Bản của người tày ở vùng đông bắc

60 Nguyin.\^>^' ^'^ BAN CUA NGiron TAY VUNG D N G BAC PGS.TS Nguyen Ngoc Thanh Vien Dan tpc h^c Tdm tdt: Bdn cua ngudi Tdy d vung Ddng Bdc Viet Nam Id thiit che xd hdi mang dgm bdn sac tdc ngudi Bdn cd ranh gidi vd ten gpi rieng Do tdc ddng cua nhieu yeu td tgo lap bdn, nen cdc bdn khdc ve quy md, hinh thuc cu tru (mat tap, phdn tdn theo cum gia dinh vd qudn cu theo kieu dudng phd) Bdn duac van hdnh bdi bd mdy tu qudn, tieng ndi ciia gia bdn, trudng bdn, thdy cung, duac ngudi ddn tin tudng vd nghe theo Mdi bdn cd quy udc rieng, npi dung di cap den bdo ve ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien (ddt, nude, rimg), sdn xudt, tuang tra giup da vd trdt tu an ninh Quy udc ndy chu yeu truyen mieng tic thi h? ndy qua the hi khdc, duac mpi ngudi cdng ddng tu gidc thuc hien Tir khoa: Bdn, ngudi Tdy, cu tru, trudng bdn, quy udc Abstract: Villages of the Tay people in the North East of Vietnam are social institution that embrace featured ethnic identities Each village has its boundaries and name Due to th distinct histories, each village has different scales, habitation pattern (intensive pattern, fam grouping pattern or mixing pattern like a street) Each village has a self-controlled administrative apparatus, representing the voices of the elderly, the head of village, and spiritual master who are trusted andfollowed by the community Each village has its customa principles that regulate natural resource preservation (soil, water, forest), production, reciprocity, safety and security This regulation is mostly orally transmitted through genera and it is willingly abided by everyone in the village Keywords- Village, Tay people, habitat, head of village, regulation Ngdy nhdn bdi: 29/6/2020; ngdy gui phdn biin: 3/7/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 28/7/2020 Md dau Ddng Bae la mdt ba vung dia ly ldn cua mien Bae Viet Nam, phia bac giap Trung Qudc, phia ddng thdng vinh Bac Bg, phia nam giap vdi vung Ddng bang sdng Hdng va phia tay tua minh vao day Hoang Lien Son, giap vdi viing Tay Bac Dia hinh ciia Ddng Bac tuong ddi phiic tap vdi nhimg hinh thai da dang: cao nguyen, viing ddi niii thip va ' Bai \\k la k^t qua da tai cdp C a so nam 2020 "T6 chirc bdn ciia m^tso ddn IQC thieu so ,, „ ,^„ „,;^ ^f^-^ gi^ Viet Nam", Vien Dan loc hoc chii tri, PGS TS Nguyen Ngoc Thanh lam chu nhi?m Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'4-2020 61_ eac thung liing, viing duyen hai phia ddng va he thdng ban dao vinh BSc Bd Cang phia bien va xudng phia dong bang, mii eang th4p dkn, din miic chi cdn la nhung ban binh nguyen cd cao dudi 600m Dua vao dac diem dia chat va hau, cd thd chia Ddng Bae tieu vimg; tieu vung Viet Bac - Hoang Lien Son d phia tay va tieu viing Ddng Bac d phia ddng (Ld Ba Thao, 2009, tr 30) Ddng Bac theo phan vung dia ly kinh te - xa hdi, bao gdm 11 tinh (Lang Son, Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang, Bac Kan, Yen Bai, Thai Nguyen, B^e Giang, Phii Thg, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh), vdi 17 dan tgc thieu sd sinh sdng nhu: Mudng, Tay, Nimg, San Chay, Giay, La Chi, Co Lao, Pu Peo, Bd Y, Hmdng, Dao, Pa Then, Phu La, Ld Ld, San Diu, Ngai, Hoa (Le Thdng ehii bien, 2016, tr 332) Cae dan tgc chii ylu thude nhdm ngdn ngii: Viet - Mudng, Tay ~ Thai Kadai, Hmdng - Dao va Tang - Mien, Han Ndi each khac, Ddng Bae la noi cd the de dang tim thay nhiing net dac tnmg ve van hda cua cac dan tgc thudc nhdm ngdn ngii Do anh hudng eiia qua trinh tu cu, gan vdi dac diem dia hinh va dieu kien muu sinh nen cau tnic ban/lang cua cac dan tdc d mdi tieu vimg ciing khac Bai viet de cap den ban ciia ngudi Tay d viing Ddng Bac Viet Nam tren cac khia canh: cac yeu td lap ban va bd tri nha d; ten ggi va ranh gidi; cac hinh thuc cu tni; nguyen tac tap hgp, quy md ban, bd may quan ly ban; quy udc cua ban Cac ydu td lap ban Ngudi Tay ciing gidng nhu nhilu tgc ngudi khac de lap ban phai phu thugc vao nhieu ylu td nhu dkt d, dit san xu4t, rimg Tuy nhien, yeu td quan trgng nhat viec lap ban ddi vdi ngudi Tay la ngudn nude Nude vira dap ung cho nhu cau sinh boat, cung cap ngudn thiie an thuy san cho biia an hang vira phuc vu tudi tieu cho hoa mau Canh tac liia nude la ngudn sdng chii ydu ciia ngudi Tay Song, thupc vao tap quan canh tac khac cua mdi dia phuong ma ed su khac biet phan bd khdng gian san xuit tai ban Cac eanh ddng ciia ngudi Tay cd nhieu sdng, sudi chay qua Do nude tudi cho ndng nghiep cua ban chu ylu la ngudn nude tu nhien, nen cugc sdng ciia ngudi Tay cd nhieu thuan tien Nhu vay, dit san xuit va nude tudi la hai dieu kien can va dii de lap ban cua ngudi Tay Dan cu thudng sinh sdng gin noi canh tac, vdi muc dich trdng coi, cham sdc ddng rudng, tilt kiem thdi gian, cdng siic san xuit Chinh dac diem phan anh rd van hda cua cu dan vimg thung liing, nd la su tdng hda ylu td sdng nude va yeu td ndng nghiep, tao nen net van hda rieng ciia ngudi Tay ciing nhu ciia cu dan vimg thung lung Khdng gian ban cdn cd rimg Rimg vira la dilm tua, la ehin vimg chac cho ban, vira la pham vi ranh gidi giua cac ban Rirng gdp phin quan trgng vao viec nudi sdng ngudi Tay thdng qua khai thac cac ngudn lgi tir rimg Ngoai ra, ban cdn cd nghia dia, eac khu vue dat thieng, khu vuc cam 62 Nguyin •, _ ^ ^ Tat ea cac yeu td tren la dieu kien tien quylt dl ngudi Tay lap ban va sang '-;!' -^ i^ung net van hda dae trung ciia toe ngudi minh Ten goi va ranh gim Mdi ban eua ngudi Tay deu cd ten ggi rieng Viee dat ten ban d cac dan tgc thudng theo nhirng dae diem tu nhien ciia tung vung nhu ddng rudng, sdng, sudi, niii, dat, cd eay la hien tugng phd bien Qua ten ggi eua ban ed thd hieu duge vd lich sir, qua trinh hinh thanh, dilu kien dia ly tu nhien, phong tuc, tap quan ciia ban "Ten lang xa la tdng the eae ten rieng dat 3,h ggi cac don vi dia ly tu nhien hay nhan van eiia khu vge iy Ddng thdi dd edn la nhimg ehirng tich vl ngdn ngii va cd the ca ve van tu ma cgng ddng da d^t, da dung va luu lai tren dia ban eu tni phat tridn eua minh Thdi gian dinh eu eang lau dai, trinh sinh hoat eang eao, eanh quan dia ly cang da dang, phin tgc ngudi cang ddng, dilu kien phdt tridn thuan lgi , thi ten lang xa cang ddi dao va phuc tap ve sd lugng, cang phong phii, sau sac vl ndi dung" (Duong Thi The - Pham Thi Thoa, 1981, tr 11) ngudi Tay, hien tugng dat ten ban vdi tiln td "na" (rudng) xuat hien d nhidu noi nhu Nd Hdu, Nd Gidn, Nd Leng, Nd Ca, Nd Lay Nd Mdy, Nd Rang, Nd Dong, Na Cd, Nd Pheo, Na Phdi, Na Khdo, T^ tinh Cao Bing, ten cua ban gan vdi tir nd cd sd lugng nhieu nhat: 159 ban/512 ban, ehiem ty le 31,05% (Trin Van Quyln, 2010, tr 33) Nhiing noi eu tni canh sdng sudi ldn, nhd (nhu Thai Nguyen, Cao Bing), ten ban thudng bat dau tu khudi (sudi) nhu Khudi Meo, Khudi Chgo, Khuoi Uon, Dilu cho thay, ngudn nude cd y nghia het sue quan trgng vdi ddi sdng eung nhu boat ddng san xuat cua ngudi Tay Cac ban dugc bd tri cae thung limg thi ten ban cd tien td lUng nhu Ldng Hodi (thung lung trau), Ldng Cd (thimg liing cd tranh), LUng Ludng (thung liing ldn), Ciing ed ten ban ed lien quan den mgt sy kien lich sii nao dd, chang h ^ , bdn Ld xuat hien gan vdi thdi ky dan ban bi mac benh dich ehdt rat nhieu (Hoang Be, Hoang Minh Lgi, 1988, tr 41- 46); Bdn Ddn vdn trudc la ddn, bdt cua thuc dan Phap, sau nam 1945, ngudi Tay den sinh sdng da lay su kien dd dat ten ban; Nd Trinh gan lien vdi edng trinh thiiy lgi eiia dia phuong; Kai Con la ten phai nude (Nguydn Nggc Thanh Chubien, 20I6,tr 84) Tii nhimg nam 70 ciia the ky XX, nhieu ban ngudi Tay d V6 Nhai, Thai Nguydn mang ten mdi nhu Tan Son, Trudng Son, Lam Son, Binh Son, Trung Son, Kim Son, Ha Son, Xuyen Son, Nggc Son, Phugng Hoang, Tan Thanh, Trung Thanh, Luc Thanh An Thanh (Trin Van Quyen, 2010, tr 35) Ly nhihig ban Tay gde gia tang dan sd nen t^ch ban, dat ten ggi mdi Song, ngudi Tay vin thieh ggi theo ten eu hon Du ggi theo hinh thuc nao thi ten ban ddu chua dung nhung y nghia nhit dinh Ddi vdi ben ngodi, la tin hieu hang dau de phan biet giira ngudi ban vdi ngudi ban Cdn ngi bg cgng ddng thi ten ban nhu mgt ehat xiic tac gan kdt mgi vien Isii eiing chimg sure ganh vac cae cdng vide chung (Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2020, tr 37) Ban cua ngudi Tay deu ed mgt dia vuc rieng {din bdn), dugc gidi bar, ^ mg V^ixQ sudi, mom ddi, dinh ddc, goc cay to Song eung cd ranh gidi giiia eac ban kha \ao ho nhung l?i Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so - 2020 dugc dan ban thira nhan, tdn trgng Dia vuc mdi ban ngoai rudng nude cdn ed ngudn nude, nuong riy, rimg tu nhien Cd nhien khdng phai ban nao cung cd diy dii eac ydu td nhu vay Tuy nhien, hau het ranh gidi giua eac ban da duge xae lap tir lau, duge edng khai va truyin lai cho eac thd he sau Ngudi Tay ludn cd y thuc bao vd dia phan ranh gidi cua ban minh Cac hinh thure cir tru Ngudi Tay ed bdn hinh thuc cu tni: (i) cu trii mat tap (ven sdng, eac thung lung chan mii); (ii) cu tru theo timg xdm vdi vai cum gia dinh cdn ggi la "gdn", "cdn" hoae "khuydn"; (iii) cu tni rai rae; (iv) cu trii kilu dudng phd d cac thi trin thi tii O hinh thurc cu tni mat tap, ban cd mgt dudng chinh, tir dudng cd nhidu dudng nhd di vao eac ngd Nha cua thudng duge xay dung theo dia hinh tu nhien nhu d That Khd, Hda An, Na Duong (Cao Bing) , tinh chit mat tap cua ban thd hien rit ro net Cd nhieu ban quy md ldn ca vl dien tich lin dan sd, vdi vai nam ndc nha (Hoang Be, Hoang Mmh Lgi, 1988, tr 41 - 46) Nhiing vung dge ben bd de sdng Ld, sdng Gam thudc cac huyen Na Hang, Chiem Hda, Yen Son, Son Duong (Tuyen Quang); Bic Quang (Ha Giang); Ba Be (Bae Kan); ban dugc thiet lap trdn cac thim dit cao, nha eira thudng nhin ddng rudng hoae theo ddng nude chay Ban hep chieu ngang, nhung lai phat triln ehilu dai; cd mdt eon dudng true - dudng chinh ehay dgc qua ban Hai ben dudng chinh la nhumg nhanh ngang de di sdng hoae ddng rudng He thdng dudng dugc hinh dung nhu bg xuong ca Cae ban ven sdng hSu het deu trii phii, nhd dat dai d day mau md, eay cdi tdt tuoi, sdng nude thuan tien Q mdt sd noi nhiing ban ldn cd the cd nhidu xdm va moi xdm mang mdt dia danh ridng (La Cdng Y, 2010, tr 222) Canh quan cu tni tuong ddi da dang va phirc tap da quy dinh ddn hudng nha theo nhieu each khac Mdi ngdi nha la mdt khudn vien rieng vdi hang rao bao bge xung quanh Tudng rao dugc lam bang nhieu vat lieu khac Mdt sd noi tudng rao lam bang nua tep, eao hgn dau ngudi ldn mdt ehiit, duge cam dgc sat nhau; cd noi lam bd rao bang tau eg khd; cd noi bd rao duge trdng bang eae loai eay dai (eay ciie tan, cay xuong rdng), Q mdt sd vung thip cua cac tinh Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, ngo di vao timg khudn vien gia dinh thudng duge md rgng, cd bd rao lam bang canh eg khd dgc hai ben dudng, nha nao ciing cd cdng duge lam kien ed, vdi hai eanh eira bang tre dan hoae van gd chae chan Tuy nhien, mdt sd noi, cdng lam mgt each don gian bang each chdn thang dung hai cge tre d hai ben ldi vao; tren mdi eay cgc due mdt hang Id va ludn vao dd nhimg doan tre nhd nam ngang, song song vdi nhau, each mdt khoang nhat dinh Tuy nhien, hinh thue cu tni mat tap se han chd khdng gian eiia mdi ca nhan, gia dinh phat triln kinh te hd (thilu dit san xuit), khai thac cae ngudn lgi tir ni nhidn khdng ben virng, Song, tinh tuong trg, doan kit, lam viee tap the mdi ban ciia ngudi Tay lai dugc thd hien dam net So dd thi hien su cu tni mat tap ciia ban Cudng (xa Minh Quang, huyen Chidm Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang) Ngiiye Sff 1: Ban Cu6ng cir tru mat tap Cu tni theo timg cum gia dinh, tir 10 den 20 nde nha, thudng d eac thung liing nhd hep, ban dugc dinh vi tren nhung vung dit thip hay sudn ddi, ben bd sudi hay cac khue ngoat ciia sudn thung liing, ldng khe thudng thiy d Ha Giang, Bac Kan, Thai nguyen (So dd 2) Sadd 2: Cu- tru theo timg cum gia dinh d ban D^ng Ca, xa Nhan Muc, huyen Ham Yen, tinh Tuydn Quang Cu tni rai rac, thudng la nhihig ban thung khe hep, nha d timg ehdm dam bay ndc nha Khoang each giiia eac gia dinh thudng xa va dugc ndi vdi bang cdc dudng mdn nhd hep theo dia hinh ddi mii Ci vi tri dd, nha eua thudng dua lung vao nui, quay mat ddng, hudng md eua eac long thung khe (Hoang Be, Hoang Minh Lgi, 1988, tr 41-46) Vi dua theo sudn ddc nen nha eira khdng theo hang ldi nhat dinh ma thudng d cao thap khae Khoang each giiia cae gia dinh thudng xa va dugc ndi bang nhiing dudng mdn nhd hep theo dia hinh ddi mii Trudc kia, ngudi Tay thudng eu tni nhiing noi thuan tien eho san xuat ndng nghiep Hg khdng cu tni khu vuc gan dudng, vi cho rang khd tim kiem ngudn thue an "khi thang ba tam den" Hien nay, anh hudng cua qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va s^ phat tridn nhanh, manh cua ndn kinh tl thi trudng, mdt bd phan cu dan cd xu hudng chuyen sinh sdng gin eac true dudng chinh dl thuan lgi cho kinh doanh Do vay, da xuit hien kidu cu tni dudng phd d thi trin Phu Thdng (huyen B^ch Thdng, tinh Bac K.an); xa Thugng Lam (huyen Lam Binh, tinh Tuydn Quang); thi trin La Hien, Dinh Ca {hu\L V6 \hai); Chg Chu (huyen Dinh Hda) cimg thudc tinh Thai Nguyen (So dd 3) Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc sd'4 ~ 2020 So" d6 3: C\x trii kieu dudng ph6 is ban Dau Cau, Phu Thong, huyen Bach Thong, tinh Bac Kan Nhin chung, cac hinh thue eu tni ciia ngudi Tay phan anh su tmh tl, nhay ben viec thich ung vdi dilu kidn tu nhien Qua hinh thuc eu tni, phan anh van hda iing xii, su da dang mdi ban lang cua ngudi Tay Nguyen tac t|ip hop Tai cac ban cua ngudi Tay, eac vidn ddng hg thudng cd xu hudng d gan nhau, vira de thuan tien vide giiip dd nhau, vira mue dich tang cudng siic manh cua gia dinh, ddng hg Theo tap quan, cac eon trai lap gia dinh va tach hd, thudng dugc bd me chia dat thd cu d ke can de lam nha Tuy nhien, d ngudi Tay, ddn hiem thay ban cd mgt ddng hg cu tni ma thudng cd nhieu ddng hg, ban it tir den ddng hg, ban ldn trdn dudi 10 hg Mdi ddng hg lai ehia cac chi Chang ban ddng hg Ma d xa Minh Quang (huyen Chiem Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang) cd cae ehi nhu Ma Cdng, Ma Van, Ma Doan, Ma Dinh, Ma Phiic, Cac chi hg cu tni mdt ban, nhung tap tue sinh boat ed nhiing net khac Ket qua dieu tra tai ban Na Me, Cudng, Noong Phudng cho thay, ddng hg Ma Cdng chiem ty Id 30,4 %, ddng hg Hoang chiem ti le 44,4%, ehilm ti le thap nhat la ddng hg Hiia, Long, Luu 1,6% (Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2016, tr 86) Tai huyen Vd Nhai, Thai Nguyen, nhilu ban cd tdi gan 10 ddng bg va thudng cd ddng hg chiem dan sd ddng Trude day, phin dan cu ban chi cd toe ngudi Tay Tir nam 1986 den nay, thuc hien edng eude Ddi mdi va bd tri sap xep lai dan cu, ban ngudi Tay cd them phan tdc ngudi khac cung cu tni Dilu tra nam 2019 tai xa Nang Kha, huyen Na Hang; xa Thugng Lam, huyen Lam Binh thude tinh Tuyen Quang cho thay, mdt ban thudng cd tir dan tdc trd len Day la kdt qua eua qua trinh hdn nhan khac tdc didn mgt sd nam gan day Quy mo ban Trudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, cac ban ciia ngudi Tay thudng cd quy md nho tir - ndc nha, 36 ndc nha da dugc coi la ban ldn Tai lieu thdng ke nam 1938, 117 Nguyen ; Thanh ban ciia 16 xa cd ngudi Tay, Nimg d chau Cao Loc tmh Lang Son, chi cd 10 ban (8,5°") vdi tren 30 nha, 15 ban (12,8%) dudi nha; lai tdi 82 ban (79,9%) cd tir - -1" ""^ '^ (NguySn Van Huy, 1992, tr 152-154) Diiu nhiing nam 1954 quy mo ciia ban vin khdng cd nhieu thay ddi Til nhiing nam 70 cua th6 Icy XX quy md ban da tang len nhanh chdng, mpt phin tang dan sd, mdt phan di dich cu, sd luong cac ban cd quy md nhd cang it cac huyen Cho Mdi, Chgi Don (tinh Bic Kan) va nhiSu huyen d tinh Thai Nguyen, nhilu ban cd tdi hang tram nde nha Khao sat tai ban Ddng Ca, xa Nhan Mvic, huyen Ham Yen, Tuyen Quang cho thay, til nam 2001 dSnnam2015, quy md ban da cdsu thay ddi ro ret (Bang 1) Bdng 1: Quy mo so h6, so khau cua ban Bong Ca Nam 2001 2005 2012 2015 S6khau 320 360 377 422 So ho 70 88 98 107 Ngudn: Nguyln Nggc Thanh ehu bien, 2016, tr 88 Sd lieu thdng kd tai mgt sd ban thude xa Hda An (huyen Chidm Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang) cung cho thay, quy md sd hd eac ban Tay tang theo hang nam (Bang 2) Bdng 2: Quy md s6 hd d xa Hda An stt Xa Hoa An Lang Hdi Pa Cudng NaLira BdMa Chiing Thugng Tdng IMudng Tdng Nhau Na Ludng Nam 2013 77 73 58 61 58 75 55 60 2015 2018 82 78 61 76 65 80 61 65 88 82 66 82 70 87 70 72 Ngudn: Uy ban nhan dan huyen Chiem Hda Ban du ldn hay nhd diu cd mdt hoae hai ddng hg Idn chidm uu the, cd u\ ldn den eae mdi quan he xa hdi ban 'a anh hudng Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'4 - 2020 B$ m^y quan ly ban Xua kia, mdi ban cd mgt ngudi dugc dan bau lam "'thdu", gidng nhu trudng ban Thdu la ngudi dam nhidm viec quan ly ngudi, ngudn tai nguyen ciia timg ban, nim vimg luat tuc eua dan tgc, lam nhidm vu ciing bai ban nhu ciing thd cdng, hda giai xieh mich, giir mdi doan kit ban, nhac nhd ba tuan thii eac tue le cua ban Ong thudng ban bac vdi cac gia ban vd cac mat cua ddi sdng, nhu bic ciu, lam dudng, dip muong phai, Trong xa hgi truyin thdng cua ngudi Tay, ban ed chuc nang "kep" viia la don vi dan eu, vura la don vi quan ly theo phuong thue tu quan Bd may quan ly gdm trudng ban va gia ban Trudng ban duge bau sd eac gia ban, la ngudi bao quat cac edng viee ehung cua ca ban Trudng ban va cac gia lang hgp "tda an" ed ehue nang xet xu cac vi pham quy udc hay cac tranh chip, kidn tung hen quan din phong tue eua ban Thdi ky hgp tae hda ndng nghiep, vai trd cita trudng ban bi diay thd bdi chii nhidm hgp tac xa va td chiie ban - trdn danh nghia - chuyin ddi san xuit, hay bao gdm vai ba ddi san xuat Hgp tac xa bay ddi san xuit ehi phdi mgi hoat dgng ehu ylu ciia cdng ddng dan cu Vai trd truyin thdng eiia ban md nhat di, vai trd dilu tidt, quan ly kinh tl va xa hdi cua hgp tac xa xuit hi^n va tang ldn (Nguydn Van Huy, 1992, tr 156) Tir diu thap nien 1990, chuc danh trudng ban, trudng thdn dugc khdi phuc thay thi vai trd ciia ehu nhiem hgp tac xa, dgi trudng san xuat, ehue nang tu quan cua ban lai dugc phat huy phan nao Trudng ban hoat ddng dudi su lanh dao true tilp cua cip xa, huyen, tinh Nhimg ban da duge ggi la thdn thi trudng ban ciing ggi la trudng thdn Hien nay, trudng ban la "canh tay ndi dai" ciia chinh quyen cap co sd thuc thi cae nhiem vu tai cgng ddng dan cu Viec bau ehgn trudng ban thudng tien hanh bd phiiu kin cugc hgp dan ban Ngudi cd sd phieu cao nhat dugc lam trudng ban, nhidm ky cua trudng ban la hai nam rudi Trudng ban phai la ngudi chi cdng, vd tu, khdng muu lgi ea nhan, am hieu phong tuc tap quan, nang ddng, biet ngoai giao, lam kinh te gidi, gia dinh hda thuan va dugc dan tin tudng, tin nhiem Trudng ban cd cac nhiem vu hudng dan dan ban thuc hien chu trucmg, dudng ldi ciia Dang, chinh sach, phap luat eua Nha nude va nhiing nhiem vu cap tren giao; van ddng va to ehirc ngudi dan thuc hien tdt dan chu d co sd, xay dung va thuc hien quy che, quy udc ciia ban Trudng ban cdn tham gia thuc hien nhilu chiic trach khae, nhu xay dung va tham gia eac ban nhdm tu quan, giam sat thuc hien cae chinh sach xa hgi, Ngoai nhiem vu va quyen ban theo quy dinh ciia phap luat, ban cd ngudi qua ddi, trudng ban phai ed mat de phd bidn, hudng dan eae cdng viec duge lam va khdng duge lam tang le, Khi tang Id tiln hanh, trudng ban chiu trach nhiem vidt va dgc dilu van, didu nhan tue den giiip gia dinh va phan edng nhiem vu eho timg ngudi, Cae edng viec, nhidm vu cua timg ngudi ddu dugc trudng ban ghi chep lai, sau tang le dua lai eho gia ehu Trong dam cudi d mdt sd noi, trudng ban dugc gia dinh mdi lam "trudng bip" Khi dd, trudng ban cd trach nhidm lap danh 68 NguyinNgO'-Jl'^ sach 10 ngudi giiip viee eho mmh Trong dd, nam gidi chiu trach nhiem chl bier mdn an tir thit, ca, phu nu chiu trach nhidm nau com va che biln mdn an rau, cii, qua Trude nam 2019, trudng ban dugc nhan sd tiln trg cip hing thang rit ii o' ^^ thang nam 2019, trudng ban dugc hudng miie luong co sd la 1,39 trieu ddng x - 4.17 trieu ddng Trudng hgp ban ed tir 350 hd gia dinh trd len, thdn^an thugc xa trgng dilm, phirc tap ve an ninh, trat ty theo quyet dinh eiia co quan cd tham quyen; thdn thudc xa bien gidi hoae hai dao dugc khoan quy phu cip bang lin miic luong co sd (Thii tudng Chinh phii, 2019) Tiiy theo moi vung, vai trd va pham vi anh hudng ciia ngudi gia d miic dam nhat khac nhau, nhung phin ddng dan ban van danh cho ngudi gia mdt vi tri quan trgng dac biet Hoat ddng ciia gia ban tap tnmg chii yeu vao viec hda giai mau thuan ban, nhac nhd dan ban giii: gin tap tue, ll nghi truyin thdng Gia ban true tidp xem xet, xir ly ngudi vi pham quy udc, tranh chap nuong ray, vg chdng khdng hda thuan, mau thuan hang xdm; chu tri cac nghi le dam cudi, dam ma, ciing bai; van dgng dan ban doan ket thuc hien cac phong trao chinh quyen va doan the phat ddng, Vi vay, uy tin va y kien cua hg van anh hudng, lan tda tdi mpi vien cgng ddng Thdng qua gia ban, cae cap uy dang, chinh quyen va td chiic doan the hieu rd hon tam tu, nguyen vgng va nhimg kien nghi chinh dang cua ngudi dan Ben canh trudng ban, gia ban, mdt nhan vat quan trgng khac ddi sdng dan ban la thay eiing; la ngudi ehu tri nghi le cua ban, la trung tam thdng nhat mdi edng cam ciia cgng ddng; dugc xem la sgi day ndi hai the gidi than va ngudi, la sir gia cd the dem thdng di?p linh thieng eiia than linh tdi cdng ddng va truyen tai nhiing ldi khan cau eua dan ban tdi cac vi than linh, ddng thdi la ngudi ed y thire giir gin truyen thdng van hda tde ngudi Hien nay, hau het ban d ngudi Tay cd ehi bd dang, eac td chiic chinh tri xa hgi nhu Ban cdng tac Mat tran (Chi doan Thanh nien, Chi hgi Phu nir, Chi hdi Ndng dan, Chi hpi Cuu chien binh, ) Song, viec phat huy tac dung cua cac td chiie cdn ban ehi Vi vay, nhieu noi, vai trd gia ban, trudng ban het sue quan trgng Cd noi, mdt sd viee, mac dii dugc phd bien, yeu eau, giai quyet nhung trude thuc hien dan ban vin ling nghe y kiln eua gia ban, trudng ban hon la menh lenh cua chinh quyln Quy irdc eua ban Trudc nam 1954, nhung ban Tay cd quy md dan sd ldn thudng cd quy udc, dugc nh5c nhd frong mdi dip hgp cdng ddng, mgi vien ban diu tu giac thye hien nhu mpt tap quan Ndi dung cua quy udc chu yeu de cap den bao vd ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien (dat, nude, rung), san xuat, tuong trg giiip va trat ty an ninh Nhimg ngi dung chu ydu truyen mieng tir the he qua thd he khac - Ve ddt dai: d eae huyen Chidm Hda (tinh Tuyen Quang); Bach Thdng (tinh Bic K?n), quy udc neu rd, ban cd lanh thd rieng gdm sdng, sudi; ning, niii va dat canh tac dan ban phii cd trach nhiem bao ve, neu thay ngudi ncri khac xam pham phai bao cho gia ban, trudng ban dl xu ly Vd sd hiiu dit rimg lam nuong trudc day, cac quy udc quy dmh, ti,dt manh Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so - 2020 nuong bd hoang thi ngudi khae duge phep canh tac nhung phai dugc su ddng y ciia chii cii va khdng phai nop hoa lgi cho chu cu Hien nay, rudng nude va nuong ray da dugc giao cho hd gia dinh, theo dd mgng, nuong rSy ciia nha nao thi nha dd tu eanh tac va dugc phep chuyen nhugng quyen sii dung, ed su ehiing kidn ciia trudng ban Ddi vdi cac khu vuc dit cdng bao gdm dudng sa, nghTa dia, bai chan nudi , mgi vien cdng ddng ed trach nhiem bao vd Neu lam dudng ban, eac hd gia dinh phai cd nghia vu ddng gdp tiln va edng - Vi sdn xudt: cae quy dinh neu rd, nhimg hd gia dinh chan nudi gia siie, gia cim phai lam chudng trai nhdt, xich Khi chan tha phai cd ngudi trdng coi, khdng dl gia siic, gia cim pha hai tai san, hoa mau cua ngudi khae Ngudi nao de gia siie, gia cim pha hai tai san, hoa man cua ngudi khac phai bdi thudng theo thda thuan, trudng hgp khdng tu thda thuan dugc thi yeu can co quan cd tham quydn giai quydt theo quy dinh ciia phap luat - Ve ngudn nude: ngudn nude cd vai trd quan trgng cugc sdng cua ngudi Tay ndi rieng va cac tgc ngudi khac ndi chung Q nhieu noi, ngudi Tay thudng sir dung nude sdng sudi hay mach nude ngam phuc vu eho san xuat va sinh hoat Do vay, ddng bao ludn ed y thiie bao ve ngudn nude va quy udc quy kha rd Quy udc cua ngudi Tay d xa Minh Quang, huyen Chien Hda (tinh Tuyen Quang) ndu rd, neu hai ban d gan cimg ehung ngudn nude chay qua thi mdi nam mgt lan, mdi ban cd trach nhiem tu sua, nao vet, bao ve Da sd eae ban Tay deu earn viec lam nha d dau ngudn nude, cam tam giat d dau ngudn sdng sudi Cac md nude dan ban duge phep tam giat nhung khdng duge lam d ue, lam ban ngudn nude Sau tam phai thu don saeh se xung quanh Ngudi nao vi pham bi xir phat theo ba mire: lan dau nhac nhd, lan thii hai eanh eao, lan thir ba dua cudc hgp ban de kiem diem va xir phat hanh chinh Quy udc ndu rd trach nhidm ciia tat ca dan ban viec giii mdi trudng xanh, sach, dep Cac hg gia dmh phai dao ranh thoat nude xung quanh nha, khdng dd ed cac vung nude li dgng, khdng viit rae va eae loai vd chai Ig dung hda chat ddc hai xudng sdng, sudi, ao, hd va ngudn nude smh hoat Gia sue, gia cim chet phai dem chdn, nghiem cam viit xudng dudng, ao, hd, sdng sudi va ngudn nude sinh boat Cae cdng trinh ve sinh va cac cdng trinh khac cd kha nang gay d nhilm mdi trudng, phai xay each mdc gidi mgt khoang each va d vi tri hgp ly, phai dam bao an toan vd sinh mdi trudng va khdng lam anh hudng den chu sd hiiu lien ke Vd thiiy lgi, quy udc ciia ngudi Tay d thdn Sao Ha (xa Mai Sao, huyen Chi Lang, tinh Lang Son) neu rd, cac gia dinh cd rudng nude phai tu sira, dap dap, khoi muong, ddng thdi cit eu mdt ngudi chuyen lam nhiem vu trdng coi nude Khi nude lii, ngudi cd trach nhiem nhic tim van ngan ddng dl phan lu (Vuong Xuan Tinh, 2000, tr 370-410) Viec khai thae ngudn thiiy san d sdng sudi eiing dugc quy dinh chat che theo nguydn tie vira khai thac vira bao ve, cam nd min, dimg la cay ddc dk bit ea; khai thac, bat ca vao miia sinh san, 70 Nguyi>iy>^:^ ^/^ - Ve bdo ve rirng: cae ban eua ngudi Tay quy dinh rd viec cim phat nuonii (J n'ng dau ngudn, khdng phdng ud bira bai, khdng dugc tha trau, bd tai rimg diu ngudn Neu pl.^t hien vi pham thi kip thdi bao eao co quan chiic nang giai quylt theo quy dinh ciia phap lu^t Ngudi cd dit rimg san xuat phai sii dung dat trdng diing muc dich, diiny ranh gidi da quy dinh quylt djnh giao rimg Quy udc eiing dl vide khen thudng vdi cac hg gia dinh ed tich xuit sie vide bao ve va phat trien tai nguyen rimg, ngan chan eac hanh vi gay thiet hai din rimg, dit trdng rimg Ben canh dd la nhung hinh phat thich dang ddi vdi nhiing ea nhan, hg gia dinh pha rimg, dot rimg, buy hoai tai nguyen rimg, san bat trai phep ddng vat rimg, van chuyin trai phep lam san hoae vi pham cae quy dinh khac cua phap luat vl rimg se bi kilm dilm, khidn trach, canh cao va bi xu ly theo quy dinh cua phap luat Quy udc cung neu ro mgi ngudi dan can tich eye tham gia edng tac bao vd rimg, phii xanh dit trdng ddi mii trgc, khdng dugc chat pha rimg bica bai lam anh hudng ddn canh quan thien nhien va d nhiem mdi trudng - Ve bdo v^ an ninh: cac quy udc khuyen khich mgi ngudi dan ban neu cao tinh thin trach nhiem dl bao dam an ninh, tham gia tich eye vao cdng tac phdng chdng va bai trii te nan xa hdi, khdng de cac te nan xa hdi xam nhap vao dia ban ban Neu phat hien vi pham phai bao cho trudng ban giai quyet Ngoai ra, quy udc edn quy dinh khdng duge udng rugu say gay mat trat tu an ninh, khdng dugc lam viee gay tieng ddng ldn khoang thai gian tu 22 gid dem din gid sang hdm sau Quy ude eiing neu rd phat hien ngudi la mat vao ban cd diu hieu khdng lanh manh phai bao eho can bd ban biet de cd bien phap xir ly kip thdi va diing theo quy dinh eiia phap luat Ddi vdi viec cu tni, ngudi tu noi khae den o tai ban phai lam thii tuc nhap khau; trudng hgp mua dat hoae dugc ngudi than cho dat thi phai lam thii tuc chuyen nhugng va trinh bao vdi trudng ban Khi chuyen den mgt ban sinh sdng, ngudi trd thanh vien ban va duge hudng mgi quydn lgi ciing nhu phai ddng gdp theo quy ude ban Tren day la quy udc truyen thdng van dugc ngudi Tay d nhidu noi thye hien Tir nhiing nam 90 ciia the ky XX, d mien nui ndi rieng, ea nude ndi chung, viec xay dyng quy udc thdn ban mdi dugc dat va trd phong trao Tuy nhien, phan ldn quy ude co sir chep theo mau ndn tinh rieng va tinh ty nhien da bi thu hep tdi miie eao nhat (Biii Xuan Dinh, 2003, tr 146) Ban cua ngudi Tay la thiet che xa hdi mang dam ban sac tdc ngudi, dugc giCr gin va phat trien qua thdi gian Nhimg ydu td hinh ban eua ngudi Tay la su tdng hda eua cAc mdi quan he thidn, dia, nhan Dd la kinh nghiem da duge tich luy tir xua Do nhiing nguyen nhan khac nen quy md ciia ban khdng gidng nhau, cd ban ddng ngudi, cd ban it ngudi; hinh thirc cu tni cung da dang, cd noi cu tni mat tap, noi khac lai phan bd m rac Ban ciia ngudi Tay la mdt khdi cdng ddng dan cu, mdi vien ban gan bd v6i bingy thiic ddng hg, y thirc tdc ngudi va quan he lang gilng Trong truyen thdng va hien dai, moi Tgp chi Pan tdc hoc so 4-2020 ban Tay dugc van hanh bdi bd may ty quan, d tieng ndi eua gia ban, trudng ban, thay ciing, la nhiing ngudi hidu bilt phong tuc tap quan, cd kinh nghiem va uy tin, ndn ludn dugc ngudi dan tin tudng va nghe theo Nhim cd kdt quan he cdng ddng va tri trat ty an ninh xa hgi, mdi ban Tay deu ed quy udc Cac van de mau thuan phat sinh trong ban thudng dugc giai quyet theo quy udc, le nghi cua tdc ngudi dd xir phat, hda giai nhiing vi pham anh hudng den lgi Ich ehung cua cgng ddng Tai lieu t h a m khao Hoang Be, Hoang Minh Lgi (1988), "Lang ban ciia ngudi Tay", Tgp chi Ddn tdc Ape, s d , tr41-46 Bui Xuan Dinh (2003), "Khai quat ve su hinh va phat triln cua huong mdi tii diu thap nien 90 the ky XX ddn nay", trong: Huang udc qud trinh thuc Men ddn chu d ndng thdn VietNam hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ngi Nguyen Van Huy (1992), "Td chiie xa hdi", trong: Cdc ddn tpc Tdy, Niing a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ngi Tran Van Quydn (2010), Ldng bdn cd truyen cua ddn tdc Tdy a huyen Vo Nhai Thdi Nguyen, Luan van Thac sT, Dai hgc Thai Nguyen Nguyen Nggc Thanh (Chu bidn, 2015), Vdn hda truyen thdng ddn tdc Tdy d Tuyen Quang, Nxb BChoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi Nguydn Nggc Thanh (2020), "Td ehiie ban ciia mgt sd tdc ngudi d mien mii phia Bac Viet Nam", Tgp chi Thdng tin Khoa hoc xd hpi, Sd Le Ba Thao (2009), Thien nhien Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi Duong Thi The, Pham Thi Thoa (1981), Ten ldng xd Viet Nam ddu thi ky XIX (thugc eac tinh tic Ha Tinh trd ra), sach dich, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ndi Ld Thdng (Chii bien, 2016), Dia ly Kinh ti - xd hdi Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hgc su pham, H£i Ngi 10 Thii tudng Chinh phii (2019), Nghi dinh sua ddi, bd sung mot sd quy dinh ve cdn bd, cdng chuc cdp xd vd ngudi hogt ddng khdng chuyen trdch d cdp xa, a thdn, td ddn phd, sd 34/2019/ND-CP 24/4/2019 11 Vuong Xuan Tinh (2000), "Luat tuc cac dan tgc Tay vdi v i n d l quan ly xa hdi va ngudn tai nguyen", Ky ydu Hgi thao qudc te: Lugt tuc vdphdt triin ndng thdn hien a VietNam, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ngi 12 La Cdng V (2010), Den vdi ngudi Tdy vd vdn hda Tdy, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ngi