• Nghien ctiu - Trao dot BAN VE LOI SONG VA CAC THANH TO CUA LOI S6NG(*> TS PHAN CONG KHANH *"' Tom tat: Nghiin cuu li thuyet ve ldi sdng phdt trien a Viet Nam cdch day hem 30 ndm, vdi nhieu cdng trinh cd gid tri Ldi sdng cua ngudi the hien d cdc hogt dong sdng cu the, tu hogt ddng lao dgng sdn xudt den hogt dgng chinh tri - xd hgi, van hda tinh thdn, sinh hogt, giao tiip Nd phdn dnh nhimg ddc thii ve vdn hda vd tinh cdch cua ngudi Ldi song cd lien quan mdt thiet den tu tuang, dgo diec Xdy dung ngudi, cu the phdi la xdy dung ldi sdng tdt dep, gdn vcd hi gid tri chudn cda cdng ddng Vi vdy, cdn cd mgt cdch nhin khdi qudt, thdng nhdt ve ndi hdm cua khdi niem sdng T\r Idioa: Ldi sdng; cde thdnh td cua ldi sdng I Nhirag quan niem Idiac vl lii song va cac to cua loi song % - Ve loi song "Ldi sdng" la thuat ngii tucmg ddi phiic tap Su phiic tap the hien d cdch dien dat Tieng Anh cd cac cum tir: mode of life, way of life, way of living, life style, life form Tiing '•' Bai viet thupc khuon kho De tai khoa hpc cdp Nha nudc: "Nhirng vdn de li lugn vd thirc tien quan he giua cac che dinh bdt bugc vai loi song a Viet Nam hien nay", ma s6 KX.01/16-20 '"' Hoc vien Chinh tri khu vyc II, Hpc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh Dire ed ede tir: lebensfuehrung, lebensweise, lebenshaltung Tiing Vipt, each ndi phd biin, la ldi sdng, edn cd nhung tir vdi nghTa gdn gidng, nhu phuang tinic sdng, cdch song, kidu song, ndp sdng Ldi sdng la ddi Mgng nghidn cim cua nMdu khoa hpc Nha Tam thdn hpe ngudi Ao Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937) - ngudi sang lap tiirdng phdi tam li hgc cd nhan, da dua kbdi nidm ldi sdng Ong dirng thuat ngir "style of life " dd md ta vd each sdng cua mdt ngudi, each tilp ean va xu li nhimg mau thuin ca nhan va nhimg vdn dl frong cupe sdng Alfred Adler eoi ldi sdng la mdt than eay ca nhan, than cay cd nhan dy phai ^ 7/2019 • Nghien cdu - Trao doi tao dang de phu hgp vdi dieu kidn hoan cdnh thidn nMdn*" Ldi sdng dupc nghidn ciiu kha nhieu d Lidn Xd nhung nam 70 - 80 eua the ki trude'^' Theo Le Nhu Hoa, cd "nhdm dinh nghTa" frong eae nha ngMdn ciiu Xd viet Nhdm mgt, ldi sdng dugc li giai nhu pham tni xa hpi hpc, bao gdm eac didu kien sdng, cdc hinh thiic boat ddng sdng, cdc quan he xa hgi, smh hoat, cac hinh thiic thda man nhu cau, the gidi quan eua eon ngudi Cach tiep can dugc eho la qua md rdng, lam md ndi ham va dae trung ciia ldi sdng Nhdm hai, cd hai xu hudng: Mdt, ldi sdng la pham trii ndi ldn cac nhu cau cua ngudi va nhung each thirc thda man, qua dd, phan dnh nhting dac trung ve chat lupng frong su phdn vinh cua ngudi Hai, ldi sdng la pham tni chi ndp nghT va hanh vi, ndp sdng ngi tam eua ngudi'^' Diem chung cua ca hai xu hudng la chi dua vao cde ydu td bdn frong eiia ngudi (nhu edu hay nip nghi), ma khdng quan tam ddn hoan canh sdng va loai bd nhiing boat ddng sdng cua ngudi khdi pham tni ldi sdng, kd ea boat ddng lao ddng Nhdm ba, ldi sdng la pham tni xa hdi chi sy thdng nhat htm ca eua ede binh thiic hoat dpng sdng va nhiing didu kidn sdng nhat dinh Hudng tidp can td hpp Ii hon ca Vi du, M.N.Riitkdvieb cho rang: "ldi sdng la mdt tdng the eac hinh thiie hoat ddng lidn he vdi frong su thdng nhat khdng thd chia cat vdi eac didu kidn cua boat ddng ay"''** Tucmg tu la quan didm ciia Daxepin: "Ldi sdng la tap hgp nhiing hinh thuc boat ddng eiia ngudi frong mdt thd thdng nhat vdi mdi trudng boat ddng cua xa hpi va ed nhan"'*' Nhin tir gdc dp boat ddng cua ed nhan, Dobriandp cting quan nidm: "Ldi sdng la smh hoat cd nhan, chu quan bda eiia be thdng nhirng quan be xa bdi, cua todn bd tdng thd nhung didu kidn sdng, the hidn frong boat dpng cua ngudi"'*' M.Weber eung rdt quan tam ddn ldi sdng xem dd nhu la mdt ydu td lam ndn sue manh ciia chu nghTa tu ban phuang Tay Ong coi ldi KhorRSPTTimh tri - So 7/2019 51 sdng nhu mdt kidu smh hoat dya fren y thiic cua eon ngudi vd nghe ngMep, bdn pban, thidn ehiie (beruf) va ea tinh thdn khd hanh ciia Kitd giao Nd lam nen dae trung ciia van hda va xa hdi tu ban Men dai M Weber vidt: "Mdt frong cdc bd phan cau eua tmh than tii ban ehu nghTa Men dai, va khdng cM eua tmh than nay, ma ca eiia ehinh nen van bda Men dai, tiic la Idi sdng thuan ly dua fren y Mdng Beruf, da duac phat sinh tir tinh than cua nen khd hanh Kitd gido"*''* O Viet Nam, thuat ngii ldi sdng dugc tiep can tir hai gdc dp chinh, ban dau cbii yeu la xa hdi hoc (nhiing nam 1980) va ve sau ehii ydu la van hda hpe (tu dau the ki frd di) Nhin hi cdch xac dinh ndi dung chii ydu cua ldi sdng, cd thd khai qudt each tidp can chinh sau: Thie nhdt, ddng nhat ldi sdng vdi hoat ddng sdng Tieu bieu cho cdch tiep can la quan didm ciia Vii KMeu, mdt frong nhiing ngudi tien phong gidi thieu khai mem ldi sdng d Viet Nam Nam 1983, frdn Tap chi Xa hdi hpe sd 2, Vii Khidu vidt: "Ldi sdng la mdt pham tni xa hdi hgc khai qudt toan bd boat ddng sdng eiia cae dan tdc, cdc giai cap, cac cd nhan frong nhiing didu kien ciia mdt hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi nhat dinh va bieu bidn frdn cae linh vyc cua ddi sdng: frong lao dpng va hudng thu, frong quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi, frong sinh boat tmh than va van hda"'^' Quan niem duge khang dinh lai frong tap bai giang Vdn hda xa hdi chu nghTa^^'* ma dng la ddng tae gia Tuy nhidn, nhidu nha nghien cihi da chi ban ehe chii yeu eiia quan nidm nay: Mdt, xem ldi sdng la toan bd boat ddng sdng, tuc la ddng nhat ldi sdng vdi ddi sdng, lam mat di ndi dung khoa hpe eiia khai nidm ldi sdng; Hai, gidi ban Idi sdng frong ba lihh vye boat ddng frdn la chua day du""' Thie hai, xem ldi sdng la Mnh thire, each thirc, phuong thiic boat ddng sdng cua eon ngudi Hudng tidp can dupc kha nhidu nha nghien cihi ddng thuan Dd Huy cho rang, ldi sdng la "tdng thd nhting hmh thue boat ddng sdng eiia ngudi""" Huynh Khdi Vmh quan nidm Idi sdng la "cdch thtic boat ddng va img xir ciia chii the dd dap img nhu cau sdng""^' Le • Nghien cdu^Traodoi_ (cbii nd va nd Id, dia chii va ndng dan, tu san va vd san ) chii the dan tdc (nguoi Kinh, ngudi Hoa, ngudi Khmer, ngudi Cham ), chu thd Iiia mdi (thanh nidn, tiung nidn, ngudi cao Mdi ), chu the tdn giao (Cdng giao, Phat gido, Hdi giao, Tin Lanh ); - Nhiing lmh vuc ciia hoat dgng san xuat: ldi sdng ndng ngMep, ldi sdng cdng nghiep; - Nhiing Mnh thiie td chuc cdng ddng nhu loi song lang xa, ldi sdng ndng thdn, ldi sdng thj ; - Nhting dac didm vimg mien: ldi sdng ddng bdng, loi sdng mien mii, ldi sdng vimg bidn ; - Nhiing gid tri tinh than nhu ldi sdng dao dire, nhan ai, ngMa tinh, vi tha, can kidm, nang ddng, sdng tao, doan ket ; - Thudng cd su ddnh gia hoac so sdnh ve hinh thirc, ndi dung, ban chat dd phan nhiing cap ddi lap: tu san va vd san, ndng thdn va thi, vi tha va ich ki, nhan di va ddc ac, cdng hidn/ hudng thu, lanh manb/sa dpa Nhu vay, frong ldi sdng cd cae ydu td: chu thd (giai cap, dan tde ), each thiie san xuat, boat ddng sdng, dieu kidn tu nhidn va sinh boat, quan nidm sdng, nhiing gia tri vat ehat va tinh than Tir nhung phan tich fren, theo tdc gia, mdt dinh nghTa vd ldi sdng phai the hidn cdc ndi dung sau: Thu nhdt, ndi dung cdt ldi ciia Idi sdng la phuong thuc sinh sdng, la each thiic boat dpng sinh sdng tucmg ddi dn dinh eiia ngudi ma trudc tien va quan frpng hang dau la boat dpng lao ddng san xuat, Tucmg ddi dn dinh vi caeh thiic ay pbai frd thdnh thdi quen, tap quan, dugc lap di lap lai Thu hai, ldi sdng chiu tdc dgng eua cae didu kidn sdng va nhirng mdi quan he eua eon ngudi tir tu nhidn den xa hdi, vat ehat ddn tinh than, didu kien san xuat va didu kidn sinh boat, giai cap va dan tdc Thie ba, ldi sdng la mpt pham tni danh gid, nd ham chira nhimg dae trung cd tinh ban chat frong hoat ddng eua mdt ca nhan hoac cdng ddng Ndi nhu M.N.Rutkevicb: "Trong khdi nidm ldi sdng cd sy khdi qudt, tdng hgp toan bd eae dac dilm cd tinh ban chdt frong hoat dgng eua ngudi"*^*' Ong dl nghi indt md hmh vd l6i sdng nhu sau: " tdt ban hit la phdi xuat phat bi dinh ngMa cua khdi nidm ldi sdng nhu rapt he thong cac dae dilm ea ban ve boat ddng sdng cua ngudi va cd the coi nhimg hoat ddng sau day nhu nhimg ITnh vyc chu ydu cua loi song: I) Iao ddng; 2) phuc lai, tidu diing, smh boat hang ngay; 3) siic khde ciia nhan dan; gido due va van hda; boat ddng chmh tri, xa hdi"'^'' NgMdn ciiu ldi sdng phai cM dupe nhting dae didm cua chu thd Tae gia cting thing nhdt vdi Pham Hong Tung eho rdng, ldi sdng du dupe dinh ngMa theo each nao tbi cung chi dupc diing de chi "nhung qud trinh hien thuc hda cdc gid tri vd he gid tri vdn hda thuc tien cudc sdng hdng ngdy" Vi vay, nghien ciiu ldi sdng, "bat budc pbai ngMdn ciiu cdc chidu sau van bda ciia nd, phdi khdm phd xem loi sdng dd dya frdn hay la su Men thuc hoa frong thuc tidn cua nhihig gia tri vahd gid fri nao"'-^' Vdi quan nidm nhu frdn, cd the bieu ldi sdng la long thi cdc hinh thuc hogt dgng sdng tuang ddi dn dinh cua ngudi, phdn dnh nhieng dgc diem ca bdn vi chu the, diiu kien sinh sdng, trinh dd cua nin sdn xudt vd td chiec xa hdi - Cdc yeu to cau thdnh eua loi song Tir dinh nghia trdn, cd tbl tilp can cac td cLia ldi sdng theo hai cdch: Mot Id, ldi sdng bao gdm nip sdng, le sdng, chdt lupng sdng, phong each song Day dupc coi la cdc mat khac eua ldi song Nip sdng la mat dn djnh cua Idi sdng, le song la mat y tiiuc eua ldi sdng, chat lupng song la mat frinh eiia ldi sdng, phong cdch sdng la mat dac tnmg hinh thiic cua ldi song Cach tilp can cd tbl cho chiing ta cai nhin bao quat tir banh vi den y tinic, tir hinh tiiiic din ndi dung ciia lii sdng Hai Id, Idi song bao gdm each thiie hoat ddng sdng cua ngudi Day la caeh tidp can tiieo dien rdng, khao sat each thire ma eon ngudi boat dgng frong cae ITnh vuc cu tbl ciia ddi sdng Vi du: lao dgng san xuat thi nao, bdng cdng cu gi quan be frong lao ddng Hoat ddng sdng ^ So 7/2Qjrf • Nghien cdu - Trao ddi cua ngudi rat phong phu, vi vay, chi nhting ITnh vyc quan frpng nhat mdi phan anh nhung dac tnmg ban chat cua Idi sdng Cd nhilu quan diem ve van dd nay, nhimg theo tdc gia, each tidp can cua Doan CMnh va cdc cdng sy nhu da ndu Id Mong ddi bao qudt Theo dd, cdc ITnh vye boat dgng ehii yeu bidu hidn ldi sdng ciia ngudi, gdm: hoat ddng lao dpng san xuat; boat ddng ehinh tri - xa hdi; hoat ddng van hda tinh than; ho9t ddng sinh boat; boat ddng giao tidp Van de dat la frong mdi boat ddng do, nhiing boat ddng "con" nao la ehii ydu Vi dy, frong sinh boat, cd the ndi den an, mac, d, di lai va ca sinh boatfrongthdi gian roi; frong hoat ddng van hda tmh than, pbai ndi den sdng tao va hudng thy, vui chcfi, gidi tri, hoat dgng tam linh Vu Khidu da phan tich rat ro dieu Theo dng, ddi vdi Idi sdng cua ca nhan, ve Iao dpng, ed thd tim hidu qua nghd nghidp, trinh dp Id thuat, mdi trudng lao dgng, thdi dp va biing thii, thu nhap hdng thang, td chiic ddi sdng vat chdt cua ban than vdi tu each la ngudi Iao dgng Ve quan he xa hdi cd thd tim hieu quan he ddi vdi ddng chi va ddng nghidp frong cdng tac; thai dp ddi vdi gia dinh, vdi cai; tinh than ddi vdi giai cdp, Td qude va nhan Ioai Vd sinh boat tinh than, cd the tim hieu viec sir dyng quy thdi gian cua ngudi do: lam gi ngoai thdi gian lao dgng de ren luyen than the, frau ddi tri tue va tai nang, phat tnen ban than minh vd mpi mat Ddi vdi ldi sdng eua mdt xa hdi (mdt dan tdc chang ban), cd the tim bilu trinh dp ma xa hdi ay da dat dugc frdn cdc ITnh vyc eiia hinh thdi kmh tl - xa hdi Trong chinh phuc thidn nhien: tim Mdu trinh dp cdng nghiep bda, trinh dp kT thuat, nang suat lao dpng, quan li va phan phdi sdn pham Vd mat xa hot: tim bidu ea chd quan li kmh td, chmh tii, xa hdi, mdi quan he gitra cd nhan va tap thd frong vide td chirc ddi sdng xa hdi, ndp sdng cdng cdng Vd mat van hda: tim hidu dac didm ciia mpi sinh boat tinh than, gido dye nghd thuat, thi thao, du lich, sy phat tiidn eiia van hda frong mdi quan he giira cd nhan va xa hpi, giiia dan tdc va qude td, gitia truyen tiidng va Men dai '^'' JH'^tH^ *,.: ^6 7/2019 55 Mdt dieu ddng chu y la nhidu nha ngMdn eiiu (vi du nhu M.N.Riitkdvieb), cho rang, mdi mat chii yeu frdn day cua ldi sdng yeu eau pbai dugc bidu hidn bang rapt he thdng chi tidu, tiie la boat dgng sdng cua eon ngudi phai dupe ludng nhting ebi sd cy the, mang tinh dai dien, kbai qudt; vi du bao nhidu ngudi su dyng thdi gian rdi cho hpe tap, giai tri, vao mang xa hdi, tham bdi ngudi than '^'*\ Vd li thuyet, cac nha nghidn eiiu ban nhidu ddn each tiep can tbii nhat, nhung frdn thyc td, nhidu cdng trinh thudng khao sat cae boat ddng sdng cu the ciia ngudi Thyc ra, hai cdch tiep can van cd didm giao thoa, chang ban ndi den boat ddng sdng hang thi khdng the khdng ndi ddn ndp sdng, tiie thdi quen frong lao ddng, sinh boat, td chiic ddi sdng Mat khac, Idi sdng la phuang thirc smh sdng, each thire boat dgng sdng chii khdng phai Id ban than hoat ddng sdng, boat ddng sdng chi la ITnh vuc bieu hien eua Idi sdng Vi vay, nghien euu khdng the ehi dimg lai d eac chi sd, ma phai tir eae chi sd ay khdi qudt nbiing dac didm ban chat cua ldi sdng, phan bidt giiia ldi sdng vdi ldi sdng khac hay chi nhiing bien ddi can ban cua rapt loi sdng nhat dinh Nhu da dan, M.N.Rutkevicb quan niem: "Trong khai niem Idi sdng cd sy khdi quat, tdng hpp toan bd cac dac didm cd tinh ban ehat frong boat ddng eua ngudi" Han niia, Idi sdng la mdt pham tni ddnh gid, so sanh A.X.Xipcd cho rang: "Pham tni ldi song ed dac tinh danh gia" Nha nghidn ciiu dan giai: Ldi sdng dd la van de chiing ta song sao, cudc sdng eua anh ed gl khac bidt vdi cugc sdng ciia nhihig ngudi khde hoae eugc song ciia nhirng ngudi ciing thai vdi ta ed gi khac bidt vdi eugc sdng cua ngudi frong qud khu A.X.Xiped phan tich cu the them: "Tir ldi a day can pbai hidu la nhung net dac biet, cy thd nao ciia ddi sdng ngudi hay nhdm xa hdi Loi - dd ciing nhu la biic anh ghi lai nhung net dac trung nhat Chinh Hdghen da timg ndi rang ldi "dat trudc mat chting ta mdt hien thyc cu thd thay cho ban chat trim tugng"'^" Trong Tinh cdnh giai cdp cdng nhdn Anh, Ph.Angghen da • Nghie ndi din ldi sdng tiny lac chang ban Nhting dac trung bdn chat ay ndn duge tidp can the nao? Nhu da ndi, cdc nha nghidn euu Viet Nam thudng ed each tidp can tucmg ty gia tri truydn thdng cua dan tdc, nhu: yeu nudc, can cu, nhan di, nang dgng, sdng tao Dieu ciing de hieu vi Idi sdng la pham tni cd ham nghia Mang ddi rdng, nd la each thiic boat ddng sdng ciia ngudi, nai ma cae gia tri truydn thdng dupc bidu hidn Cac nha nghidn ciiu Lien Xd trudc day dd xuat mgt each tidp can dang chii y, dd la: "nhiing dac didm ve td chiic kT thuat eiia boat ddng lao dgng, chinb tri xa hdi, smh boat va van hda - xa hdi, ngi dung va ca cau cac dang boat ddng nay, thdi dp ddi vdi cac dang boat ddng dd, hidu qua ciia cae kieh thieh, mdi quan he giiia cdc cd nhan frong cac ITnh vuc hoat ddng tuang img"'^^' Theo tdi, cdc dac diem khai quat vd ldi sdng cd mdi quan he nhieu mat vdi trinh dp eua ndn san xudt, truydn thdng van hda, each thirc td chirc ddi sdng, quan he giiia ngudi va ngudi, quan he giira ngudi va ty nhien Vi vay, nhiing dae didm eiia ldi sdng phai la pham tni danh gid, phdn dnh mdt cdch tdng hgp nhiing pham chat tinh than ciia chii the, dupc khai qudt tir nhung boat ddng sdng co ban frong mdi quan be vdi didu kidn sdng, trinh dp ciia nen san xuat, truyen thdng van hda va nhat la chimg phai duge nhm tir cd hai ehidu canh tich cyc Ian tidu eye, tdt dep Ian chua tdt dep Vi du, ddi vdi ldi sdng truyen thdng cua ngudi Viet Nam, nhidu nhd ngMdn ciiu thudng chi nhan manh ddn nhiing pham chat tdt dep, nhu can cii frong Iao dgng, eoi frgng tinh nghTa frong giao tiep, hai hda frong ung xir vdi ty nMen va xa hdi, gidn di sinh hoat , mabd qua nhting mat ban chd, nhu hay y lai, dya dam vao eong ddng, dd ki, coi frpng hinh thire My tidn frong sinh boat, thdi quen xera thudng phdp luat Mpt van dd dang chu y khac la dieu kidn song va mirc sdng ed la td frong ea cau ldi sdng? De giai quydt van dd nay, can phan biet didu kien sdng nhu la yeu td khdch quan bdn ngoai eon ngudi va didu kien sdng, frong dd iian^jjj^^^^^j^ cd miic sdng, nhu la kit qua eiia boat ddng song cua eon ngudi Dilu kien song trudc bit la dilu kien khach quan, tiic nd nam ngoai ngudi va boat dgng song cua ngudi Tbeo quan didm vat, each tbiic hoat ddng sdng cua ngudi, hie ldi sdng, gdn liln vdi dieu kien song Mpi boat ddng sdng eiia eon ngudi khdng till tach kbdi didu kien sdng cua nd, tir dilu kidn ty nhidn din didu kidn xa hdi Ci bdu tbi trdn, d dng thi dai Dilu kidn song quy dinh each thirc sinh sdng, bi cdch thiic lao ddng sdn xudt din di lai, sinh hoat va dd lai ddu dn ca frong tinh cdch, each tu eua ngudi Dii la tan dung, thjeh nghi bay img phd thi ngudi van la san pham eua dieu kidn sdng, trudc nd la san pham ciia ngudi d binh didn thit hai, dilu kidn sdng hay muc sdng edn la ket qua cua boat dpng sdng eua eon ngudi; phan dnh thdnh tyu, trinh dp cua ldi sdng Vi vay, khdng thd hieu Idi sdng neu khdng tim Meu didu kien sdng, frong dd ed mire sdng day, didu kien sdng da frd thdnh ydu td frong boat ddng thue tien eiia eon ngudi M.N.Rutkevicb vidt: "Ldi sdng la mdt the thdng nhat cdc boat ddng ciia eon ngudi va cdc didu kidn etia boat ddng ay Cdc dieu kien qui dinh ldi sdng va da di vao ndi dung ciia nd frong chimg myc ma chiing la mdt ydu td frong boat ddng thyc tiln ciia ngudi"'"' Cdch ndi Idi sdng ndng thdn, Idi song dd thi, loi sdng vimg bidn, ldi sdng vung eao ty nd da bao bam dilu kien sdng Vi vay, nghien cim ldi sdng, khdng nhdt thidt phai khao sat toan bd dilu kidn song va mirc sdng, raa chi cdn luu y ddn nhimg dilu kien tu; nhien va xa hpi mang tmh khdch quan dd lai dau an frong boat ddng sdng ciia ngudi va nhimg gi vua la kit qua, vira la sy phan dnh frinh dp cua ldi sdng _ Tdm lai, nghien cuu thdu dao khai niem ldi song cimg vdl nhtrng td ciia no giup chimg ta CO mpt each nhin bao quat vl l6i sdng- tir dd CO the xdc dinh giafri,_dactnmg, quan hd eua Id sdng Va, day la dieu can tMdt dd hoaeh dmh mpt ehien Mgc xay dung ldi sdng frong bdi eanh hidn nay.G S67/2OIJJ •Nghien cdu - Trao ddi "I Nguyen Tha Sinh, Tnc&ng phdi tdm li hoc cd nhan cua Alfrd Adler, redsvn.net, truy cap 19/12/2017^