn phai la khai niem ed djnh theo ddng chay quan den tu cd thd tang ldn cimg tudi lich su Vdi nhftng cai thien vide tac [8] "Chua gia da lan" la can cira mieng cham soc sftc khde va ttong mfte sdng, tudi ciia ngudi Viet mudn than thd vd tinh thg cua dan cu khap noi da cang cao ttang giam tri nhd ciia minh Cau ngy y hon; va tudi thg trung binh tang ldn, rang, "lan" la dieu vdn chi cd the xay d tudi duge xem la gia ciing liii lgi, hay ndi each khac thi "tudi gia" ddn vai chung ta nhimg ngudi gia ma thdi Cdn vd tam ly, mugn hon nhidu so vdi cac thd h? tidn gia bj xem ddng nghia vdi sy thoai hda vd nhan Vao thdi ki trung dai, tudi ddi mat tinh each Mac dii tinh each la eai vdn muai timg dugc tinh la trung nidn va kha ben virng [19], ngudi ta vln cho ring tudi ba muoi timg duge tinh la lao nidn, vi ngudi cao tudi ed the se trd ndn ttai tinh so ngudi sdng ddn tam bdn muai la rit it di trai ndt, hoae se cd nhirng bidu hidn nao dd [12] Tuy nhien, ddn thi mftc chuin gidng nhu la tre eon "Gia sinh tat, dit sinh rd rang da cd sy thay ddi Idn Viet Nam la cd" hay "mdt gia mdt ttd bing nhau" eiing mdt vi du Ti I? ngudi trdn 60 tudi da tang la nhirng can noi quen thuge cua ngudi len nhanh ehdng ttong nhftng thap ki gin Viet ma ehiing ta thudng nghe edng vide lao dOng cua ho da va dang bi tac dgng ldn bdi nhftng quan nidm ciia xa hdi Hg bi xem la nhihig ngudi khdng cdn khde manh vd thd lye va tinh thin, khdng cdn cd nang lyc lam vide mdt each hidu qua, du tten thyc td khdng phai cung nhu vay Dieu gay nhiing khd khan ddi vdi ngudi cao tudi co gang djnh dang ban than theo each ma hg mong mudn Bai vidt phan tich quan nidm vd dac didm tudi gia va djnh kidn vd lao ddng ciia ngudi cao tudi hidn 65 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, s6 11- 2018 Tudi gia nhm chung bj gin vdi sy suy thoai, nhung nd van duge quan nidm mdt each khac ttong nhftng xa hgi khae Hay cd thd ndi, tudi gia la gi, dd la vin dd duge cae xa hgi quan nidm khdng gidng Moi xa hgi khac se ed quan nidm tijomg ddi ridng vd tudi gia Trong xa hgi tidn ndng nghiep, ngudi cao tudi bi coi la ganh ngng (vln tidp tue tidu thy tai nguydn ttong xa hgi chua thd cd tieh luy) Nhung, ttong xa hdi ndng nghidp, vdi kinh nghidm san xuat ndng nghidp vdn la thft kinh nghidm thudng di lidn vdi tudi tae, hg dugc ddng nhat vdi nhimg gi uutii.Rdi ddn xa hgi cdng nghigp, ttong sy van dgng nhanh chdng khdng ngimg cua ddng chay khoa hgc va cdng nghd, hg lgi bj gan vdi su thieu hidu qua, lae ban va tat nhidn bj xem la khdng hftu ich Cai "gia", vi the, chiu anh hudng bdi nhftng gia tri va chuan myc xa hdi, thgm ehi edn nhieu hon la bdi tudi tac sinh hgc va bdi tinh trang sftc khde Tudi gia la mgt bien tugng cd tinh xa hdi, va sy gia hda la mgt qua trinh thay ddi vai ttd xa hgi dugc quy dinh bdi Ifta tudi Mdi xa hdi ddu cd mdt sy hinh dung cu thd vd ngudi cao tudi, va tuong ftng, deu cd mdt sy ky vgng ung xu eho hg Trong thdi dai cdng nghidp, hmh mlu dugc khai quat hda ve ngudi cao tiidi ndi chung mang kha nhidu net tieu cyc Ndu tiudc thdi cdng nghidp, tiic d thdi dgi ndng nghidp, hg dugc xem la nhftng ngudi cd ddng gdp cho xa hgi nhidu nhit dotiuydnba tii thfte va kmh nghiem; thi gid day, hg bj xem la nhimg ngudi mit nang suit, mit tinh tiiieh nghi, va cudi eung la mit nang luc ehju ttach nhidm Vdi sy khai quat hoa nhu vgy, hg dugc dan nhan la cai lia tanttongthdi dai nay, chft khdng phai la cai dang yan ttgng 66 nhu ttong thdi dgi tien cdng nghidp nfta Bdn canh dd, xa hgi cdng nghiep khdng chi khidn cho ngudi cao tudi "lac hau" trudc sy phat tiidn rit nhanh chdng cua cdng nghg, ma khidn cho hg "lac hgu" trudc sy thay d6i khdng ngiing cua ca cae hinh mau van hda Vi thd, cae gia tri vdn cd ciia hgttdnphuang didn bj suy giam mgnh [21] Khi trayen thdng khdng tidp tyc duge coi la cai cd y nghia ldn ttong ddi sdng xa hOi, hg sd khdng cdn dugc de cao vdi tu each la ngudi giii gin nd [7] Hay, cung sy mat di gia trj vd mgi mat, ngudi eao tudi tu dja vj la chii gia dinh da thyc sy roi vao dja vj la ngudi phy thu^c cai hg [13] Ngoai ra, ttong xa hgi cdng nghiep, md hinh gia dinh md rdng da va dang dugc thay thd manh me bang md hinh gia dinh hat nhan, didu dd thiie day manh ban tinhttgngbj ed Igp ciia nhimg ngudi cao tudi (3 Dai Loan (Trung Qude), mgt nghidn euu da chl ring, ti Id ty tu dang ke ttong nhirng ngudi cao tudi eho thiy sy thach thiic ddi vdi huydn thoai vd gia trj ciia tudi tac tieng tdn tai noi day [15] Trung Qude, que huang cua Nho giao va la qudc gia cd tinh than ttgng lao bac nhat, thi quan didm ciia ngudi tte vd ngudi cao tudi hidn eiing xuit hidn nhidu ydu td tieu eye [17] Xa hgi Viet Nam xua vdn dd cao vi thd eiia ngudi cao tudi Cd tae gia viet: "Sy triing hgp vai ttd cua ngudi ehu hd, chu gia dinh, chii sd huu, ngudi gia ttong xa hdi ndng thdn tmyen thdng ehinh la sy khing djnh vai ttd cua kinh nghidm ttong mgt xa hdi ndng nghiep ehua ed tac dgng cua tii thuc khoa hgc ky thuat, cua dgo 1^ ttong mdt xa hdi chua dd eao luat phap, cua cac quan he tir nhidn (gia dmh Iang xdm) ttong mgt xa hdi chua phat tiidn cae quan he ehftc nang, eua qua khii ddi vdi hien tgi va tirong lai" [6, tt.166-167]; Tuy nhien, vi tiid da thay ddi: "Ngay Le Thj Thiiy Ly nay, nhftng cau ndi efta mieng xua nhu cac cy da day rang" hay "cac cy da ndi" khdng cdn sue nang tiudc sy bidn ddi tiiudng xuydn cda cugc sdng hien tgi Cung vdi sy phat trien manh me ciia van hda va giao due, kho kinh nghidm quy gia eiia cae cy xua dang cang ttd ndn lgc hau ndu ban than nd khdng duge tung ngay, tiing gid bd sung thdm nhftng tri tiifte mdi Qua dd, phan nao Iy giai vide eon cai it cdn hdi y kidn ciia cha me gia va chd dgi d hg sy chi bao each giai quydt tot nhit cho mgi van dd ttong cudc sdng eiia minh" [5, tt.49]; "sy chuydn ddi sinh hgc keo theo sy chuyen ddi vai ttd nang ddng ttong gia dinh vattongxa hgi" va tham chi gay "nguy ca can ttd did he va tidn bd xa hdi" [2, tt.377] Cac y kidu ttdn la cai nhin khdng qua xa la vd ngudi cao tudi d Vigt Nam hign khdng thd lao dgng va nen nghi ngoi Mac dii cd nhirng mat nhan van nhit djnh, luat gay hgu qua cho rat nhidu ngudi cao tudi vi nd bat chap viec khdng ed mgt bftc tranh dong nhat vd kha nang lao ddng d ngudi cao tudi Vdi nd, mgi ngudi eao tudi gan nhu chac chan mat bin thu nhap va ea uy tin xa hdi [II] Thuc td, da ed nhung nghidn eftu chi rang, ngudi cao tudi cd thd iam vide vdi hieu qua khong thua kem, tham chi tdt hon ngudi ttd [14] Lugt ciing khdng quan tam ddn nguydn vgng lidn quan ddn lao ddng d ngudi eao tudi, nhu nguyen vgng cd thdm ngudn tai ehinh, cd thdm sy thda man thay ring minh khdng phu thude, cd them ea hdi hogt ddng va giao tidp xa hdi v.v Ndi chimg, luat khdng ti-ao eho hg quydn ty quydt dinh nao thi ngftng lao ddng tten co sd didu kidn ridng Clia timg ngudi, ma cho ring hg cin dd ngudi khac quydt djnh vd vin dd Ben Dinh kien ve lao dong cua ngiroi cao eanh dd, cae nha tuyen dung eiing uu tidn tuoi hifn lya chgn nhftng ngudi khdng gia vao iam vide, vi cho rang hidu suit lao ddng cua Dai hgi thd gidi dau tien vd ngudi eao tudi ngudi cao tudi khdng ldn Chua kd, cae Lien Hgp Qude td ehftc tai Vienna nam phuang tien truydn thdng dgi chiing cd mgt 1982 tuydn bd ring: "Phai dam bao diy du, anh hudng kha mgnh me ttong viee tri khdng cd mgt ban ehd nao ddi vdi ngudi cd djnh kidn ve kha nang lao ddng eiia ngudi tudi, mgi quyen co ban va khdng thay ddi, cao tudi He qua la, ngudi eao tudi thudng da dugc ghi ttong Tuydn ngdn vd quydn ehi cd thd iam nhftng nghe ddi hdi it hogt ngudi" va rang "moi ngudi cd tudi deu ddng [16] Bdi ngudi cao tuoi khdng dugc cd quydn va nghTa vu phat huy mgi kha eoi la binh ding vdi nhiing ngudi "chua nang ddng gdp sue minh eho vigc xay dyng gia" ttong he thong xa hdi, ndn hg ciing gap mdt xa hgi cang tdt dep han" [3, tt.6] phai didu dd ttdn thj trudng lao dgng Tuy thd, thuc te thi ngudi cao tudi van eft Tai Viet Nam, ed mgt ti Ig khdng nhd ed xu hudng bj "ngoai Id hda" (loai tni) khoi cac hogt ddng lao dgng du hg mong ngudi eao tudi tham gia vao cac hoat ddng lao ddng Tuy nhien, xa hgi dang tdn mudn dugc tiep tue tgi nhimg djnh kidn nhit djnh ve vin dd lao Luat vd huu bat budc da va dang tdn tai dgng cua ngudi eao tudi Thyc te, rit nhieu d khdng it cae nude phat ttidn nhu mgt each ngudi cao tudi vin du kha nang va khao khing djnh rang, gia ddng nghia vdi vide khat dugc lao ddng dd tidp tiac lam ehu 67 Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 11-2018 cudc sdng tinh thin va vat chit cua minh, nhung ap lyc xa hgi da gay mdt sd khd khan cho hg Duong nhidn, nhiing ngudi bdc Id ro nhit djnh kidn trdn chinh la nhihig ngudi tuydn dyng lao ddng Cd nhihig ngudi cho biet, hg chua bao gid cd y dinh thud ngudi eao tudi lam vide Ly dua la "thidu gi ngudi ma phai thud ngudi gia", "lam ma hg nhanh tay nhanh m i t nhu nhiing ngudi tre dugc!" Suy nghT ring tudi tac lam cho ngudi ta ludn trd ndn cham ehgp chuydn dgng va quan sat qua thyc la suy nghT rat quen thuOc cua nhidu ngudi sft dyng lao ddng Nhihig nidm tin ky thj va nhftng khudn mau tidu cyc vd binh anh va nang suat cua ngudi eao tudi la phd bidn sd nhftng ngudi sft dyng nhan lyc, qua hgp ly hda vigc loai trir hoac ban che ddi tugng ttdn thi trudng lao ddng [10] Djnh kidn vd van dd lao ddng vide Iam Clia ngudi cao tudi tten the gidi va d Viet Nam bat ngudn tii mgt thyc td rang, cd nhftng ngudi cao tudi d ttong tinh ttang suy thoai dang kd vd the xac va tinh thin, khdng mudn lao ddng nua Khai quat hda la qua miie, vi khdng phai cung vgy Ro rang la, cd rat nhidu ngudi cao tudi eung kha gidng vdi nhirng ngudi khac (nhftng ngudi ehua gia) khdng gap vin dh dang ndi nao vd sue khde, va bg vln cd thd tidp tuc ddng gdp sftc lyc va kinh nghidm eiia minh vao sy phat tridn ciia xa hdi, ciing nhu thda man duge nhung nguydn vgng khae lien quan den van de lao dgng Ngoai ra, vide duge dam bao vd mat tai ehinh khdng phai la tinh ttgng chung ciia mgi ngudi cao tudi, nhit la d hiu hdt nhihig nude dang phat trien, nai eac chucmg trinh huu tri va an sinh xa hdi vln cdn phdi tiiai [9] Nhidu ngudi cao tudi, dac biet la nhftng ngudi ngheo, cin Iam them dd sdng Quan ttgng hon, lao dgng dem lai cho ngudi cao tudi ndi chimg Idng ty hao vd ban than va kha nang tii sy dgc lap Khi khdng cd cdng vide, hg cam thay minh khdng cd vj tri ttong gia dinh hay ttong xa hgi Tuy vay, dudi danh nghia nhan dao, ngudi ta thyc chit da gat bd gia tri va quydn ngudi Clia hg, diy hg vao thih ttgng sdng khdng myc dich Ching phdi vd ed ma nhidu ngudi cao tudi khing djnh rang, vide khdng dugc tidp tiie lao ddng da pha buy cua hg mgi thft: sy tu tin, cam giac cd ich cho xa hgi, long yeu ddi Cd thd khing djnh, ttong xa hgi ed quan nigm qua dn hoa vd nang luc lao dgng cua mdt ngudi nao chi vi ngudi dd cdn tte, thi ngugc lgi, xa hgi lgi ed quan nidm qua khat khe vd nang lyc lao ddng cua mgt ngudi nao dd chi vi ngucri da gia Neu phan ung, ngudi gia se bj coi la "khdng hidu gi ve minh ndi vd minh" Hay ndi each khac, ngudi cao tudi mudn mgt cai gi dd khdng gidng vdi md hinh hanh vi danh eho tudi tac cua hg, hg se gap phai ttd ngai tft djnh kidn xa hgi Dinh kidn vd tudi gia cua xa hgi ehinh la eai lam ngudi cao tudi mat di thai sdng tieh cyc ban ca sy lao hda thyc td ciia co thd, va vi thd, tudi gia hda Iai la sy "hung phat" cua xa hgi hem la ty nhidn Sy tdn tgi ciia djnh kidn gay tae hgi to ldn, tham chi nghidm ttgng hem b i t eft loai djnh kidn nao khae tung xuat hien tiudc nd, kd ea dinh kien vd gidi hay chung tdc va sic tgc, vi phgm vi anh hudng cua nd la rgng rai nhit Khac vdi gidi tinh hay chung tdc va sac tgc, tudi gia khdng tao nhdm cd djnh, hiu nhu mgi ngudi rdi se lin lugt phai budc vao nhung thang ciia "cai gia" Mac dii da ed khdng it nhiing nd lyc ttong vide tien tdi xda bd djnh kien vd tudi gia, bao gdm ci Le Thj Thuy Ly nhthig CO ging khdng bidt met mdi ciia chinh nhung ngudi ttong cudc, nhung vd eo ban thi djnh kidn vln thyc sy dang ed sftc manh va dang chi phdi xa hdi eiia chiing ta hang ngay, hang gid, vi noi dau ciing cd ngudi cao tudi Nhan xet Gidng nhu mgi lira tudi khac, nhihig ngudi budc vao tudi gia, d mgt muc nhat djnh, phai tuan theo md hinh hanh vi cua Ifta tudi ma minh dang sdng, ddng nghia vdi vigc Ian lugt tft bd nhimg md hinh hanh vi da ton tai ttong cugc ddi d eae giai doan thieu nidn, nidn va tnmg nidn Tuy nhidn, hg thudng bj coi la khd thich nghi vdi tinh ttang mdi nhu hg da tiing thich nghi dugc d nhftng giai doan trudc, nhat la tudi gia cua hg didn ttong xa hdi cdng nghiep vdn khdng eoi no la gia trj Qua la cd nhftng khd khan phai ddi mat vdi tinh trgng suy giam tri lyc ciing nhu kha nang tuong tac xa hdi timg ngay, nhat la biet rang tinh ttgng dd se chi xau din di ehu khd ed the tdt len Va thyc td, cd nhftng ngudi khdng thdtibiehnghi duge nen da roi vao sy tuydt vgng Nhimg, dd chi la mdt bg phan nhd Mgt nghidn cuu da chi rang, mftc thieh nghi vdi tudi gia phy thudc vao dang tinh each Ngudi ed dang tinh each "khdng hgi nhap" thi khd thich nghi nhat, vi phai dya hoan toan vao sy giiip dd eua ngudi khae Tidp dd, la ngudi cd dgng tinh each "thy ddng" (vdi dgc diem la muc hoat dgng thip), rdi tidp ddn la ngudi cd dang tinh each "ty xoay sd" (ngudi ludn cd ging chdng lgi nhihig dau hidu tudi gia bing mgi each), va eudi cimg, ly tudng nhat, la ngudi cd dgng tinh each "hda nhgp" (ngudi chip nhan tudi gia nhu mdt didu hidn nhidn se ddn ttong vdng ddi va sdng mgt each ty tin, lae quan) [18] Cung theo nghidn eim nay, da phin ngudi cao tudi dugc khao sat da tiiay ddi sy ty nhan thfte ve ban than dd phii hgp vdi hoan canh mdi Hay ttong mdt nghidn cftu ttdn didn rdng gan day d Viet Nam (tiidn khai tai tit ea eae tinh thanh) cho thSy, nhin chung ddi sdng tam ly cua ngudi cao tudi la "tuong ddi tdt" [4] Mac du vgy, ttdn thuc td thi ngudi cao tudi van thudng bj djnh kidn la khd cd thd chap nhgn tinh trang cua minh, va vi the ed thai dg sdng mang tinh tidu cyc hon la tich cyc Ndi each khac, ngudi ta van quen ehd dgi sy "khae thudng", dil d bat eft mftc nao, ciia mdt ngudi dang bude vao tudi gia, nhu the nd la kdt qua tit ydu ciia sy cang thang ngudi phai ddi mat vdi giai dogn Tdm lgi, trdn thd gidi cung nhu d Viet Nam, ngudi eao tudi vd eo ban dugc dinh dgng la nhdm ngudi khdng tranh khdi nhftng ban chd ve the lue, tri tue eung nhu tam ly Trong bdi canh efta xa hdi cdng nghidp, nhan thftc ay cang dam net ban, tudi gia cang khdng dugc coi la mdt gia trj Thgm chi, ngudi ta edn eho rang ngudi cao tudi xa hdi khd cd kha nang thieh nghi vdi chinh giai doan gia Clia cudc ddi minh la eo sd dan den nhihig quan nidm vd van dd lao dgng cua ngudi cao tudi hidn Ket luan Gifta thdi dgi ma tudi thg khdng ngimg duge tang ldn nhu hidn nay, ngudi eao tudi khdng cdn la nhdm thidu sd vi d mgt sd noi, nhat la nhung nude phat ttidn, ti le ngudi cao tudi cd thd edn ldn hon ea ti Id 69 Khoa hgc xa hgi Vipt Nam, s6 11- 2018 tte em Mac dii vay, ttong bdi canh cua xa hdi cdng nghiep ttdn thd gidi va d Viet Nam hidn nay, nhin chimg ngudi eao tudi nim ttong nhdm ydu the Cimg vdi tde van ddng nhanh chdng cua ddi sdng cdng nghe, nhiimg hinh mau van hda kem theo da khidn eo bdi dd ngudi cao tudi phat huy anh hudng ciia minh trd ndn suy giam Hinh anh tudi gia thudng dugc kidn tao vdi nhimg net tidu cyc Han nua, nhftng djnh kidn vd lao dgng ciia ngudi cao tudi dang anh hudng rat ldn ddn hg Hg bj quy ddng mgt each gian don la nhftng ngudi khong edn khde manh va la nhung ngudi khdng cdn CO nang lye iam vide hidu qua, la ddi tugng cua sy logi trir Van de nay, ro rang, can phai dugc thay ddi Tai lieu tham khao [1] Bp Ke hoach D i u tu, T6ng cyc Thing ke (2015), Dieu tra ddn sd vd nhd a giua ky thdi diim 1/4/2014: Cdc kit qud chu yiu, Nxb Th6ng ke H i Npi [2] Do Huy (1997), "Nguoi cao tu6i va vSn 6h bio km gia tri van hoa", Tudi gid, moi lien quan giOa cdc the he, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Noi Pham Khufi (1992), "Chlm soc nguoi cao tuoi" Tap chi Xa hdi hgc, s6 Hoing MOc Lan (Chu bien) (2015), Nhihtg vdn di lam ly - xa hpi cda ngudi cao tudi Vift Nam: Thuc trgng - gidi phdp trg giup vd phdt huy vai trd ngudi cao tudi tgi cpng ddng, Nxb Dsii hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi [3] [4] [5] Vu Hoa Thach (1992),'Vilri, vai trovaquygn Ipi cua nguoi gia xS hpi nong thon d6ng bSng B3c Bp hien nay", J^pc}]iXdhgihpc,sh2 [6] Nguyin Diic Trayan (1997),'Vi the cua ngiroi gia doi song gia fflnh va x2 hpi a nong th6n ddng bang song H6ng hien nay", Tudi gid - mdi lien quan giim cdc thi he, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Npi [7] Alchley R.C (1982), "Retiment as a Social Institution", Annual Review of Sociology, No.8 70 [8] [9] Baltes P.B, Stymie K.W (1974), "Tbe Myth of the Twilight Years",/V>«cAo/og)' 7bii2>'.VoL7(10) Baibieri, M (2006), 'T)oi Moi and flie Elderly: Intergeneradonal Si^pcnt under flie Strain of Reforms", Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April [10] Chiu, S., Ngan R (1999), "Employment of Chinese Older Workers in Hong Kong: Cultural Myths, Discrimination and Opportunities", Ageing International, Vol 25 (3) [11] Chown, S.M (1977), "Morale, Careers and Personal Potentials", in J.E Birren, K.W Schaie (eds.) Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York [12] Cox, H (1984), Late Life: The Realities of Aging, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ [13] Dahlin, M (1980), "Perspectives on Family Life of the Elderly in 1900", The Gerontologist, Vol 20 (1) [14] Harris, L et al (1976), The Myth and the Reality of Aging in America, National Council on Aging, Washington, DC [15] Hu, Y.H (1995), "Elderly Suicide Risk in Family Contexts: A Critique of Asian Family Care Model", Joumal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, Vol 10 (3) [16] Kaufman R.L, Spilerman, S (1982), "The Age Structures of Occupation and Jobs", American Journal of Sociology, Vol 87 (4) [17] Luo, B et al (2013), "Ageism among College Students: A Comparative Study between U.S and China", Joumal of Cross-Cultural Gerontoiogy,\o\.2Z(\) [18] Neugarten, B.L (1971), "Grow Old with Me, flie Best Is Yet to Be", Psychology Today, No.5 [19] Neugarten, B.L (1977), "Personality and Aging", in: J.E Birren, K.W.Schaie (eds.) Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York [20] North, M.S., Fiske, S.T (2015), "Modem Attitudes toward Older Adults in the Aging World: A Cross-cultural Meta-analysis", Psychological Bullelin,Vol 141 (5) [21] Park, J (1991), "Problems of Older People in Korean Society; on the Social Exchange Theory", Korea Gerontological Society, No.25 ... tinh than ttgng lao bac nhat, thi quan didm ciia ngudi tte vd ngudi cao tudi hidn eiing xuit hidn nhidu ydu td tieu eye [17] Xa hgi Viet Nam xua vdn dd cao vi thd eiia ngudi cao tudi Cd tae gia... tugng ttdn thi trudng lao ddng [10] Djnh kidn vd van dd lao ddng vide Iam Clia ngudi cao tudi tten the gidi va d Viet Nam bat ngudn tii mgt thyc td rang, cd nhftng ngudi cao tudi d ttong tinh... khdng qua xa la vd ngudi cao tudi d Vigt Nam hign khdng thd lao dgng va nen nghi ngoi Mac dii cd nhirng mat nhan van nhit djnh, luat gay hgu qua cho rat nhidu ngudi cao tudi vi nd bat chap viec
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