FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING STRATEGY – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN TOURISM BUSINESSES IN THE CENTRAL OF VIETNAM

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY HO CHI MINH CITY PHAN THI THU NGUYEN PHAN THI THUY NGA FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING STRATEGY – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY HO CHI MINH CITY PHAN THI THU NGUYEN PHAN THI THUY NGA FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING STRATEGY – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN TOURISM BUSINESSES IN THE CENTRAL OF VIETNAM MAJOR : ACCOUNTING CODE : 9340301 DOTORAL THESIS - SUMMARY Ho Chi Minh – 2022 The work was completed at: University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City Scientific instructors: Dr Huynh Loi Dr Le Dinh Trucr Huynh Loi Dr Le Dinh Truc Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis will be presented to the University Dissertation Board at: At hour day month year Thesis can be found at the library: - 19 - INTRODUCTION Motivation Managers couldnot rely on internal information to make decisions, but they had to connect with external information, namely information of competitors (Simmond, 1981), which was changed by the business environment That helped managers to position themselves in competitition, survive and thrive in the uncertain environment at that time Developing for nearly 40 years, many perspectives on SMA have been introduced by researchers, expanding to explore other aspects as customers (Bromwich, 1990), marketing (Roslender et al., 1998), the development of new techniques providing traditional management accounting with the information for processing in costing, controlling, performance measurement, etc as well as process research to implement strategic management of the company (Dixon & Smith, 2003; Lord, 1996) Besides, up to now, there has been still a certain limitation, that is, there is no consistent theoretical framework like traditional management accounting The topic of SMA has been continuosly researched and developed Research issues are not only about the concept and content but also the direction of applying quality management accounting in enterprises in many different fields The increase in the number of empirical studies on quality management accounting from 2000 to now shows that the level of practical application has also increased significantly, making the concept of quality management accounting no longer too strange compared to the past The findings in empirical research have raised the role, position and value of applying quality management accounting in practice In addition, from the existing literature, many empirical studies have recorded that the application of QMS has led to better business performance of enterprises because the application of QMS techniques can help enterprises rationally allocate resources limited resources and integration of internal and external information to help managers make strategic decisions (Ma et al., 2022), especially in an uncertain environment that requires businesses to Fierce competition for survival and development The diversified development of industries and activities is considered a condition to promote change and application of many new management accounting systems such as quality management accounting (Ghandour, 2021), many empirical quality management accounting studies in many different fields and industries demonstrates the difference in the application of management accounting in general and quality management accounting in particular, which is explained by the contingency theory of the appropriateness of a particular system, the accounting system, with the environment, scale, technology, etc (Otley, 1980) Tourism is considered as an industry with a number of differences compared to other industries (Evans, 2015), in which connection, association and cooperation among many stakeholders to create tourism products must be mentioned Moreover, this is an industry that makes a significant contribution to the economy of some countries in the world (Compas et al., 2022) and especially those countries and territories with special characteristics and differences are given preferential treatment from nature including Vietnam, there are provinces in Central Vietnam According to the annual report on Tourism of Vietnam National Administration of Tourism in 2018 and 2019, this is also a fast-growing industry over the past decade in Vietnam, and is considered to be a key economic sector in Vietnam Vietnam by 2030, in which, tourism in the central provinces will contribute a significant part of the economy to the locality and the whole country because of its natural characteristics, advantages in geographical competitive advantages, about natural resources, with typical products of sea, island, and cultural resort tourism In order to compete, develop and integrate with the world, besides natural conditions, enterprises need to have a suitable business strategy and a business chain cooperation This is the necessary premise to change thinking, awareness and apply new management tools to provide more quality and effective information This shows that the study of quality management accounting in the field of DVDL will be necessary because the research results will contribute to the synthesis of problems that have arisen and are arising in reality, on that basis, new issues of significance will be discovered The core helps managers understand and effectively exploit this tool in establishing business policies to solve the problem of economic position in tourism business posed in the central provinces From practical requirements and theoretical contributions, especially in the tourism service industry, the author researches the topic " Factors affecting the application of strategic management accounting - Research in enterprises tourism service business in the central provinces of Vietnam " Research objective Overall objective : identify and evaluate the factors affecting the application of quality management accounting in DVDL trading enterprises in the central provinces of Vietnam Specific Objectives: Specific goals are specifically defined: First: Test the impact of groups of factors on people (characteristics of the Board of Directors, the Board of Management; the accountant's participation in the strategic decision-making process), on the organization (business strategy, scale, information quality of information systems, management decentralization) and environment (competition, cooperation network) affect the application of QMS Second: Test the direct impact of the application of QMS on business performance Third: Test the intermediary role of the application of quality management accounting in the relationship between factors of cooperation network and business performance Research question The study was conducted to answer research questions such as: What factors positively affect the application of quality management accounting, specifically in DVDL business enterprises in the central provinces of Vietnam? The degree of influence of factors on the application of quality management accounting in DVDL business enterprises in the central provinces of Vietnam? Does QMS play an intermediary role in the relationship between new factors (cooperation networks) and business performance? Object and scope of research - Research object: To study the influence of factors related to people, organizations and the external environment on the application of quality management accounting - Research scope: + Scope of content: The thesis only studies the application of quality management accounting techniques + Scope of research space: The study was carried out in DVDL businesses in the central provinces of Vietnam + Time scope: the study was conducted from May 2017 to present, in which, interviews with experts were conducted from September 2018 to March 2019 and a data collection survey was carried out from September 2018 November 2019 to December 2020 Research Methods This research is carried out in a mixed direction, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods to carry out the research The qualitative method was first implemented by the author to identify factors, scales and proposed research model through interviews with experts related to this field after synthesizing and approaching research theories , scientific publications in previous related studies Quantitative method is used through an algorithm with relevant contents such as sending surveys to individuals who are Directors, Deputy Directors, Chief Accountants, managers of DVDL businesses in different regions Central province collects data; Collected data is processed by SmartPLS, SPSS software to make statistics of sample characteristics, evaluate the scale for factors; measure the impact, and evaluate the results of the study From there, give theoretical and practical implications to help improve the application of quality management accounting in tourism service businesses in particular and enterprises in general New contributions of research The research results of the thesis have proved the new point as well as the contribution of the thesis in theory and practice, specifically: The thesis sheds light on the research approach, based on stochastic theory to determine the factors affecting the application of quality management accounting as well as the impact of the application of this tool on business performance, with a focus on is a strategic management accounting technique, in DVDL businesses in the central provinces of Vietnam The study has summarized the theoretical system and empirical evidence tested through the PLS-SEM model, proving that in order to approach the study of the application of QMS in enterprises such as DVDL enterprises, it is necessary to recognize , select factors from outside and inside the business environment in accordance with the operating characteristics of enterprises such as business strategy, management decentralization, network of cooperation, competition and characteristics of the Board of Directors Director, Board of Directors At the same time, the application of strategic management accounting has positively impacted the performance of enterprises in such aspects as market share growth, revenue growth, profit margin growth, rapid growth Return on investment, stable in development, meet customer satisfaction, increase service quality, develop personnel and maintain reputation and brand The results of this study continue to reinforce the theory and empirical evidence that the research and application of strategic management accounting should always put in the compatible impact relationship on some factors from the environment However, it also points out a new problem that tourism service businesses in the central provinces as well as businesses operating in the field of tourism and services need to pay attention to " Effect of cooperative network on the application of strategic management accounting" The new point helps to see a new factor affecting the application of quality management accounting from a point of view of value chains and supply chains in business, thereby showing the path of competition by cooperation that will contribute to capacity improvement , the operating efficiency of enterprises is as specific as DNDVDL in the central provinces Moreover, the success of these businesses can only be achieved by different business strategies in the unique natural conditions of the central region of Vietnam This also helps to reinforce the value of applying randomness theory in the study of quality management accounting In addition, the results of the study also provide certain knowledge about quality management accounting for training and research, helping managers make policies to support cooperation and create an effective competitive environment effectively, allocate the structure of trained human resources, and at the same time help businesses have a closer relationship with the management level of enterprises in countries with developed economies Structure of the thesis The thesis has a structure consisting of chapters and is presented in the following layout and main content: Chapter 1: Research overview Chapter 2: Theoretical Basis Chapter 3: Research Methods Chapter 4: Research results and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications CHAPTER STUDY OVERVIEW 1.1 Overview of research in the world 1.1.1 Research on the application of quality management accounting The identification and application of quality management accounting is growing and spreading rapidly from developed countries to developing countries, the level of application of quality management accounting, specifically the techniques of quality management accounting in research, is quite high, this confirms determine the role, position and importance of this tool in corporate governance Research on applying QMS, specifically QMS techniques, is carried out in the case studies of Guilding et al (2000), Lisa Jack (2005), Cadez & Guilding (2008), Cinquini & Tecnucci (2010) , Turner et al (2017), Kalkhouran et al (2017), Arunruangsirilert & Chonglerttham (2017); Ojra et al (2022), Marten et al (2022) 1.1.2 Research on factors affecting the application of quality management accounting The overview from previous studies shows that the application of this tool is influenced by many human-related factors such as corporate governance characteristics, characteristics of the board of directors, management board, senior management, accountants ; or organizational factors such as management decentralization, business strategy selection, scale, information quality of information systems, market orientation, enterprise structure, and environmental factors such as environmental uncertainty, competition, economic crisis, etc Some related case studies: Cravens and Guilding (2001), Cadez & Guilding (2008), Cinquini & Tecnucci (2010), Lachmann et al (2013), Pavatos (2015), Arunruangsirilert & Chonglerttham (2016), Turner et al (2017), Kalkhouran et al (2017), Pavatos & Kostakis (2018), Cescon et al (2019), HasidAlsayed (2021), Alvarez et al (2021), Marten et al (2022) Campos et al (2022) 1.1.3 Research on the benefits of applying QMS Stemming from the meaning and purpose of applying QMS in practice, empirical studies have also assessed the value of this tool for business performance The results show that when applying quality management accounting, enterprises have a positive effect on business performance Typical is the study of Hoque & James (2000) ; Cadez & Guilding (2008), Kalkhouran et al (2017); Ojar et al (2021); Marten et al (2021) 1.2 Overview of domestic research 1.2.1 Research on the application of management accounting, quality management accounting The research on quality management accounting as well as the application of quality management accounting done in Vietnam can first be mentioned by the study of Doan Ngoc Phi Anh (2012), followed by the studies of Trinh Hiep Thien (2018), Bui Thi Truc Quy (2021), Le Thi My Nuong (2021), Dang et al (2021), Nguyen & Nguyen (2021), Vu et al (2022) This proves that the research on quality management accounting has also been recognized and implemented, especially in recent years 1.2.2 Research on factors affecting the application of quality management accounting in enterprises In the studies of the Doan Ngoc Phi Anh (2012), followed by the studies of Trinh Hiep Thien (2018), Bui Thi Truc Quy (2021,) Le Thi My Nuong (2021), Dang et al (2021), Nguyen & Nguyen ( 2021), Vu et al (2022) identified the factors affecting the application of this tool in enterprises, which are mainly production enterprises, including: decentralization of management, competition, business strategy , technology level, staff level, company culture, etc 1.2.3 Research on the benefits of applying QMS The benefits of applying quality management accounting are also evaluated through the influence of the application of this tool on the performance of enterprises In addition, the benefits of applying this tool are also reflected in its mediating role in the relationship between environmental, human or organizational factors and the results achieved by the enterprise From this perspective, there is a study by Trinh Hiep Thien in his doctoral thesis in 2018 on the intermediary role of quality management accounting in the relationship between factors of intellectual capital and performance, according to the author thanks to the application of Quality management accounting that intellectual capital has an impact on increasing the efficiency of these companies 1.3 Review of previous studies 1.3.1 About the object and scope of the survey Many subjects of the research were conducted, but most of them were for SMEs, especially in the DVDL segment, the main data collection survey subjects were hotels, not to mention other DVDL business activities such as travel, transportation, entertainment, shopping 1.3.2 About research methods The main research method used is quantitative method, only some studies apply both qualitative and quantitative methods The current research model has a more complex structure, so many new analytical techniques such as CB-SEM, PLS - SEM are also applied to explore more relationships 1.3.3 About the background theory The background theory used in the research is also quite rich to create a theoretical basis for building appropriate research hypotheses, most of which are based on stochastic theory (uncertainty theory / contingency theory) This is considered the dominant theory in the study of management accounting, helping to explore many random factors suitable to the conditions and characteristics of each research object 1.3.4 About the influencing factors and the scale of each factor The factors discovered and tested in each study are increasing, be it a group of factors or individual components that make up that factor, thanks to the research results that managers can know strengths and weaknesses of people, organizations and the environment to be able to better improve the quality management accounting These factors can be measured by different scales in each study, which difference depends on the background theory and characteristics of the subject, the scope of the research is directed 1.4 Research gap From the overview and evaluation of the results of previous studies, two gaps identified by the author for implementation in the thesis are: Firstly, there is a gap in new factors, namely the cooperative network factor Quality management accounting was born in the context of fierce competition, but the cooperation between enterprises in general will create competitive advantages and cooperation activities will push managers to take advantage of the advantages of using QMS information to achieve a more sustainable competitive advantage This is the gap that the author identified in this study when exploiting the cooperative network factor combined with the competitive factor, which has not been done in previous studies Second about the object and scope of the study In Vietnam, research in the field of quality management accounting has also appeared in recent years, but the research object on applying quality management accounting is mainly cost techniques Consumption, Logistic, Sugar Industry For the DVDL field, there are studies in the world mentioned, but the main object is hotels while the tourism service industry has many other service sectors such as restaurants, travel, transportation, entertainment , entertainment This is the same object and scope of research that has not been done in previous studies 1.5 Research direction of the author From the gap identified above, the author again clarifies the correlation between human factors such as the characteristics of the Board of Directors, the Board of Directors; participation in strategic accounting decision-making; group of organizational factors such as: management decentralization, information quality of information systems, business scale and strategy; environmental group external factors such as competition and cooperation networks to consider and evaluate when considering in a particular enterprise, thereby clarifying the advantages and disadvantages of these groups when applying QMS, and at the same time assessing the operational value of these groups use of quality management accounting in DVDL business enterprises for the operational relations of these enterprises CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIS 2.1 Theoretical foundations of strategic management accounting 2.1.1 The concept of KTQTQ There are many different views on QMS However, the perspective of quality management accounting used most in empirical research is quality management accounting techniques, techniques that provide strategic orientation information to support enterprises to increase efficiency (Guilding et al., 2000) ; Cadez & Guilding, 2008) Although there are many views, in general, quality management accounting is understood as accounting for strategic management or management accounting to help implement business strategies (Ward, 2004) and always has characteristics that show differences compared to traditional management accounting (Wilson, 1995) the following: Quality management accounting has an outward focus; Information of QMS is financial and non-financial information; Quality management accounting is not constrained by the internal system or the set target system; Support orientation and strategy implementation for enterprises; Quality management accounting is future 2.1.2 The informational role of KTQTQ The role of management accounting increasingly clearly shows a broader perspective and point of view, is more flexible and associated with management, helps to increase value for customers and shareholders, helps to support inspection, assessment and resource allocation In particular, the role of quality management accounting is more sophisticated in creating value through the efficient implementation of resources (Abdel-Kader & Luther, 2003) Thus, in order to make quality decisions that bring high efficiency, help businesses achieve their goals, the information must include financial and non-financial information; not only past and present information, but also predictive of future problems; not only collected from outside, inside enterprises ensure two necessary and sufficient factors, which is the quantity factor and the quality factor of information when it is collected and provided 2.1.3 Applying KTQTQ With the role of providing information when of a management tool, the application of quality management accounting as well as quality management accounting techniques is understood as a systematic process to record, process, synthesize and evaluate information related to specific objects and content The quality management accounting techniques according to Cadez & Guilding (2008) have been widely recognized From the quite popular results and the role of new QMS techniques, in this study, the QMS techniques include 16 techniques according to Cadez & Guilding (2008), adding 02 techniques namely ABC and environmental management accounting , bringing the total number of quality management accounting techniques to 18 On the basis of the concept of quality management accounting introduced by the British Association of Notary Public Accountants (CIMA, 2005), the application of quality management accounting is understood as the recording, processing, synthesis, and evaluation of information related to 18 techniques that are recognized by the British Association of Certified Public Accountants (CIMA, 2005) mentioned 2.1.4.1 Cost accounting technical team 2.1.4.2 The team plans, implements, controls, and measures performance 2.1.4.3 The decision-making team implements strategic management 2.1.4.4 Accounting team related to competitors 2.1.4.5 Customer related accounting team 2.1.4.6 Environmental management accounting 2.2 Overview of the tourism service business 2.2.1 Characteristics of tourism products and tourism business activities Today, along with the development of society, the perception of people's enjoyment has changed a lot, which makes the demand for tourism also constantly increase Experiential activities and tourism products and services are now extremely diverse and rich, meeting all the requirements of customers as well as ensuring tourism needs for all walks of life Tourism activities are constantly innovating and developing in diversity, combining many single services such as entertainment, entertainment, dining, resort, etc The difference between services is designed by many types of businesses operating in this type of business 3.3.4.2 Survey process With a fairly large sample size, the survey was designed into two forms of survey: direct survey using pre-printed hardboards and interviews with direct notes from relevant subjects at enterprises and combined surveys Monitoring online with a board designed on Google.Docs sent via email, through messaging applications such as Facebook, Zalo, through Tourism Associations in provinces/cities, and a few tour operators to support sending board 3.3.5 Data collection and processing For the direct survey, the processing will be carried out as soon as the questionnaire is received by entering data into an excel file with an available format, and at the same time monitoring the collected quantity and for the online survey, the data Collected is backed up in Excel table During this process, if the answer sheets have errors such as blanks or the same business name due to belonging to the same branch, they will be disqualified for further collection After filtering for the final data set, the data is encrypted for further processing Coding is done to serve to input data into the processing software and produce research results but still ensures easy understanding and no confusion when reading results 3.3.6 General method variance test According to Williams and Brown (1994), the common method variance often increases the observed variable correlation among the variables evaluated with the same method Cote and Buckley (1987) also agree that general methods can often cause systematic measurement errors to increase or decrease the observed relationships between scales Researchers load all observed variables into an exploratory factor analysis and test with a non-factor rotation (single factor fixation) solution to determine if a single dominant factor is present best or not A single dominant factor accounting for most of the variance (>50%) suggests that a general methodological variance is present (Cooper et al., 2020) 3.3.76 Multi-structural model testing After processing, coding data is updated into SmartPLS 3.0 software to evaluate the parameters to measure reliability, convergence, difference value, significance level of each fake relationship Theory and significance of the research model, or in other words to test the PLS-SEM multi-structure model, the data processing and analysis is performed according to the following procedure: Diagram 3.2 Sequence of testing PLS-SEM model by SmartPLS software From the extracted results, read and analyze the results according to the following contents: * Description of the study sample * Evaluation of the measurement model - Quality of observed variables Assessed by the Outer loading index of the observed variables, the variable is considered quality when the outer loading index is above or equal to 0.7 (Hair et al., 2017) - Reliability of measured expression The reliability of the measured expressions is assessed from the results of two indexes (a) Cronbach Alpha and (b) composite reliability index (Composite Realiability - CR) When Cronbach's Alpha >= 0.7 and CR >=0.7, it proves that the measured performance of each variable is reliable enough to perform the following testing steps - Convergence This index is shown when analyzing data on SmartPLS software, this is the average variance index AVE (Average Variance Extracted), this represents the minimum level of explanation of the research variable with each observed variable According to Hair et al (2010), the AVE must reach 0.5 or higher to meet the requirements for the convergence of the variables in the model Combining the Outer loading index and the convergence will eliminate the uncertain observed variables, thereby selecting the appropriate observed variables with high reliability and convergence for the next test - Discriminant Discriminant Discriminant validity was tested using the Fornell–Larcker criterion (1981) and the Heterotrait – Monotrait correlation index is denoted HTMT (Henseler et al., 2015) The result of the HTMT index is less than or equal to 0.85 (Henseler et al., 2015) and the Fornell-Larcker index is larger than the correlation between variables, then the discriminant value between variables is appropriate * Structure model evaluation - Multicollinearity evaluation VIF coefficient To evaluate multicollinearity using the results of PLS Algorithm analysis through the criterion of Collinearity Statistics ( VIF) According to Hair et al (2019), the VIF coefficient > causes multicollinearity among the latent variables, affecting the quality of the model results If multicollinearity occurs, it is necessary to take steps to overcome this phenomenon such as removing highly correlated variables, adding or changing new data, changing the model, etc - Impact coefficient and significance of impact levels of the path To evaluate the impact relationships among the variables in the model using the results of Bootstrapping analysis Specifically, the Path Coefficients results are significant when p-value < 0.05 (with 95% confidence) - R-squared coefficient Is the explanatory level of the independent variable for the dependent variable, or in other words, the significance of the model When R > 50%, the model is considered significant, that is, the independent factors explain more than 50% of the significance of the dependent variable - Factor f squared Coefficient f indicates whether the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable is strong or weak Cohen (1988) proposed a specific table of f Square (f ) indexes: If f < 0.02: the impact level is extremely low or no impact If 0.02 ≤ f < 0.15: low impact level If 0.15 ≤ f < 0.35: average impact level If f ≥ 0.35: high impact level CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Results from qualitative research In this section, the results are only mentioned after having expert opinions on the identification of variables, measurement expression and scale of each variable in the proposed model 4.1.1 Research variable 4.1.1.1 New variable Within the scope of this study, the aim is to find out the relationship between cooperation activities and the application of QMS The concept of cooperative network research in this study is understood as: the cooperation between enterprises and different objects (agencies, agencies, competitors, suppliers, customers, ) in activities activities, product development, product promotion, market information sharing, resource sharing, resource training, facilities investment and many more 4.1.1.2 Inheritance variable Synthesized from previous research results, the inherited influencing factors include: characteristics of the Board of Directors, the Management Board; participation in the strategic decisionmaking process of accountants; information quality of information systems; management decentralization; competition, size and business strategy 4.1.2 Measure expression of each variable Summary of the results of expert interviews about the measured expressions of the variables in the model: - Expression measuring the applied variable of quality management accounting: The author proposed to use 16 techniques of quality management accounting of Cadez & Guilding (2008) with the addition of two techniques of quality management accounting, namely ABC and environmental management accounting - Performance of measuring variables Collaborative Network: This content received 8/8 agreement of experts, they gave reasons for accepting this scale: Firstly, these cooperative activities are the issues that managers need to pay attention to to make appropriate cooperation decisions Secondly, these activities are compatible with competitive activities (the scale of competition) which partly shows the two sides of the competition problem, moreover, when placing enterprises in the current context, it is not Competition and cooperation will help businesses achieve long-term, sustainable business goals because thanks to the cooperation strategies between many different subjects, it is also a condition to create a competitive advantage for the enterprise itself Synthesize the measurement scale Cooperation network TT Observed variables first Cooperation in product and service development Cooperation in the promotion and promotion of services Cooperate in the provision, acquisition and sharing of market and customer information Cooperation in investment in facilities, planning and construction of tourism projects Cooperation in sharing resources, tourism resources Cooperation in training tourism human resources Cooperate in other things: safety, insurance, funding, etc - Scale of business performance : With the rate of 87.5% (7/8) experts disagree with the content "Market price index/share earnings (PE)" because they think that the majority of businesses DVDL businesses are not all equitized, so this indicator is not suitable for selected enterprises as a sample, so this content is excluded from the measurement of performance performance Thus, HQHD is measured by measured expressions coded from PER1 to PER9 and measured by Likert scale from (Strongly disagree) to (Strongly agree ) - Measures of business strategy: 8/8 experts agree that the group of business strategies that enterprises in general and DVDL businesses are currently implementing is the competitive strategy group according to Porter (1980) The expression used is a nominal scale, by collecting the choice of units about the strategy that the enterprise is implementing - Expression of measuring the characteristics of the Board of Directors, the Management Board (3 observed variables); participation in the strategic decision-making process of accounting (5 observed variables); competition (7 observed variables); capital size; management hierarchy (6 observed variables); The information quality of the information system (5 observed variables) all received the consensus of 8/8 experts according to the content proposed by the author in Section 3.2.1 Likert level is used to measure these observed variables 4.1.3 Result of the proposed model From the results of qualitative research, the thesis has synthesized groups of factors and proposed research hypotheses as well as research models presented in chapter to continue the survey, collection and treatment stages management and evaluation of actual data verification results 4.2 Results from quantitative research 4.2.1 Data The research sample was collected from November 2019 to December 2020 The sample results are guaranteed in quantity and suitable for processing, the final result is 326 samples Sample characteristics were described by statistical tools processed in SPSS 22.0 and Excel 4.2.2 Describe the measured performance of each variable The processing results show that the standard deviation values of each observed variable in the range 0.826 to 1.083 are quite high, these values are in the safe zone, so the values are guaranteed for the next testing steps 4.2.3 General method variance test The test results extracted from SPSS 22.0 software show that the total % of variance extracted for all input variables = 41,448% < 50%, which means that the data does not occur CMB phenomenon, so the data is suitable for inclusion analysis for further tests 4.2.4 Testing the reliability of the measured expression and the convergence of the variable The test results are exported and aggregated, including the load coefficients, Cronbach's Alpha, the combined reliability and the extracted mean variance Firstly, the assessment of reliability has intrinsic consistency, the Cronbach's Alpha index of each variable is greater than 0.7 (Nunally & Bernstein, 1990; Hair et al., 2016) showing the observed variables of each variable has the same reliability Second, to evaluate the convergence of each research variable, the loading coefficient of each observed variable is larger than 0.7 and the average extracted variance (AVE) ranges from 0.639 to 0.823, so The scales of each variable in the model achieve convergent values 4.2.5 Difference value test The results show that the square root value of AVE ranges from 0.799 to 0.896 and is larger than the correlation coefficient between the factor itself and other factors Results from two Fornell – Larcker indexes and Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) showed that the discriminant value between the variables in the model is appropriate, ensuring the structural model testing steps 4.2.6 Test the proposed research model The results show that the highest magnification factor is 2,426 and both are less than 5, so there is no multicollinearity phenomenon in the proposed model (Hair et al., 2014) The result is a premise for a comprehensive structural model test From the model, it can be seen that there are some path coefficients in the model with relatively low results that need to be bootstrapping to evaluate whether the hypotheses in this model are significant At the significance level of 5%, the results show that the p - value or the significance level of the hypotheses showing the correlation between AP, IT, SIZE and SMau are all greater than 0.05 This shows that these factors AP, IT, SIZE not affect the application of QMS Check the fit of the model After removing the unaffected variables AP, IT and SIZE, the formal research model includes the observed variables: COM, DDM, NC, CEOs, BS, SMau, PER 4.2.7 Validation of the formal research model The formal model will be tested with the corresponding proposed hypotheses In each model, the relationship between NC, SMAu and PER will be integrated with SMAu being an intermediate variable between NC and PER Check the fit of the model Table 4.11 shows that R = 0.589 > 0.5 shows that both models are significant, the factors in the model explain over 58% of the application of quality management accounting 4.2.8 Testing the intermediary role of SMau Direct impact: the level of impact is 0.476 with p value less than 0.05, so the study that directly affects PER is significant and has a very strong impact on PER Indirect impact: the impact level is 0.029 which is the average level of impact, but the p value of 0.062 is greater than 0.05, so the indirect impact of NC on PER through SMAu is not significant With this result, the indirect effect of NC on PER through the variable SMau is not statistically significant, so it can be concluded that SMau does not function as an intermediate variable in the tested relationship If the confidence level is reduced to 90%, with a significance level of 0.062 less than 0.1, the intermediate results of SMAu in the relationship between NC and Per are satisfactory Therefore SMau can be considered as a partial intermediate of NC and PER when the confidence level reaches 90% 4.2.9 Test for mean difference In order to test the hypothesis H5a is that the enterprise implementing the differentiation strategy applies more quality management accounting than the enterprise implementing the low-cost and concentrated strategy, testing the mean value between two independent samples T-test using SPSS 22.0 application With 95% confidence, consider the t-test, with the Sig significance level = 0.008 < 0.05 shows that there is a difference between enterprises implementing these strategic groups, with a difference value of 0.2527 demonstrating the level of application of quality management accounting of enterprises implementing differentiation strategy is higher than enterprises implementing the remaining strategies 4.3 Comment on the results achieved 4.3.1 Level of application of quality management accounting Statistical results on the level of application by each technique show that the proportion of the average level of application is the majority 11/18 techniques have the highest votes, in which the technique of attribute cost accounting and environmental management accounting are the two techniques with the highest number of enterprises 7/18 techniques are applied to a large extent by most businesses Sorting in ascending order includes competitor cost assessment, benchmarking , pricing strategy , customer benefit analysis, competitive positioning, strategic cost accounting , and pricing trademark In terms of application level , it can be seen that most of these techniques are applied at a medium to high level in most enterprises The average value of the observed variables is statistically from high to low, showing that the highest mean value is 3,770 of the observed variable is the price strategy , the lowest is 3,291 of the observed variable measuring efficiency integrated 4.3.2 Factors affecting the application of quality management accounting 4.3.2.1 Factors that have a positive influence R > 58.9% in the model shows that the independent variables can only explain 58.9% of the value of SMau as the dependent variable All the research hypotheses are statistically significant at 5% The results from data processing show that the influence level of factors on the application of QMS in these enterprises is arranged from low to high of techniques related to business strategy, management decentralization, network of cooperation, competition and characteristics of the Board of Directors, Board of Directors Specifically: - Porter's business strategy is encouraged to promote the application of quality management accounting The standardized impact coefficient is 0.093, corresponding to the f square value of 0.02, so the impact of the business strategy on the application of quality management accounting is only low With a p-value = 0.032 < 0.05, it shows that this relationship has a positive effect - The positive correlation between management decentralization and the application of quality management accounting is confirmed again in this study after the study of Pavatos (2015) and Doan Ngoc Phi Anh (2012) The standardized effect coefficient is 0.136 (f square is 0.033), although it is still low, with the level of significance achieved, it can be seen that the hypothesis H3 has been accepted - The cooperation network has a positive impact on the application of QMS with a standardized impact coefficient of 0.217 but the f square is only 0.052, so the level of impact is also low The p-value = 0.002 < 0.05 means that hypothesis H8 is accepted - Competition has a standardized impact coefficient of 0.281 (f square is 0.089), so the level of impact of competition on the application of quality management accounting is also low, but with the significance level of 0.000 < 0.05, it has proven false Theory H7 is accepted - The last factor and the factor that has a decisive impact on the application of quality management accounting is the characteristics of the Board of Directors, the Board of Management The standardized impact coefficient of this factor on the application of quality management accounting is 0.319 and the f-square is 0.163, which means that this effect is moderate, with the p-value = 0.000 < 0.05, indicating that it is false Theory H1 is accepted 4.3.2.2 Factors that not affect The results through testing data according to the proposed research model show that the three factors of capital size, the participation in the strategic decision-making process of the accountant, and the information quality of the information system have p-values value is greater than 0.05, so all three factors not affect the application of quality management accounting, that is, hypotheses H2, H4 and H6 are not accepted 4.3.3 The application value of KTQTCL The standardized impact coefficient is only 0.136 (f square at 0.017) with the p-value significance level of 0.024 less than 0.05, showing that the hypothesis H9 is accepted, that is, the application of quality management accounting has a positive effect on HQ but only at a low level 4.3.4 The intermediary role of QQTQ Within the scope of this research, the thesis only clarifies the intermediary role of quality management accounting between factors of cooperation network and business relations in tourism service enterprises The results show that this mediating role is present, but the confidence level is only at 90%, if increased to 95%, the intermediate significance of QMS is not shown This shows a lack of impact when applying QMS, that is, this application does not increase the relationship of cooperative activities with business activities CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 5.1 Conclusion 5.1.1 About the research objective and main findings of the study The processing results presented in Chapter helped the thesis answer the research questions set out, so that the research objectives were achieved as expected The main finding and also a new finding in this study is the positive correlation between the factor of cooperation network and the application of quality management accounting in tourism service businesses, besides assessing the level of application of quality management accounting in practice economics, as well as testing the correlations between factors with the application of quality management accounting as the results have been published in previous studies The results show similarities as well as differences between this study and previous studies 5.1.2 Contribution of research In the process of collecting, synthesizing, exchanging and evaluating documents in combination with data processing, the results of the thesis have achieved the research objectives but at the same time discovered, discovered and demonstrated new points to contribute to the research gap previously presented Specifically: Theoretically (1) Research results provide an additional implication about the concept of "application of quality management accounting" associated with the meaning of how the application of a specific management tool is done compared with research concepts of quality management accounting expressed in general in studies such as Cadez & Guilding (2008), Pavatos (2015), this limits the situation of misunderstanding the content of each technique during the implementation of the survey to collect opinions from Practice The concept of "applying quality management accounting" is understood as " recording, processing, synthesizing and evaluating information related to the content of each quality management accounting technique" (2) Findings from the results provide additional evidence to support the randomization theory used in empirical research on quality management accounting (Cadez & Guilding, 2008; Hasid & Al-Sayed, 2022; Pham et al , 2020), specifically the research results are expressed as follows: DVDL businesses, when implementing a differentiated strategy , are led and managed by the Board of Directors, the Board of Directors who have qualifications, experience and skills Leadership skills combined with a clearly hierarchical organization, in the competitive context and the implementation of cooperative activities with many different audiences, will promote the application of quality management accounting techniques more and at the same time help improve the operational efficiency of enterprises The results show that the random factors are determined to be consistent with the organizational framework of quality management accounting, agreeing with the views of Cadez & Guilding (2008) and Pham et al (2020) when fully applying this theory for research on quality management accounting (3) Additional aspects of QMS information about cooperation activities If the emergence of quality management accounting from the thinking must supplement information from competitors (Simmond, 1981) or information from customers (Bromwich, 1990), marketing activities (Roslender et al., 1998) to improve the role of accounting in the quality management process (Cadez & Guilding, 2008) in order to reinforce the value of the scope and object of implementation of the quality management accounting tool, etc., the new point of this study will add to the theory an aspect information on the cooperation of enterprises with many different subjects through the positive influence of the factor "cooperation network" on the application of quality management accounting This is a new perspective and also a topical factor, contemporary in business, competitive in the field of tourism - value chain, linked to the supply chain, which is a factor that both promotes the tourism industry The application of quality management accounting has both increased the operational efficiency that the tourism industry needs to set in the implementation of management tools as well as promoting operational efficiency This study points out the key factor to pay attention to the influence of business cooperation on the selection of QMS techniques, an important foundation in establishing QMS In contrast, the application of quality management accounting is the key information that helps businesses, especially tourism businesses in the central provinces of Vietnam, find and effectively exploit the linkage to create unique strengths in development Tourism has a strategy to break down the disadvantages in business, inherent competition is fragmented and small About management practice The results have shown that in order to apply an effective tool, human factors, organizational factors and environmental factors must be combined together, but the human factor is still the decisive factor that specifically It can be the Board of Directors, the Board of Directors who are highly qualified, have a lot of experience and good leadership skills The results provide evidences about the value of applying QMS and the mediating role of applying QMS in the relationship between cooperation network and performance, helping managers have a deeper understanding of key issues relationship in the operation of DVDL business enterprises, especially in enhancing cooperation activities with many different subjects to gain competitive advantage and efficiency of enterprises when applying QMS The results also contribute to the data warehouse of empirical research and knowledge about QMS for managers in promoting the performance of their own enterprises However, in order to be effective, managers need to judge from the results of this study to properly allocate limited capital resources as well as integrate internal and external information to make strategic decisions effective 5.2 Implications from the research results 5.2.1 Research and theoretical implications In terms of research and theory, the research results have provided the following connotations: The thesis has contributed to an overview of theories on quality management accounting, along with studies on the relationships between factors related to the application of quality management accounting The thesis has provided results on variables, variable measurement, data systems, experimental results to demonstrate the research model, which is the basis for future studies The thesis has proposed and demonstrated a research model suitable to the object and scope of the study, contributing a part of theory as well as experimental results when studying the application of quality management accounting in DVDL business enterprises that have not been implemented yet shown earlier 5.2.2 Management Implications Research results have emphasized the role, position and value of applying this tool for tourism service businesses, especially in the context of current globalization In order to increase the effectiveness of the tool, the managerial implications are drawn from the mentioned research results 5.2.2.1 People - human resources The research results are the basis for planning and developing the future management and management team from three angles: qualifications, experience and leadership skills 5.2.2.2 Compete Managers and planners need to create a competitive environment by assessing the level of competition to make policies for industry development, policies to support human resources, resources, fiscal policies as well as policies regulating tourism development projects, etc., thereby adjusting the competitive environment accordingly In addition, when it comes to competitive advantage, it is also necessary to properly recognize competitive advantage, competitiveness in terms of individual actions and cooperation to create advantages 5.2.2.3 Cooperation network Research results show that the role of these activities helps managers identify and apply information processing tools to serve them for strategic management Therefore, it is necessary for managers in enterprises to identify issues that need to be cooperated with each object to improve the quality of cooperation; implementing various forms of cooperation to increase advantages and support each other's weaknesses in order to create quality products and services; have a vision and cooperation roadmap suitable to their conditions to increase service quality, and at the same time commit to, maintain and promote the value of cooperation; evaluate the quality of cooperation to be transparent about benefits as well as eliminate if such cooperation does not bring any value For policy makers who are represented by agencies and sectors who are also subjects in the network, realizing the benefits of this factor helps them to develop policies to promote cooperation networks for different stakeholders DVDL businesses are more effective, for example, with tax support policies, land rental, exploitation of tourism resources, or expansion of the investment environment, creating opportunities to cooperate with many DVDL businesses abroad more 5.2.2.4 Management hierarchy This is an organizational element of the enterprise, showing the structure and decentralization, division of tasks between individuals and departments in the enterprise, helping to ensure that the activities in the enterprise are always identified and resolved in a timely manner Research results show that when enterprises have more management decentralization, they promote the application of quality management accounting more 5.2.2.5 Business strategy Research results show that choosing a business strategy is also very important Managers need to understand the business strategy to choose the right strategy for the conditions of the business as well as the current business environment From there, it is possible to establish long-term strategies, have an adjustment roadmap and ensure resources to successfully implement that strategy 5.2.2.6 Selection and application of quality management accounting techniques Research results show that quality management accounting techniques are applied more in enterprises depending on factors of size, strategy, decentralization of management, competition, Therefore, depending on the characteristics of each enterprise and the necessary information needs that enterprises should have the choice and application of some or all of the techniques of quality management accounting To help the selection and use of this tool effectively, the managers themselves need to raise awareness of the role and value of the tool, avoid the fear of change, approach, learn and communicate achieve to be able to select and apply modern management techniques suitable in business conditions and in the new economic context 5.2.3 Implications for limitations of research space in quantitative research One point to note about research, especially quantitative research in the space of Vietnamese enterprises With many studies in the world being studied in the spaces of enterprises with complete information systems, the role of accounting in decision making has been confirmed and enhanced, and the size of large enterprises is experimentally determined The quality has been clearly shown, but in the research space where the information system is weak, the role of accounting in decision-making is still weak, small and medium-sized enterprises, experimentally and quantitatively, have shown realistic picture, but not so that we should ignore the effects of this issue but need to pay attention to its developments and effects in the future when factors in the research space change From the administrative implications drawn from the research, to promote the use of this tool, it is necessary to support and contribute from many different audiences Specifically: (1) Ministry of Finance According to the popular view of accounting, management accounting is the content and work of each enterprise, so it is difficult for authorities to issue circulars guiding management accounting, policy content models, management accounting tools to create a premise for businesses, can access and choose, thereby contributing to promoting expertise, improving business capacity, competing for businesses (2) On the part of professional organizations and associations Professional organizations and associations need to be more active in disseminating and supporting the implementation of quality management accounting, connecting with professional associations in the world, organizing seminars, discussions and providing orientations to support for managers and accountants to approach and boldly organize the implementation of this tool in enterprises more On the business side Enterprises in general and DVDL business enterprises in particular need to actively learn and participate in professional associations to raise awareness of the value of applying quality management accounting, thereby making implementations in the management process at Enterprises, have requirements and support staff when accessing QMS techniques Enterprises need to have a consistent and effective roadmap and strategy, specifically: Administrators and managers need to re-establish information needs in the direction of strategic management; Next, set out the required information requirements so that employees can supplement, adjust and reorganize the information system structure to provide information that is appropriate to the needs of managers but ensures that it is consistent with the characteristics of the information system activities of enterprises Enterprise administrators and managers need to develop a plan and application roadmap to be able to decentralize work as well as have a plan to organize a separate management accounting department (if necessary) to ensure effective application of each quality management accounting technique provide effective information on the information system infrastructure as well as the own resources of the enterprise Finally, administrators and business managers need to periodically check and evaluate the application of this tool to be able to improve the implementation steps more effectively 5.3 Limitations of the study and directions for further research 5.3.1 Limitations of the study This study has achieved the goal but still has certain limitations, specifically: One is that the results of applying quality management accounting cannot be compared with the region and the world The scope of the study was carried out in DVDL businesses, but the results are still not comparable in terms of the level of application of quality management accounting of DVDL businesses in Vietnam compared to the region or the world Second, the theoretical framework of quality management accounting has not been explored in detail yet The content of each QMS technique is only described in a basic way, but not in detail, so the application method of each QMS technique has not been able to filter out the overlap Third, many new factors have not been discovered and tested Within the scope of the research, the thesis only identifies and evaluates a number of factors that are suitable for the research conditions and research subjects, so it is not possible to explore many other factors that may have an influence on the research to the application of QMS In addition, the study of applying quality management accounting in space, but many theoretical and practical problems of strategic management are still limited in approach in Vietnamese enterprises, so there are difficulties and sometimes contradictions Conflict of opinion can lead to uncertain understandings, so it can partly affect the quality of research, a limitation that can hardly be solved in research conducted within a certain time and budget 5.3.2 Further research directions Starting from the limitation of the above study, some suggestions suggest for future research, such as: One is to increase the sample size Second is to complete the theoretical framework of quality management accounting Third, discover and test many other new factors Finally, the approach to new data processing methods should also be studied more to eliminate limitations to increase the quality of the study CONCLUSION This study has made important contributions in adding theoretical content as well as practicality when applying specific quality management accounting in DVDL business enterprises in the central provinces of Vietnam The study was carried out to test the influence of variables belonging to the stochastic theory of the environment group (competition, cooperation network), human group (characteristics of the board of directors, management board; participation in the process) strategic management of accountants) and organizational groups (business strategy, size, management hierarchy and information quality of information systems) on the application of quality management accounting, and at the same time examine the influence of management accounting applying quality management accounting to the operational management of DVDL businesses through the PLS-SEM model The results of the study show that there is a positive relationship between the characteristics variables of BOM, BQT; competition, cooperation network, management decentralization, business scale and strategy to the application of quality management accounting and the positive impact between this tool on the operational relationship in DVDL business enterprises, although it is quite fuzzy, especially the role The intermediary role of this tool in the relationship between the cooperation network and the OSH exists, but has not yet been clearly demonstrated This topic helps managers realize the importance of applying quality management accounting in DVDL business enterprises to improve competitiveness when increasing the cooperation factor, thereby improving the operating system and sustainable development This study is a representative part of empirical studies in Vietnam analyzing the factors affecting the application of quality management accounting in the relationship with the operating system of DVDL business enterprises However, certain limitations in the implementation process are unavoidable , so empirical research on the application of quality management accounting still needs to follow the new proposals of this study to increase the value and role of quality management accounting in enterprises, and at the same time increasing the access to management qualifications of managers in enterprises in Vietnam compared to developed countries in the world LIST OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO THE AUTHOR'S THESIS I SCHOOL LEVEL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TOPIC Research on the current situation of applying strategic cost management accounting techniques in accommodation service businesses in Quang Nam province and Da Nang city 2017 Scientific research topic at grassroots level II ARTICLE first The role of quality management accounting information for the functions of strategic management Strategic management accounting - Perspective on applied research III SEMINAR Factors affecting the application of quality management accounting - Evidence from tourism service businesses in the central provinces Factors affecting strategic management accounting (SMA) application - An empirical study in Vietnamese tourism businesses Mediating effecting of strategic management accounting application in the relationship between network collaboration and performance in vietnam tourism sec tor ... quality management accounting, specifically in DVDL business enterprises in the central provinces of Vietnam? The degree of influence of factors on the application of quality management accounting in. .. provinces Factors affecting strategic management accounting (SMA) application - An empirical study in Vietnamese tourism businesses 3 Mediating effecting of strategic management accounting application. .. influence on the application of quality management accounting 2.4.2 Participation in the strategic decision-making process of accounting and the application of quality management accounting The