Bàn về tính độc lập của ủy ban cạnh tranh quốc gia theo luật cạnh tranh năm 2018

L U A T KINH Tt B A N v i TINH D O C L A P CtJA tJY BAN CANH TRANH QU6C GIA THEO L U A T C A N H TRANH N A M 2018 B t n XUAN HAI Khoa Lu^t Thuong mgi, Dai hgc Lujt TP H& Chf Minh Department of Commercial Law, Hochiminh city Umversity of Law Email bxhai@hcmiilaw edu.vn T o m tat Yiu cdu quan hdng ddu ddi vdi ca quan c^nh tranh aia bdt cti quic gia ndo Id phdi bdo ddm dnh ddc ldp tichUc vd hogt ddng, dino khdng chiu su can thiip hoge chi phii tU bdt ky ca quan, tichtic ndo Md htnh ca quan o}nh tranh d Vi^t Nam duac tichitc nhu thi nao, co bdo ddm tinh ddc ldp vd hogt ddng hi^u luc, hi^u qud hay khdng ludn Id mdt vdn di ddc hiit quan vd co nhihi y kiin khdc Bdi viit phdn tich cdc quy dfnh ctia Ludt Cgnh tranh ndm 2018 vd chi m0t si bdt cdp, hgn chicd khd ndng ldm dnh hudng din su ddc ldp aia Oy ban Cgnh tranh Quicgia Viit Nam Ta k h o a : ca quan cgnh traith, Oy ban Cgnh tranh Quicgia, Ludt Cgnh tranh nam 20i8 Abstract A very important requirement of a competition authority of any country is independence in organization and operation, unthout any interference or influence from any authorities and organization How the model of competition authority in Vietnam should be, whether this model can ensure the independence and effective operation of this authority are always essential and controversial issues in the time ^making and passing the Competition Law This article examines regulations of the 2018 Competition Laiv and aigues that this law remains some problems that may affect the independence of the National Competition Commission of Vietnam K e y w o r d s : competition authority National Competition Commission, 2018 Competition Law Ngay nhan bai: 15/4/2020 Ngay duyet dang: 25/6/2020 P hap lu^t cgnh tranh la mpt bb p h | n kh6ng thfe thifeu cda hfe thbng phap lu^t nfen kinh tfe thi t r a d r ^ va phai tb chac thyc thi cd hieu qua phap luit canh tranh nham bao vfe thi tradng cgnh tranh va chbng cac hanh vi hgn chfe cgnh tranh, canh tranh khbng lanh mgnh Nhifem vy thyc thi phap lu^t canh tranh dypc giao cho cac co quan canh tranh qubc gia, m d t thifet chfe quan trpng va kha d5c thu cau true td chac cua bb may nha nade Tinh dac thd cda cac co quan cgnh tranh qubc gia cd thfe thSy qua ban chit phap ly cda n b Khac vdi cac cO quan nha nade hfe thbng lap phap, hanh phap hay ta phap, cO quan canh tranh qubc gia la mbt cP quan "labng tinh", cP quan hanh chinh "ban ta phap" O p h ^ Idn cac nade trfen thfe gidi, cd quan canh tranh t h a d n g thubc vfe hfe thbng hanh phap, n h a n g nd lai cd th£rn quyfen difeu tra, t h ^ quyfen cac quyfet dinh n h a hogt dpng tb tyng tda an Ndi each khac, cP quan cgnh tianh qubc gia la cbng cy cua T A P CHI KHOA H O C PHAP LY V i g T N A M S6 05 {t35)/2020 Chi'nh phu vifec quan ly nha nade vfe cgnh tranh, nhong dbng thdi cO quan cOng cd quyfen rifen hanh cac boat ddng difeu tra, cac quyfet dinh phan xd ddng - sai va ap dyng cac chfe tai vdi quy trinh quyfet djnh ^tn taPng ty nha tb tung cda tba an.' Nha lam luSt va gidi nghifen cdu lujt hpc trfen thfe gidi dfeu thda nh§n rdng rai i^ng yfeu c5u quan trpng hang dSM dbi vdi cP quan cgnh tranh cua b£t cd qubc gia nao la phai bao dam tinb dpc Ijp tb chde va hogt ddng, dfe nb khong chiu sy can thifep hoic chi phbi td bat ky cO quan, tb chde nao Vifec xac djnh hanh vi, nhgn dien va xd ly cac hanh vi vi phgm phap luat canh tranh cda cP quan cgnh tranh cd thfe g^y tac dbng nhiit dinh dfen cac chu thfe canh tranh, dfen mbi tradng kinh doanh, dfen quyfen lpi ngadi tifea ddng va xa hOi Dfe bdo dam cP quan cgnh tranh qubc gia thac sy dbc l^p thi phai td chac nd nha thfe nao, dit nd d dSu cS'u true td chde bb may nha nade? Day la ciu hdi dac bifet quan trpng ma nha lam lu4t phai tra Idi Theo nghifin cdu cda Bb Cdng thaOng vfe md hinh cO quan cgnh tranh cda 150 qubc gia va vting lanh thb trtn thfe gidi thi cO quan canh tranh trfen thfe' gidi dapc td chde theo mbt bbn mb hinh cd ban sau day: (i) cO quan canh tranh qubc gia thubc mbt Bb Chmh phd, (u) co quan cgnh tranh qubc gia thupc Chinh pha, (iii) cO quan cgnh tranh qubc gia thubc Qubc hbi va (iv) CO quan cgnh tranh qubc gia khbng thudc ba tradng hpp trfen Kfet qua nghifen cdu cho thay, sb 150 qubc gia va vung lanh thd trfen thfe gidi thi cd 63 qubc gia chpn mb hinh 1,^ 47 qubc gia theo mb hinh 2,^ qubc gia chpn mb hinh 3.^ N h a vdy, da cd trfen 40 % cac qubc gia va vung lanh thd dgt CP quan cgnh tranh tryc thubc mbt Bb cda Chhih phu Song, cho dd co quan cgnh tranh qud'c gia cd vi tri d ddu bb may nha nade thi vifec dat tifeu chuin, rbi chpn lya va bb nhifem ngydi ddng d&u va t h ^ i chi h cic vifen cP quan ludn dapc quan tSm d3c bifet N h ^ bao dam tmh dbe l§p va uy quyfen dfe thyc thi cd hifeu qua lujt BO C6ng thuong, Bdo cdo Tting kft 12 ndm thi hdnh Lu4t Ct/nh tranh Ha N.>i, 2017, tr 27 ChJing ban nhu Cvc Cac ten ciia C^ng hoa hin Bang Dilc thuOc B(> Kinh t^ va Nang lui^ng, Hy Lap CO Cy ban Cpih tranh Hy Lap thuc B$ Kinh te', Nam Phi co Oy ban C?nh tranh Nara Phi thu^c Bi) C6ng thiCdng Xem: B$ C6ng thuOng, Bdo cdo md h'lnh ca quan atnh tranh: Kinh nghifm qud'c tgva bdi bgc cho Viit Nam Ha N$i, 2018, tki li^u hfi sO DM an Lujt Cjnh tranh (sda d6i 2018), tr Chdng h?n nhU: An Dfi Dai Loan, Ddc, Han Qu6c, Lifin Bang Nga, Oc Xem: B.> Cftng chuong, tldd, tr Ching han nhu: Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungaria, Albania, Kosovo Tuy nhifin cQng co tdi 33 co quan canh tranh (cbitfm t^ 1$ 22%) duoc t6 chiic theo mO hinh khac va la cO quan dc Up nhd Oy ban Qu6c gia vfe bao v0 canh tranh Annenia, Toa an C^nh tranh Canada Toa an Bao v$ C3nh tranh ty Chile, Oy ban Canh tranh COng d6ng Caribe, Uy ban Thilc d^y cjnh tranh Costa Rica Xem: BO COiig thuOng, Bdo cao md limb ca quan cgnh tranh- Kinh nghi(m qudc t^vd bai hgc cho Vi(t Nam, Ha N(>i, 2018, tai b^u h6 sO Du an Lujt C?nh tranh (sda diii 2018), cr L U A T K I N H Tfi canh tranh, ngybi ddng ddu cP quan cgnh tranh thadng dadc chpn lya va bb nhifem bdi ngadi ddng dSu nha nade hay ddng d^u Chmh phd va cd thfe phai kem dieo sy phfe chuiln cua Nghj vifen/ Qudc hbi Vi dy nhy, tiy ban T h y p n g mgi Lifen bang Hoa K^^ {The Federal Trade Commission - FTC) dapc lanh dgo bdi dy vifen [commissioner) vdi nhifem ky n i m (nhang khbng CO qua uy vidn la vifen cua mbt Dang) dapc bb nhifem bbi Tdng thbng va dapc phfe chuan bdi Thapng vien Tdng thbng chi dinh mbt dy vian dam trach chde vy Chd tich (Chairman) cda FTC ItaHa, Cp quan chbng dbc quyfen gbm cd Chu tjch va vifen dfeu dapc chi djnh bbi Chu tich Ha vifen va Chu tich Thapng vifen C) Nhat Ban, 05 vifen cua O y ban ThaOng mgi Lanh mgnh Nhat Ban (Japart Fair Trade Commission - JFTC) dfeu dapc bb nhifem bdi Thd tadng trfen cd sd dbng thuan cda ca T h a p n g vifen va Ha vifen.^ Lu^t Cgnh tranh dau tifen cda Vifet Nam dadc ban hanh nam 2004, saa 14 nam thyc hifen da bOc lb qua nhifeu bS^t cJp, hgn chfe va da bi thay thfe bdi Luat Cgnh tranh nam 2018 (cd hifeu lyc td n ^ y 01/7/2019) M d hinh cd quan canh tranh d Vifet Nam nfen dypc td chde nha thfe nao dfe bao dam tinh dbc l^p va hogt dbng hifeu lyc, hifeu qua lubn la mdt vSh dfe quan trpng Theo Luat Canh tranh nSm 2018 thi Oy ban Cgnh tranh Qubc gia (Oy ban C T Q G ) dang la cb vi tri, vai trb la cP quan canh tranh qubc gia cda Vifet Nam Khoan Difeu 46 Lujt Cgnh tranh nam 2018 giao cho Chmh phu "quy dinh chi tiit nhi^m vu, quy'dn h^n vd co cdu tSchUcaka iJy ban Ci^nh tranh Quicgia" Tuy nhifen cho dfen nay, hfet thai^ 03/2020, Chirih phd vSn chiia ban hanh r^Ju dinh hadng dan quy djrih chitife'tvfe nhifim vy, quyfen han va cd cau tb chde cda Oy ban C T Q G , tii dd dSn dfen mdt thyc tfe trd trfeu la m§c dd Lu4t Cgnh tranh 2018 da co hifeu lyc gSn mbt nSm nhiing Oy ban C T Q G van chaa dadc lap Khi Lujt Cgnh tranh nam 2018 cd hifeu lyc thi Hbi dbng Cgnh tranh cOng phai ch&i ddt sy tbn tgi cda minh, cbn Cyc Cgnh tranh va Bao vfe ngadi tifeu dung chi la mbt cP quan c^p cyc thubc Bb Cbng thapr^ N h a vay, cP quan nao dang thyc thi chde nar^, nhifem vy, quyfen han cua Oy ban C T Q G dieo Luat Cgnh tranh nam 2018? Day la mbt khoang trb'ng phap ly rr^ trach nhifem chmh thubc vfe Chinh phd va Bb Cbng thypng vi Bb Cbng diapng la cd qaan dau mbi gidp Chiiih phd thyc hifen quan ly nha nade vfe cgnh tranh.*^ Hifen nay, khbng cd quy dinh nao Lujt Cgnh tranh nam 2018 va chaa cd mbt n g ^ quyfe't nao cda Qubc hbi giao cho Cyc Cgnh tranh va Bao vfe = '' Xem th^ni chOng tin tai website cda Oy ban ThilOng mai Lifin bang Hoa Ky (FTC), t^i www, ftc.gov, tmy cJp n ^ y 20/3/2020; Oy ban Thuong mai Linh manh Nhjt Ban, tji www.jftc gov jp, truy c3p 20/3/2020 vi xem B0 COng thuong, Bdo cdo md liinh ca quan cgnh tranh: Kinh nghifm qu