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Policing Football
Social Interaction and Negotiated Disorder
Megan O’Neill
Policing Football
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Policing Football
Social Interaction and Negotiated Disorder
Megan O’Neill
© Megan O’Neill 2005
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2005 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–4118–3 hardback
ISBN-10: 1–4039–4118–1 hardback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
O’Neill, Megan, 1974–
Policing football : social interaction and negotiated disorder /
Megan O’Neill.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4039–4118–1 (cloth)
1. Soccer hooliganism–Great Britain–Prevention. 2. Police–Great Britain.
I. Title.
GV943.9.F35O54 2005 2005048571
302.3′3–dc22
10987654321
14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne
To the Man and the Bean
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Part I
Introduction: Football, Policing and the Excitement of
Mundane Sociology 3
The interpretive framework 4
Research methods 7
Overview of chapters 14
Chapter 1 Previous Research 18
Football literature 18
Policing football 32
Studies by police officers 39
Summary 42
Chapter 2 Government Reports and Football Legislation 45
Government reports 45
Football legislation in England and Wales 51
Football-related legislation in Scotland 52
Summary 53
Part II
Chapter 3 Uniformed Police Constables 59
Performance: front 61
Performance: dramatic realisation and idealisation 64
Performance: maintenance of expressive control 69
Typologies the police employ 71
Rules of engagement 74
Teams 82
Regions 86
Summary 93
Chapter 4 Mobile Constables, Detectives and Football
Spotters 96
Performance: Mobile Support Units 98
vii
Performance: detectives 100
Typologies used by the Mobile Support Units 102
Typologies used by the detectives 105
Rules of engagement: Mobile Support Units 108
Rules of engagement: detectives 111
Teams: MSUs and detectives 114
Regions: MSUs 120
Regions: detectives 125
Summary 128
Chapter 5 Senior Officers 132
Performance 134
Typologies 136
Rules of engagement 139
Teams 143
Regions 146
Summary 150
Chapter 6 Women Police Constables 154
Previous research on WPCs 154
WPCs at football 160
The underlying police community 164
Summary 167
Chapter 7 CCTV Operators and Stewards 169
CCTV operators 170
Stewards 175
‘Real’ police work and ‘real’ police 180
Summary 184
Part III
Conclusion: The Big Implications of Small Teams 189
Implications for interaction 190
Implications for the occupational culture 194
Implications for Goffman 198
Notes 201
Bibliography 205
Index 215
viii Contents
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following for their support (in its many
forms), assistance and advice during the course of this research project
and book preparation: the individual police officers and staff from the
main police force I studied, without whose generous co-operation this
project would not have happened, and especially my two gatekeepers
there; Prof. Steve Bruce, Dr. Richard Giulianotti, Prof. Peter K. Manning
and Prof. Dick Hobbs for reading numerous drafts and providing
thoughtful comments; Dr. Christopher Wright for an ever-open door
and his uncanny ability to help me see the way through the haze of
my ideas, Prof. Simon Holdaway for the precious gifts of time and
publishing guidance; the other police forces and football grounds I
visited during the course of this research, especially their security
advisors; the private security company at the football matches; the
police officers and staff at Tulliallan Police College; the Football
Intelligence Section of the National Criminal Intelligence Service;
the British Schools and Universities Foundation; Prof. Christopher
Gane in the Law Department at Aberdeen University; Ms. Lisa Burns;
Dr. Christopher Bear; the members of the Sociology Department at
Aberdeen University for their unwavering and ever-ready encourage-
ment; Drs Kirsty Welsh, Gwen Robinson, Victoria Gosling and Garry
Crawford for listening to me rant on many, many occasions; Bill and
Carol O’Neill for all their support over the years; and most importantly
Boab, Jackie, Bill and Molly without whose strength I would have
many times lost my own.
ix
[...]... would ‘wandering’ coaches full of visiting supporters get back on the path home (and not towards the city 3 4 Policing Football centre where home supporters were massing)? I observed the police perform these and many other activities before, during and after football matches, and feel that their role is far from insignificant, both operationally as well as socially This project focuses on the interaction. .. order and routine in any encounter This was especially important to establish when considering police and football supporters What could easily be assumed to be a disorderly or even chaotic situation proved to have its own underlying Introduction: Football, Policing and the Excitement of Mundane Sociology 7 structure and social order As will be discussed in later chapters, both police officers and supporters... research and legislation will be discussed in the following chapter Football literature The initial football- related academic literature focused on football hooliganism exclusively and tried to explain and thus eradicate football violence through examining issues of masculinity and class, which will be discussed first Later, football followers were studied more closely in ethnographies for a better understanding... 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons Scotland has a long history of addressing domestic football disorder, or ‘hooliganism’, and thus proved to be a rich location for this study Football hooligan activity seems to have developed there in the 1930s, while only in England in the mid1960s (Giulianotti 1996).2 It was a Scottish ground, Aberdeen, which was the first football stadium in the UK to become all-seated and. .. UK, especially in areas such as international crime, counterfeiting and football hooliganism I interviewed two detectives involved with its Football Intelligence Section (FIS) They showed me what role FIS plays in policing football hooliganism and how it coordinates information-sharing with the police forces in England and Wales The football intelligence officers of each police force send the information... routine part of the football landscape for that year 14 Policing Football Overview of chapters Football disorder and violence have not gone unnoticed by academics, as Chapter 1 will discuss Research began in the late 1960s and continues to this day The methods used have ranged from analysis of largely secondary material to detailed ethnographic study of the hooligans themselves and their culture What... is not to find a cure for football hooliganism nor is it intended to bring about a change in policy and legislation.5 Its impetus is a sociological one, its raison d’être to advance knowledge and add to academic debate in three main areas: the study of football 16 Policing Football hooliganism, the sociology of policing, and the continued utility of Goffman’s work in understanding contemporary life... how football supporters and hooligans tend to be viewed by those policing them Thus this chapter presents an insight into the various manifestations and interpretations of the football supporter identity As the later chapters of this book will explore in detail police identities as expressed in football policing, it is important to develop an understanding of people with whom they are interacting and. .. of investigating the eventful and unusual aspects of existence, Goffman concerns himself primarily with the ways people keep encounters with others smooth and relaxed He attempts to discover the unwritten rules of social order, Introduction: Football, Policing and the Excitement of Mundane Sociology 5 ‘the structure of face-to-face interaction, and the nuances of the interaction process’ (Birrell 1978:... developing a deeper understanding of them and our culture as a whole Football supporters have also become visible members of society and these groups encounter each other several times a week at hundreds of football grounds around the country Thus by using Goffman’s dramaturgical approach we can gain a deeper microscopic and macroscopic insight into the structure of social interaction through this aspect . Policing Football
Social Interaction and Negotiated Disorder
Megan O’Neill
Policing Football
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Policing Football
Social. Megan, 1974–
Policing football : social interaction and negotiated disorder /
Megan O’Neill.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN
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