T A P C H I K H O A H Q C P H A P L Y V I E T N A M S O ^ l 22)72019 TRACH NHIEM KHONG GAY THIET HAI KHI KHAI THAC NGUON TAI NGUYEN XUYEN BIEN GlCfl LE MINH NHVl^ Khoa Luat Qu6c ta, Dai hgc Luat TR Ho Chl Minh Intemational law Department, Ho Chi Minh city University of Law Email: lmnhut@hcmulaw.edu.vn Torn tat X • _ Bdi viit phdn tich trdch nhiem khong gdy thiet hai moi tniang thong qua cdc quy dinh cua dieu uac quoc te, tap qudn quoc ti ludt mem sir dung hai ngudn tdi nguyen xuyen quoc gia la nguon nuac quoc te vd moi truang khong Tit do, bdi viet dua nhimg kien nghi de de cao trdch nhiem cua cdc quoc gia nham ngdn ngiea kiem sodt thiet hai moi truong xuyen quoc gia Tir khoa: nguon nuac quoc te, nhiem khong xuyen bien giai, moi trudng qudc te Abstract This article analyses the responsibility of non-damage of the environment prescribed by international treaties, custom, soft law when using the transboundary resources including international water source and air Therefore, this article offers some suggestions in order to strengthen responsibility of all nations, in preventing and controlling the transboundary environment damages Keywords: international water source, transboundary air pollution, intemational environment Ngdy nhdn bdi-15/11/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng-15/01/2019 N guon tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia nhu dac biet la Indonesia.^ Van de dat la bing ngudn nudc qudc te (nudc ngpt), mdi bien phap nao kiem soat thiet hai va nguy trudng khdng rat dl bi anh hudng neu ea thiet hai moi trudng cd nguyen nhan xuat mgt qudc gia thuc hien nhirng hanh vi cd kha phat tir ben ngoai lanh thd qudc gia Theo tac nang gay thiet hai nhu: thay ddi ddng chay, gia, dieu quan trpng dau tien la phai xac dinh xay dap tren sdng; gay d nhiim mdi trudng ca sd phap ly quoc te eua trach nhiem qudc nudc, khdng Do dd, theo tae gia, cac gia viec khdng dupc gay thiet hai qudc gia can phai cd trach nhiem viee su dyng ngudn tai nguyen xuyen qude gia bao ve hai ngudn tai nguyen chung nay, tranh Trong gidi han bai vilt, tac gia lya chgn hai gay thiet hai eho cac qudc gia khac Nhung loai tai nguyen moi trudng (khdng v^ thyc te hien nay, cac qudc gia vin ed thi bi ngudn nude qudc tl) dl phan tich, ly giai bdi thiet hai ve mdi trudng hanh vi khai thac, vi day la nhiing tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia sir dyng ngudn nudc quoc te' hay d nhiem va viec khai thac, sir dung, bao ve hai loai tai khong xuyen bien gidi (ONKKXBG) nguyen cd tinh chk tuong ty qudc gia khac gay Vi dy, d phia Bac, Viet Dieu ird-c quoc te ve trach nhi^m Nam ddi mat vdi nhiem khdng tir phia Trung Quoc, phia Nam chiu d nhiem khdi khong gay thift hai khai thac nguon mu xuyen bien gidi tir cac qudc gia ASEAN, nirdc quoc te va moi trirtrng khong 1.1 Dieu U-&C qudc ti ve kiim sodt nhiem khong xuyen bien gi&i ' Nguyen Thi Van Huyen, Le Minh Nhut, "Mgt Qua nghien ciiu cac dilu udc da phuang so nguyen tJc co ban vi?c khai thac, sii dung, ve bao ve mdi trudng khdng thi cd thi bao t6n, quan ly d6i voi song qu6c tk - giai phap cho viec bao ve quyen lgi ciia cac nuac ngu6n song MeKong", Hoi thao quoc te Bdo ve mdi truang v&i dn dinh chinh tri, xd hdi vdphdt tnen kinh te • nhihig vdn dephdp Iy dat ra, Tmong DH Luat TP.H6 Chi Minh, thang 7/2017 ; Q- K h ^ i ; T Long - T Duong - Y Trinh, "Khoi Indonesia vo mien Nam, bui dgc Trung n u c vao mien Bac , Bdo Tuoi tre online, https://tuoitre.vil/ khoi-mdonesia-vo-mien-nam-bui-doc-trung-quocvao-mien-bac-981697.htm, tmy eap 12/9/2017 ITIATOUOCTE thiy r5ng, cac dieu uac deu quy dinh chung vl bao ve moi trudng toan cau, d6 CO moi trudng khdng va cac quy dinh ciia nhiing dieu udc van mang tinh chat keu ggi, khuyen nghi hoac chua quy nhiing biSn phap hiiu hieu de bat budc cac qudc gia tuan thii viec bao ve mdi trudng Vi du, Cdng uac Vienna 1985 va Nghi djnh thu Montreal 1987 ve cac chat lam suy giam tang ozon, theo cac qudc gia CO nghia vy c5t giam va di den loai bd hoan toan viec san xuat va tieu thy cac chat lam suy giam t^ng ozon, co cae chat gay nhiem khong nhu CFC, CH4, N20, NO,^ dua nhiing bien phap bao ve biu quyen toan cau, tranh gay d nhiem khong xuyen bien gidi Ben canh dd, Cong udc khung ve bien doi hau nam 1992 vaNghi dinh thu Kyoto nam 1997 vl cit giam nha kinh dua ldi keu gpi ve viec phdng ngira, ngan chan bang nhiing bien phap co thi bao ve mdi trudng khdng khi.* Nhung dilu udc tren chi dung lai d viec keu gpi, khdng cd nhiing bien phap thyc thi hieu qua Ci cip khu vyc, Cdng udc nam 1979 vk ONKKXBG^ xem bSu quyen chau ' DiSu 2, Di^u va Phu luc I Cong u a c Vienna v^ bao V? tang ozon •* Dieu 3.3 Cong uac khung ve hau bien doi 1992: Cac Ben phai thuc hien nhiing bien pjiap than trpng de doan tmoc, ngan ngira hoac lam giam nhung nguyen nhan ciia bi£n d6i hau va lam giam nhe nhrnig anh huang c6 hai ciia no nhung nai co cac moi de doa bj thiet hai nghiem trgng hoac khong the dao ngugc, viec thikn su chdc ch^n day dii v i khoa bpc khong dugc dung lam ly de tri hoan nhirng bien phap iy, lini y ring cac chmh sach va bien phap doi vol bi6n d6i hau phai la chi phi co hieu qiiidg dam bao nhung lgi ich toan c^u a miic phi t6n thap nhat co th6 dugc D I dat dugc muc tieu do, nhiing chinh sach va bien phap nhu vay phai tinh den nhirng ttah hu6ng kinh tl xa hgi khac nhau, phai toan dien, bao triim mgi ngu6n, hk hip thu va hk chira cac nha kinh va sy thich ling va bao gom mgi Imh vuc kinh te Nhiing n6 luc d6i vai bien doi hau c6 the dugc thuc hien mgt each hap tac boi cac ben quan tam ' UN/ECE/HLM.l, October 22nd, 1979, 18 Int L Mat 1442 Au la mdt nguon tai nguyen diing chung va dd bat bugc cac qudc gia phai cd su hap tac xay dyng va thyc hien cae bien phap kiem soat d nhiem ciing nhu nhiing tieu chuan phat thai chung Vi vay, muc tieu ciia Cdng udc la ngan ngira, giam thieu va kiem soat d nhiem khdng tam xa, tir bat ke ngudn gay nhiem nao, nhung khdng quy dinh trach nhiem ddi vdi tdn hai d nhiem khdng khi.'' Ngoai ra, cac quoc gia chau Au cdn xay dyng Cong udc ve Danh gia Tae dpng Moi trudng xuyen bien gidi nam 1991 (Cong udc Espoo) de tao co che danh gia tac dgng tiem an ciia cac du an kinh te, dat trach nhiem cung cap thdng tin, thuc hien danh gia tac dpng mdi trudng Cd thi thay rang, Cdng udc nam 1979 ve ONKKXBG va Cdng udc Espoo la nhiing dieu udc hiem hoi quy dinh ve giai quyet vin dl d nhiSm khdng khi, nhung chiing lai khdng xem xet trach nhiem phap ly qudc te ddi vdi nhii'ng hanh vi gay d nhiem va chi dugc thilt kl dl hd trp cho viec phat trien cac chiln lupc kiem soat khdng chung Mae khac, ca hai dilu udc chi gidi han d pham vi khu vue, ehua trd dieu uac ehung toan cau Ddi vdi khu vyc ASEAN, cac quoc gia ky kit Hiep dinh ASEAN vl nhiim khdi mil xuyen bien gidi (AATHP) vao tharig 11 nam 2003 Hiep dinh bao gdm 32 Dilu va Phy lyc, bao gom cae thilt lap quan ly d nhiem khdng xuyen bien gidi pham vi khu vuc ASEAN Trong do, AATHP xac dinh muc tieu la ngan chan va theo ddi d nhiim khdi byi xuyen bien gidi xu^t phat tir cac vu chay d4t va/hoac rimg ma chn phai dugc giam bdt thong qua cac no lyc phdi hgp giira cac qudc gia va tang cudng hgp tac khu vuc va qudc te Tir do, Hiep dinh da xay dyng nen nhiing nguyen t k nin tang nhu: nguyen tac tdn trpng chu quyln ciia cac qudc gia vien; nguyen tSc lien kit va hop tac; nguyen '' Nguyin Phuc Thiiy Hi6n, "NghTa vu kiem soat nhiem khong tSm xa" Tap chi Khoa hoc phdp ly, s6 4/2001 76 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY V l f T N A M S ^ l 2 ) / tac phdng ngiia; nguyen tac quan Iy phu hpp; nguyen tac tham gia (Dieu AATHP) De theo dudi muc tieu ciia Hiep dinh quoc gia ASEAN phai co nghia vu hgp tac viec xay dung va thyc thi eae bien phap de ngan chan va theo doi tinh trang d nhiem khdi byi xuyen bien gidi la hau qua ciia eae vu chay dat hoac/va chay rirng ma can phai dupc khac phuc,^ kiem soat cac ngudn gdc sinh cac vy chay, ke ca viec nhan dang va xac dinh cac vy chay, xay dyng cac he thdng theo doi, danh gia va canh bao sdm,^ trao ddi thdng tin va cdng nghe,^ ap dung chinh sach hd trg lln ^ ASEAN to chirc Hgi nghi cap Bp truang ve khoi mil xuyen khu vuc (MSC) hang nam, lan gan day nhat la vao ngay 18/5/2017 tai Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ' Chuang trinh va Hoat dgng ciia Ban chi dao cap Tieu viing (MSC) bao gom: (i) tang cuong quan !>' kiem soat dam may thong qua canh bao sam va giam sat; (ii) sang Igc He thong Danh gia Hiem hoa Hoa hoan; (iii) Quy trinh van hanh chuan dugc sira doi (SOP) de theo doi, danh gia va img khan cSp chung khuon kho AATHP, cac mite canh bao cac diem kich boat va cac hanh dong ve phong ngira va ngan chan boa hoan dugc ket hgp; Va (iv) xay dung nang luc cua cac nuac vien ASEAN Mang luoi D^o tao Mua vung ' Cuoc hop lan thu cua T6 cong tac Ky thuat MSC (MTTF) t6 chiic vao thang 8/2016 vS phuang thirc chia se thong tin diem nong giua cac nuoc MSC, la- (i) dir li$u dugc chia se; (ii) khung thai gian d^ tim hieu va lam ro; Va (iii) co chS chia se Cac bo truong da thong qua phuang thiic chia se thong tin vg diem nong, phu hgp voi ca chS hien tai theo SOP cua ASEAN de theo doi, danh gia va img khSn c4p chung theo khuyen cao ciia Cuoc hgp lin thii ciia Nhom cong tac Ky thuat MSC (MTTF) theo luat va quy dinh ciia qu6c gia Cac bg truong da giao nhiem vu cho cac qu6c gia MSC van hanh ca chg chia st thong tin miia kho sdp toi Hgi thao ASEAN v§ Hoat dong ciia cac Cdp dp Canh bao va DiSm Kich hoat cho Phong Chay va Ngan chan Hoa hoan to chiic vao 23 - 24 thang 5/2016 tai Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia va hoan H^i thao Train-the-Trainer vk Thuc hien Cac Hudng dh\ Ve Quan ly Chiia chay Peatland dugc t6 chiic tir 30/5 dSn 01/6/2016 tai Pontianak, Tay Kalimantan, Indonesia va Singapore d6ng t6 chiic Thanh l^ip trang thong tin ASEAN ve moi truang: http://environment.asean.org/ 1.2 Biiu ir&c qudc ti vi bdo v^ nguon nie&c quoc te Nhilu dilu udc song phuang, da phuang dilu chinh viec khai thac, sd dung nguon nudc xuyen bien gidi nhung khdn| co dieu udc chung toan cSu nao vl van de Vi dy, Cong udc New York 1997 ve Lu$t su dyng cac ngudn nudc xuyen bien gidi vi muc dich phi giao thdng dudng thuy cua Lien hop qudc (Viet Nam la vien), Hiep dinh vl Hop tac phat triln bin viing luu vuc sdng Mekong nam 1995; Cdng uac vl Bao ve va su dung cac ngudn nudc xuyen bien gidi va cae hd quoc te ciia Uy ban Kinh tl chau Au nam 1992 (Cdng udc Helsinki 1992), mpt s6 dieu udc qudc te song phuang, da phuang, khu vyc nhu: Cdng ude Bao ve sdng Danube nam 1994; Hiep dinh ve Chat lucmg nudc cac hd Idn giiia Canada va My nam 1978; Hiep dinh Phan ehia nguon nudc Pakistan nam 1991; Nghi dinh thu sua ddi ve Cac ngudn nudc chia se cua Cdng ddng Phat trien Nam Phi nam 1995; Hiep dinh ve Khung hgp tac chau thd Sdng Nile nam 2009 Trong do, Dieu Quy tac Helsinki nam 1966 ve viec sir dung nudc tir cac ddng sdng quoe te dat nguyen tac tranh gay thiet hai dang ke: mpi qudc gia luu vuc deu cd quyen su dyng hpTp ly va chia se cdng bang cac vimg nuac cita luu vuc, bao ve ngudn nudc, tranh gay thiet hai Theo do, cac qudc gia cung luu vyc CO nghTa vu phai xem xet cac quyln va nhu cau cua cae qudc gia khac'" va mdi qudc gia cd quyln dupe chia se ngudn nudc mpt each edng bang va hpp ly Nguyen tic mang lai lgi ich tdi da cho mdi luu vuc nudc, cung vdi miic thiet hai tdi thilu ViSc xac dinh dupc chia se hgp ly va cong bSng phai dugc danh gia dya tren t4t ca cac ylu to lien quan timg trudng hgp cu thi" '« Sharon Williams, "Public Intemational Law Govemmg Transboundary Pollution", the University of Queensland Law Joumal,Vo\ 13No 1984 p 243 252 - Le Minh Nhyt, "Khai mem cong Vmg [rong nguyen tac cong bang, hop ly sii dung tai neuven xuyen quoc gia" Tap chi Khoa hgc phdp ly sQ 5/2018 LUATQU6CTE Ngoai ra, nguyen t i e tranh gay thiet hai dang ke ciing dupe de cap tai D i l u Cdng uoc New York 1997 ve Luat sir dung cac nguon nudc xuyen bien gidi vi myc dich phi giao thdng thiiy ciia Lien hop qudc Dilu va Cdng udc New York 1997 cy thi hoa Dieu 7, quy dinh cac qudc gia n l u chling minh dugc rang viec rang hg da thuc hien tat ca cac bien phap thich hop d l ngan ngira nhiing thiet hai dang k l va viec sir dung ngudn nudc quoc te la cdng bSng va hgp ly thi mdi khdng chiu trach nhiem phap ly ve viec gay nhirng thiet hai dang k l Ngoai ra, luu vyc sdng Mekong, Hiep dinh Mekong nam 1995 dugc thilt lap de keu ggi cac quoc gia luu vuc cd bien phap bao ve nguon nudc, tham vdn cac quoc gia khac thyc hien nhiing dy an cd kha nang gay thiet hai (Dilu 5, D i l u 26) va dac biet lap Uy ban hdi sdng Mekong, la CO quan cd chiic nang hd trp, thuc ddy sir hgp tac giiia cac qudc gia luu vuc (Dilu 18) Nhu vay cd the thay rang, co tdn tai cac quy pham dieu udc quy dinh v l nghia vy bao ve mdi trudng va kiem scat d nhidm, khdng gay thiet hai cho qudc gia khac Tuy nhien, nghia vy kilm soat ONKKXBG, bao ve ngudn nudc qudc t l tir ngudn thai ben ngoai lanh tho qude gia van chua dupc quy djnh mpt dieu uoc chung toan cau, chi dugc mgt sd qudc gia, khu vuc thda thuan Nhiing thda thuan ciing chi dirng lai d mot sd khia canh nhdt dinh nhu neu nhung nghia vu mang tinh chit chung chung, khuyen nghi, keu ggi, nghTa vy cung cap thong tin, nghia vy danh gia tac dgng mdi tnrdng Trong boi canh ciia Viet Nam, hien tai chling ta chi mdi tham gia vao Hiep dinh khoi mu ASEAN 2002, nhung cac hien tirgng nhiem khdi mil tir cac dam chay d Indonesia gay ra, Hiep dinh vin chua 3ugc thyc thi tren thyc tl Trong mdi quan h? ydi Trung Qude, quoc gia khdi ngudn d nhiim khong cho m i l n B i c Viet Nam, van chua cd bat ky dilu uac nao quy dinh ve nghia vu kiem soat d n h i i m hay xii ly d 77 nhiem Ddi vdi ngudn nudc qudc tl, Viet Nam mdi chi tham gia vao Hiep dinh sdng Mekong va Cdng ude New York va thuc t l viec khai thac sdng Mekong dang gap rit nhieu van de Do do, tac gia thiy rang, mac dii t i n tai cac quy pham dilu uoc, nhung hoac nhiing quy pham chi mang tinh chit khuyin nghi hoae chi la nhiing quy pham pham vi song phuang, khu vyc Cd thi thiy rang, hien cd mgt su thilu sdt v l cac dieu udc qudc te de cac qudc gia nhu Viet Nam bao ve minh trude vin dk nhiim khdng xuyen bien gidi va bao ve ngudn nude qudc tl T^p quan quoc t l v l trach nhiem khdng gay thiet hai khai thac nguon nu-ffc quoc tS va moi triromg khdng Trong cpng ddng qudc te da va dang hinh mpt tap quan ve sii dyng ngudn tai nguyen xuyen quoc gia Do la: Mpt qudc gia bi cam sir dung lanh thd cua mdt qudc gia ma khong tinh d i n Igi ich hpp phap va cac quyen eua cac qudc gia khac Dieu dugc the hien qua mdt sd phan quyet qudc te Phan quyet dau tien va quan trpng nhdt ve nghTa vy kiem soat ONKKXBG la phan quyet ciia Trpng tai qudc te vy Trail Smelter^- Trong do, uy ban trpng tai da dua mgt nguyen tac cua viec kiem soat ONKKXBG la nghTa vy cua cae qudc gia phai ngan ngira cac tdn hai xuyen bien gidi Trgng tai ket luan rang "'theo cdc nguyen tac cua lugt phdp qudc te, ciing nhu ludt phdp cua Hoa Ky, khdng co qudc gia ndo cd quyen su dung hogc cho phep su dung lanh thd ciia minh theo cdch thirc gdy thiet hgi khoi bui hodc tai lanh thd cita qudc gia khdc hogc tdi sdn cua qudc gia do, truang hap co hdu qud nghiem trgng vd '- Bay la mgt tranh chap ve ONKKXBG giua Hoa Ky va Canada, mgt cong ty Canada a Trail a British Columbia phat khoi sulfur dioxide, da gay thiet hai cho cay va go a tieu bang Washington, Hoa Ky Trail Smelter Arbitration, 111 UNRIAA 1905, p 1965 78 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY VIET N A M S O O I O S ^ cua Hiep chung ciia hg theo cac dilu khoan Costa (_anasjeres Trgng iiujig tai •»• cho — rang , uac CanasJeres Rica khdng t h i ngan Nicaragua th^c ^i?n thuang tich duac xdc lap bang nhirng bang chung ro rdng vd thuyit phuc".^^ Lap luan sau da dupe eoi la "locus classicus" (cot loi) ciia Luat mdi trudng qudc te, dugc trich dan Iai rat nhilu lin cac phan quyet sau ciing nhu cac nghien ciiu ciia cac hpc gia qudc te.'"* Mac dii da cdng giai quyet tranh chap ve d nhiem moi trudng khdng xuyen bien gidi giiia Hoa Ky va Canada, nhung cd the ndi vy Trail Smelter la vu tranh chap nhat lien quan tryc tiep den van de ONKKXBG cae cdng trinh lanh thd f^.^^^:^""' dilu kien nhiing cai tien k h ^ ^ ^ S J ^ ^ n g a p l u t hay thiet hai tren l a n h t h o Costa Rica va Costa Rica cd quyen yeu cau boi thudng thiet hai.'^ , , , Qua cac vu viec cd the thay rang, ca quan tai phan qudc tl dua cac phan quyet v l viec sir dung tai nguyan xuyen quoc gia thudng di theo hudng yiec su dung tai Trong vy Lac Lanoux, '^ Trpng tai qudc te nguyen lanh thd qudc gia phai tinh lap luan rang cac cdng trinh Phap de xuat se din Igi ich cua nhirng qudc gia khac ya khdng lam giam lupng nudc chay vao lanh khdng dugc gay thiet hai cho nhiing quoc thd Tay Ban Nha, nhung hp du kien mgt gia dd N I U gay thiet hai phai bdi thudng tinh hudng gia djnh rang cac cdng trinh de Dac biet, viec khdng gay thiet hai cho quoc xuat se lam tdn hai lgi ich cua Tay Ban Nha gia khac thuc hien cac hoat dpng ciia thong qua d nhiem hda hpe, va ket luan rang qudc gia khdng chi thyc hien ben lanh tinh hinh do, trach nhiem ciia Phap se thd qudc gia, ma cdn dupc ap dung hg phai dugc tinh den Trudng hgp vy kenh dao thyc hien d viing lanh thd quoc te, nhung da Corfu,' ^ Toa an Cdng ly qudc te da giai quyet hoac se cd kha nang gay thiet hai eho qudc vin de trach nhiem cua qudc gia ve thiet hai gia khac Dieu dupc tim thay vy phat sinh tir viec thyc hien chu quyen cua Nuclear Test-" giua Australia/New Zealand hg Trong do, ICJ de cap "nghTa vu cita mdi v a P h a p , 1973 - 1974 Ca Phap va Australia/ quoc gia khdng cho phep sir dyng trai phep New Zealand da chap nhan nguyen tac lanh thd ciia minh xam hai quyen eiia ngudi L u a t mem ve t r a c h n h i e m khong khac" '^ Trong San Juan River case^^, mpt gay thiet hai khai t h a c nguon nird^c Uy ban trpng tai dupc lap bdi Costa quoc t l va mdi trircrng khdng Rica va Nicaragua de phan dinh ranh gidi Ngoai cac phan quyet cua ca quan tai phan quoe te, cac dieu u d c qudc te thi tdn " Nguyen van; "the principles of international law, tai cgng dong qudc t l nhiing quy as well as of the law of the United States, no State has the right to use or permit the use of its territory pham luat mem nhu: Chuang trinh mdi in such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to trudng cita Lien hgp qudc (UNEP), Tuyen the territory of another or the properties or persons bo cua Hgi nghi Stockholm vao nam 1972 therein, when the case is of serious consequence and ve Mdi trudng va ngudi, Tuyen bd Rio the injury is established by clear and convincing evidence" Xem: Trail Smelter Arbitration, 111 nam 1992 v l Moi trudng va phat triln UNRLAA1905,p 1965 UNEP (Chuang trinh Mdi trudng cita Lien '•• Handl, "Territorial Sovereignty and the problem hgp quoc), dugc xay dung bdi Dai hdi dong of Transnational A u Pollution", 69 Am J Int L 50, Lien hiep quoc sau Hpi nghi Stockholm 1976, p 69 vao nam 1972, da cd ging cu t h i hda cac " Lac lanoux case, XII UNRIAA 303, 1957, p khuyen nghj da dua tai hdi nghi va 315-317 1^ Corfu case, ICJR 1, 1949, p 22 day manh viec danh gia moi trudng, trao ddi " ICJ REP 4, 1949, p 22 " J B Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United Slates has been a Party, Washington government printing office Vol II, 1989 p 1964 " J B Moore, Ibid, p 1964-1966 =« Nuclear Tests Cases (New Zealand v France) VerbatimRecord,CR95/20;JudgeadhocSirGeaffrev Palmer, ICJ Reports, 1995, at 441 ^'rueottrey LUAT QUOC TE thong tin, quan ly mdi trudng, chiln luge ngiea su suy thodi mdi truang "?^ Nguyen va thyc Men ban Tuyen ngon Stockholm.^' tac ciing dupc nhieu hpe gia qudc tl tan Nam 1981, cudc hpp C4p cao UNEP td ddng.^^ Viec ap dung bien phap phdng ngira chirc tai Montevideo, Uruguay thiet lap mpt cd the bao gdm yeu cau mdt qudc gia tiln khuon khd va cac phuong phap cho viec hanh danh gia tac dpng mdi trudng trudc soat dinh ky phap luat mdi trudfng qude tl.^^ bat tay vao mpt hoat ddng cd the gay Hgi nghi Lien hpp qudc ve Mdi trudng va nguy hai xuyen bien gidi nghiem trgng Con ngudi td chuc tai Stockholm vao nam Trong mdi trudng hgp, dieu se phy 1972 da danh dau mgt buoc ngoat thugc vao timg ngii canh.^* viec phat trien luat mdi truimg qudc te Mae du nhiing chuang trinh hanh dpng, Trong do, nguyen tac 21 va 22 eua Tuyen bd tuyen bd ciia nhiing van ban neu tren khdng Stockholm keu ggi cac qudc gia xay dyng mang tinh chat bat bupc, nhung nhung van luat qudc te ve bdi thudng cho cac nan nhan ban da md dau va dan trd nhiing bi nhiem xuyen bien gidi va dam bao rang nen tang co ban cua luat mdi trudng qudc viec khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien ciia te Trong do, cac tuyen bd de trach hg khong gay gay thiet hai cho moi nhiem bao ve mdi trudng chung, tranh gay thiet hai da trd nguyen tae eo ban cua trudng cita cac nudc lang gieng.^-' Nam 1992, tai Hgi nghi Rio cac qudc gia luat mdi trudng qudc te dade cac nguyen tac ve bao ve mdi trudng, Tir thyc tien xet xir ciia ca quan tai phan dd Nguyen tac 15 cua Tuyen bd Rio qudc te , cac dieu udc quoc te va luat mem quy dinh rang "De bdo vi mdi truang, cdch cd the thay rang tdn tai trach nhiem ciia tiep can phdng ngira se dug'c cdc qudc giaqudc gia khai thac tai nguyen xuyen dp dung rdng rdi theo khd ndng cua minh bien gidi Dd la, khai thac tai nguyen Truang hgp co nguy ca gdy thiet hgi xuyen bien gidi qudc gia khdng dugc gay nghiem trgng hodc khdng the ddo nguac, thiet hai mdi trudng tren lanh thd qude gia thieu su chdc chan day du ve khoa hgc se khae va neu gay thiet hai trudng hgp khong duac su dung Idm ly tri hoan cdc nhu vay phai cd nghTa vy bdi thudng Dua tren nhiing phan tich tren, vdi Viet hien phdp co hieu qud ve chi phi di ngdn Nam - mdt qudc gia dang gap phai d nhiem ^' UN Doc A/Conf 48/14/Rev 1, June 16th, 1972 khdng xuyen bien gidi va chiu anh hudng ^ The Report produced by the Senior Level tir viec khai thac sdng Mekong, tac gia de Meeting, Doc UNEP/IGGC 10/5 Add and Corr xuit mpt sd giai phap trudc mat nhu sau: and Corr ^ Report of the UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, June 1972, A/CONF 48/14, at Nguyen tac so 21: "Cdc quoc gia co, pha hap vai Hien chuang ciia Lien hgp qudc vd cdc nguyen tac cua lu$t phdp quoc ti, cd chii quyen khai thac tdi nguyen cua minh theo chinh sdch mdi truang cua hg vd trdch nhi^m ddm bdo rdng cdc hoat dgng phgm vi quyin han vd kiim sodt cua ho khdng gdy thi^t hgi doi vdi moi truang cua cdc qudc gia khdc hogc cua cdc khu vuc vucrt qud gi&i han cua chu quyin quoc gia" Nguyen tic so 22: "Cdc quoc gia se h(rp tde dephdt triin han nira ludt phdp quoc te lien quan den trdch nhi^m phdp ly vd bdi thuang cho cdc "an nhdn cua d nhiim vd cdc thiet hgi vi moi truang khac cdc hogt dgng thugc thdm quyin hogc kiem sodt cua cdc quoc gia ddt v&i cdc khu vuc ngodi , tham quyen ctia hd" " L Gundling, "The Status in Intemational Law of the Principle of Precautionary Action", International Journal ofEstuanne and Coastal Law, 1990, p 23; E Hey, "The precautionary concept m environmental policy and law: institutionalizing caution", Georgetown International Environmental Law, ^{2), 1992 ^ D Freestone, "The Precautionary Principle, International Law and Global Climate Change", London, 1991, p 21 -* Viec xay dimg nghTa vu thgc hien danh gia tac dong moi Uucmg theo cac nguyen tac ciia UNEP cho thdy ro rang rang nhiem vu co lien quan hay khong mot trucmg hap cu the se tiiy thuoc vao tinh chat ciia hoat dong ciing nhu kha nang va muc nguy hai; Huong din ciia UNEP nam 1987 ve Muc tieu va Nguyen tac Danh gia Tac dpng Moi truong, Nghj quyet GC14/2.5 cua UNER 80 TAP CHi KHOA H O C PHAP LY VIET Mdt Id, can van ddng cac qudc gia khu vyc, dac biet la khu vue ASEAN va Trung Qudc thiet lap cac dieu udc chung ve kiem soat d nhiem khdng xuyen bien gidi, hoan thien Hiep dinh sdng Mekong viec lam ro trach nhiem va bdi thudng thiet hai Ben canh dd, Viet Nam neu chua the van dgng cae quoc gia ky ket dieu udc qudc te cd lien quan, cd the trudc mat van dgng thiet lap cac md hinh hgp tac song phuang hay khu vuc Cac thiet che bao ve mdi trudng khu vyc ciia Cgng ddng chau Au, Td chiic cac qudc gia chau My (Organization of American States - OAS) va mo hinh ciia cac quoc gia Nam Mytheo Hiep trde Andean la cac md hinh kiem soat d nhiem mdi trudng kliu vyc ndi chung va ONKKXBG ndi rieng, se la mo hinh thich hgp eho Viet Nam tham khao Hai Id, tren ca sd ly Iuan va thyc tien nhu da phan tich, tac gia kien nghi Viet Nam nen manh dan thdng qua eon duong ngoai giao nhu dam phan, trung gian, hda giai de thda thuan vdi Trung Qudc va cae qudc gia gay ONKKXBG va cd nhiing tac dgng tieu cue viec khai thac sdng Mekong Bdi vi, ly luan ve trach nhiem khdng gay thiet hai khai thac tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia da dugc chimg minh ddi sdng quoc tl, nd se la CO sd ly luan, phap ly viing chac cho Viet Nam qua trinh dam phan vdi cac qudc gia, Ba Id, neu viec thue hien bien phap ngoai giao khong edng, tac gia kiln nghi Viet Nani nen di theo dudng tai phan d l giai quyet triet de nhiing van d l moi trucmg lien quan din ONKKXBG va ngudn nudc qudc tl Thyc tiln phap Iy qudc t l nhu da phan tich, se la lap luan thuylt phuc cho Viet Nam de bao ve lgi ich ciia minh thong qua tai phan qudc te • Tai [1] [2] [31 [4] lieu t h a m khao Lac Lanoux case, xu UNRIAA 303, 1957 Cor/u case, ICJR 1, 1949 Nuclear Tests Cases (New Zealand v France) Verbatim Record, CR 95/20 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) 2003 NAMS601(12««£1£ ConventionontheLawoftheNon-Navigational [5] Uses of Intemational Watercourses^ IV^^^^ s of the Waters [6] The Helsinki Rules on the Uses c of Intemational Rivers 1966 [7] Mekong Agreement 1995 [8] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 [9] Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 1991) [10] The Montreal Protocol 1987 [11] Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 [12] Tuyen ngon Stockholm 1972, UN Doc A/Conf 48/14/Rev I, June 16th, 1972 [13] Trail Smelter Arbitration, 111 UNRIAA1905 [14] L J Bouchez, "Rhine Pollution: Intemational Public Law Aspects", (ii) International Business Lawyer, 1981 [15] P Dupuy, "International Liability of States for Damage caused by Transfrontier Pollution", in OECD Legal Aspects of Transfrontier Pollution, 1977 [16] D Freestone, "The Precautionary Principle", International Law and Global Climate Change, London, 1991 [17] L Gundling, "The Status in Intemational Law of the Principle of Precautionary Action", International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law, 1990 [18] E Hey, "The precautionary concept in environmental policy and law: institutionalizing caution", Georgetown International Environmental Law, 4(2), 1992 [19] Handl, "Territorial Sovereignty and the problem of Transnational Air Pollution", 69 Am J Int L 50, 1979 [20] I H van Lier, "Acid Rain and International Law", Kluwer Law International, 1981 [21] J B Moore, "History and Digest of the Intemational Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party", Washington government printing office Vol II, 1989 [22] Le M m h N h u t , "Khai niem cong bing nguyen tac cong bJng, hap ly su dung tai nguyen xuyen quoc gia" Tap chi Khoa hoc phdp ly, so 5/2018 [trans: Le Minh Nhut, "The concept of equitabihty m the principle of reasonable and equitable use of cross border resources" Legal sciences Journal,'^o 05 (117) 20181 [23] Sharon Williams, "Public iMemational Law Governing Transboundary Pollution" the ... ciia tiep can phdng ngira se dug'c cdc qudc giaqudc gia khai thac tai nguyen xuyen dp dung rdng rdi theo khd ndng cua minh bien gidi Dd la, khai thac tai nguyen Truang hgp co nguy ca gdy thiet hgi... cae qudc gia gay ONKKXBG va cd nhiing tac dgng tieu cue viec khai thac sdng Mekong Bdi vi, ly luan ve trach nhiem khdng gay thiet hai khai thac tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia da dugc chimg minh ddi... ONKKXBG va Cdng udc Espoo la nhiing dieu udc hiem hoi quy dinh ve giai quyet vin dl d nhiSm khdng khi, nhung chiing lai khdng xem xet trach nhiem phap ly qudc te ddi vdi nhii'ng hanh vi gay d nhiem