MOT SO Y KIEN VE QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU* N A M 2015 DOI V6l NGI/dl BI GIU* TRONG TRUdNG HCJP KHAN CAP THEO QUAN DIEM BAO VE QUYEN CON NGlTOl HUYNH THI NGOC HAN''* Tom tat Phap luat to tung hinh sg Viet Nam nhan dinh ngudi hi buoc toi M nhdm ngiidi yeu the cin difOc bao dam v^ bao ve quyen ngifdi quyen cong dan nbien phap lotung binh sg chifa ghi nhAn ngiidi bi giQ trifdng hgp khan cap la ngudi bi buoc toi thi dong nghia vdi viec chi/a co cd sd phap ly de bao ve quyen cua ngifdi bi giU trifdng hop khin cap Do phap lu(il da ghi nh$n quyen difgc nhd ngitdi bao chQa doi vdi ngiidi hi giU trudng hop khan c£p (Dieu iS/ thi dong thdi phap lu$t phai ghi nhan thai diem co mSt sdm nbA't cua ngxfdi bao chda Id ngifdi bi giQ c6 m&t tai CO quan dieu tra bi tam giQ bdi Lenb giQ ngitdi va ghi nh$n ngudi bi giQ triidng hgp kh£n c&'p la ngQoi hi buoc tgi nhif vay mdi co tinh nha't quan va pba hop de bg co the thgc hi$n ddy du cac quyin cua minh nbU luat dmh Bai viet se tap trung lam ro ve vin de Tif khoa: Ngiidi hi giQ trifdng hgp khin cA'p: ngiidi bao chQa; quyen bAo chifa qu\t'n ngifdi; quyen cong dan; to'tung hinh sg Abstract: Vietnam criminal procedure identiSes persons held in custody as a vulnerable group requiring pwttrtion of human rights and citizen rights However, as criminal procedure law has not recognized persons held in custody in «t.se ofemeigency as critninally charged persons, there i.-^ no legal ground to protect thenrights If the Criminal Procedure Code recognizes the right to defense for person held in custody in case of emergency (Article 58) it should also recc^nize that the earUest appearance of the defense counsel is when he/she appears at the investigation body, when he/she is held in custody by a warrant, and to recognize persons held in custody in case of emergency as criminally charged persons Only then would the Code maintain its cohesion and protect rights ofpei-sons held in custody in case of emergency Keywords: Person held in custody in case of emergency: criminally charged person; defense counsel; right to defense; citizen right: criminal procedure Ngay nhan bai: 16/12/2019; Xgiiy sda bai: 24/2/2020; Xgay duyet dang bai: 27/3/2020 Dat van de: Trong quan he to' tung hinh sfl thi ngfldi hi buoc tdi, ma thdm chi hp khong dfldc hfldng quyen cd ngfldi bao chiia (didm g, ngfldi bi bupc tdi la nhdm ngfldi yeu the can dfldc bao dam va bao ve quyen ngfldi, quyen cdng dan Hien nay, Bd luat khoan 1, Dieu 58), bdi le luat quy dinh thdi diem ngfldi bao chfla tham gia to' tung sdm nhd't la tfl ngfldi hi bdt cd To tung hinh sfl (TTHS) chfla chinh thflc ghi nhan ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp khdn cap la ngfldi hi budc tdi, nhien mat tai tru sd cua Cd quan dieu tra, cd quan dfldc giad nhiem vu tien hanh mot so' hoat dpng dieu tra (Dieu 74) Vi vdy, viec hp bi gifl trfldng hdp khdn ca'p thi hp da bi b a n che mpt so' quyen nhfl la S j 1.2020 'XCS Khoa luat - Hoc wen Khoa hoc xa hoi NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q | MOT S O Y KIEN VE QUY DINH CUA BO LU.\T TO TUN(; p h a p luat ghi n h a n ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp k h d n cd'p cung la ngfldi hi buoc toi la vd cung q u a n trpng n h d m dam bao quyen nhd ngfldi bao chfla cua hp Q u y d i n h c u a Bg l u a t To t u n g h i n h sfl n a m 2015 Tai diem d, khoan 1, Dieu Giai thich tfl ngfl thi Ngifdi bi budc toi (NBBT) chi gdm ngfldi hi bat, ngfldi bi t a m gifl bi can, bi cao, theo dd tai Dieu -iS da quy dinh chung ve quyen va nghia vu cua ca ngfldi hi gifl trfldng hdp khdn ca'p va ngfldi bi bat (hi bat trfldng hdp pham tdi qua t a n g va bi bat theo quyet dinh truy na), nhfl vay p h a p luat thfla n h a n quNcn va nghia vu p h a p ly ciia hp la nhfl n h a u Ben canh dd khoan 1, Dieu 59 dinh nghia "Ngfldi bi t a m gifl la ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp khdn cap" va "dd'i vdi hp da cd quyet dinh t a m gifl", tfl quy dinh na\- chung ta cd the hidu rdng ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hpp khdn ca'p se bi t a m gifl trfldng hdp cd quye't dinh t a m gifl Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 58 thi ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp khdn cap chfla cd quyet dinh t a m gifl va hp cung chfla dfldc xem la NBBT cho den kbi hp cd quyet dinh t a m gifl dfldc phe chudn cua Vien kidm sat (VKS) cung cap, nhflng thflc te' hp da bi gifl va cd mat tai cd q u a n dieu t r a (CQDT) ddng thdi hp cd dia vi p h a p ly nhfl ngfldi hi bat, ma ngfldi hi bat theo Iuat ghi n h a n t h i lai la NBBT Nhfl vay theo ndi d u n g quy dinh tai Dieu 58 va Dieu 59 chung ta cd the t a m chia Ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp k h a n cap t h a n h hai nhdm nhfl sau: nhdm mdt Id: Ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hpp khdn cap theo Lenb gifl ngfldi cua CQDT nhom hai la: Ngifdi bi gifl trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p theo Lenh bdt ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p, Quye't Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi dinh t a m gifl cua CQDT cd sfl phe chuan cua VKS Ca hai nhom cung Id rig^ldi bi gifl trfldng hdp k h a n cap nhflng doi vdi nhdm mot thi Bp l u a t T T H S n a m 201o chfla ghi n h a n hp la N B B T Ben canh dd, Bd Iuat T T H S quy dinh viec giut ngfldi trfldng hdp k h a n cap ia mdt t r c n g nhflng bien p h a p n g a n chan dfldc xem xet d ye'u to: can cfl dp dung, thdm q u y e n ap dung, t r i n h tfl t h u tuc va thdi h a n tie'n hanh"" Theo dd, ngfldi hi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cap chfla cd quye't dinh t a m gifl se bi gifl bdi lenh gifl ngfldi cua CQDT Lenh gifl ngfldi t r o n g trfldng hdp khd'n ca'p cua CQDT khdng can p h e c h u a n ciia b a t cfl cd q u a n nao va tai thdi diem n a y hp da ddi m a t vdi cd q u a n va ngfldi cd t h a m quyen tien h a n h to t u n g (THTT), hp da chinh thflc hi h a n che' mpt so' quyen ngfldi (QCN), q u y e n cdng d a n (QCD) vd phai thflc hien cdc nghia vu nhfl ngfldi bi b a t (\k NBBT) CQDT tien h a n h lay ldi k h a i ngay, day la mpt h o a t ddng nghiep vu dieu t r a m a n g t i n h dpc lap m a l u a t khdng cd quy dinh cd q u a n giam sat Vi vdy, sud't k h o a n g thdi gian 12 gid ndy ludn tiem a n nguy cd x a m h a i de'n quyen tfl ciia ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cd'p, viec p h a p luat khdng ghi n h d n ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p la NBBT tfldng chiing nhfl la mpt ldi t h e cho hp, nhflng can cfl theo Dieu 58 thi t r o n g trfldng hdp lai la mdt bat ldi k h i ho t h a m gia T T H S , vi ngfldi bi giQ t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cap khdng chi hi b a n che mpt so' QCN ma hp cdn mat di quyen dfldc nhd ngfldi bao chfla (NBC) chinh b a n '" T r l n Vfin Bien Dmh The Hung (20l7» Binh lu' khoa hgcBgluM To'tung hinh sU nam 201.5, Nxb Th"' sfis-zoae HLTXH THI NGOC H.\N than hp dang ddi mat vdi cd quan cd thdm quyen THTT (thdi diem na\- la CQDT), ngfldi cd tham quyen to' tung (Dieu tra vien) Mat khac, luat chfla ghi nhan ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp khan ca'p la NBBT thi dong nghia vdi viec luat se khdng bao dam quyen bao chfla (QBC) cho hp Ve bao ve quyen ngflcrt cua ng\iiii hi gifl trfldng http khan cap Quyen ngfldi la nhflng quyen mdc nhien va cd ban ciia ngfldi ke tfl dfldc sinh cho de'n trpn ddi ma khdng cd quyen tfldc bd*^', khai niem ndy tiep can theo khuynh hfldng QCN tfl nhien khdng mang tinh phdp ly Theo van phdng Cao Uy Lien Hiep Qudc ve QCN: QCN la nhflng dam bao phap ly toan cau (universal legal guarantees) cd tac dung bao ve cac ca nhan va cac nhdm chdng lai nhflng hdnh ddng (action) hodc sfl bo mac (omissions) ma lam ton hai de'n nhan phdm, cac quyen (entitlements) va tfl cd ban ciia ngfldi (fundamental freedoms) '^*, khai niem chu yeu de cap den cac ye'u to phap ly nhdm dam bao thflc hien QCN Theo Tfl dien Luat hpc QCN la quyen cua vien xa hpi loai ngfldi - quyen ciia ta't ca mpi ngfldi Dd la nhan phdm, nhu cdu, ldi ich vd nang Iflc ciia ngfldi dfldc the che' hda (ghi nhan) phap luat qud'c te' va phap luat qud'c gia*^' npi dung khai niem dfldc tiep cdn tfl gdc quyen tfl nhien de'n dfldc ghi nhan phap dinh Theo Phd Giao Sfl Tien si Nguydn Cflu Viet da phat bieu: "quyen tfl nhien la nhflng quyen ciia ngfldi sd'ng trang thai tfl nhien, nd Id cd -^d ciia QCN; QCN la tdng hdp nhflng quyen tfl nhien vd'n cd cua ngfldi ndi chung cdn phai dfldc nhd nfldc va xa hdi thfla nhan va bao ve'^' Trong linh vflc S6B-2020 phap luat TTHS, bao dam quyen to' tung cua NBBT cung chinh la bao ve QCN cua NBBT dia \i phap ly cua NBBT cd thd bi anh hfldng bdi nhflng thu tuc to' tung hodc tham chi tfldc bd quyen tfl cua hp Hien cac qudc gia dang ra't quan tam van de bao dam QCN TTHS, va'n de can bdng gifla nhiem vu xfl ly tdi pham va viec bao dam khdng vi pham cac quyen to' tung cua NBBT Nhieu quoc gia d Chau Au vd ke ca d Viet Nam thflc tien giai qu>et cac vu an hinh sfl (VAHS) cho tha'y vdn cdn xay tinh trang vi pham cac quyen to' tung cua NBBT, lam oan sai, gay thiet hai de'n quyen va ldi ich hdp phap cua cdng dan Muc dich cua TTHS la xac dinh sfl thSt khach quan cua vu dn, bao ve QCN cac hoat dpng TTHS, mac du nguyen tdc suy doan vd tdi da cd qua trinh hinh thdnh va phat trien tfl lau lich sfl nhan loai va dfldc the hien d nhflng hinh thflc, mflc dp khac nhau, tfl nhiing tfl tfldng tien bd, dan dan phat trien thdnh mdt nguyen tdc vdi npi dung phong phu, mang tinh nhan dao sau sdc Suy doan vd toi da dfldc luat hinh sfl cua nhieu nha nfldc coi Id nguyen tdc cua TTHS, dfldc danh gia la tflu vi dai ciia van minh phap ly viec bao ve QCN TTHS Tfly nhien, ldn ddu tien lich sfl lap hie'n, '-' Vien Chien lildc va Khoa hoc Cong An (2005) TH dien Bach Khoa Cong An Nhan Dan, Nxb Cong An Nh,in dan, Ha Noi tr.995 '" Vu Cong Giao (2009) "Ban ve mot so khia canh IJ lu&n vk thuc tien ciia quyen ngUOi" Tap chl Nhd nitdcva Phap luat (so 5) tr,66) '*• Vien Khoa Hoc Phap Ly (2006) Tii dien Lu$t hoc N \ b Tut diln Bach khoa va Nxb Tu Phap Bo Tu Phap tr G48-649 '^' Hoi thao de t^i nghien ciiu khoa hpc cfip Bg (2018), Ve dam bao quyen ngudi To tung hinh BI/ Vier S.im thAnh H6 Chi Mmh NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q MOT SO Y KIEN VE QLT DINH CU.\ BO LUAT TO TUN(; Hien p h a p ndm 2013 da ghi n h a n tai Dieu 31 ' N B H r dfldc coi la khdng cd toi cho den dfldc chflng minh theo trinh tfl luat dinh va cd ban a n ket toi cua Tda an da cd hieu Iflc p h a p luat" va Bp luat TTHS n a m 2015 ghi n h a n tai Dieu 13 ve nguyen tac "NBBT dfldc coi la khdng cd tdi cho den dfldc chflng minh theo trinh tfl t h u tuc Bd luat ndy quy dinh va cd ban an ket tdi CUA Tda an da cd hieu Iflc p h a p luat Khi khdng du va khdng the lam s a n g td cdn cfl de bupc tdi, ket tdi theo trinh tfl t h u tuc Bd luat quy dinh thi cd quan ngfldi cd thdm quyen THTT phai ket ludn NBBT khdng cd tdi" the hien dfldc sfl thd'ng nha't gifla hai yeu to': y nghia xa hdi hpc cua p h a p luat vd cac dinh hfldng tac dong cd ban cua p h a p luat den cac q u a n he xa hdi, dd yeu td y nghia xa hpi cua p h a p luat ddng vai trd thd'ng tri quyet dinh D:iy Id mdt diem son lap hien, lap phap, lam tien de k h a n g dinh va bao ve QCN xay dflng p h a p l u a t T T H S vd thflc hien TTHS Xac dinh dia vi p h a p ly cua mdt chu thd suy cho cung chinh la nhdm bao ve QCN QCD cua hp Trong linh vflc p h a p l u a t TTHS, bao d a m quyen to' tung cua NBBT ndi chung, bao ve QCN QCD cua ngfldi bi gifl trfldng hdp khdn ca'p chinh la thflc hien nguyen tdc suy doan vd tdi Viec gifl ngfldi trfldng hdp khdn cd'p dfldc dp d u n g mot ba trfldng hdp sau:"a) Cd du cdn cfl de xac dinh ngfldi dd dang c h u a n bi thflc hien toi p h a m rd't nghiem hoac toi p h a m dac biet nghiem trpng: b) Ngiloi cflng thflc hien tdi pham hoac hi hai hoac ngfldi cd mat tai ndi xay tdi p h a m chinh mat nhin thay va xac n h a n d u n g la ngfldi da thflc hien tdi p h a m md xet thay can ngan chan \iec ngfldi dd tron: c) Cd Q NHAN UfC KHOA HOC XA Hdi da'u vet ciia toi p h a m d ngrfldi hodc i;.i' ^ d hoac ndi lam viec hoac t r e n phfldng tien cua ngfldi bi nghi thflc hien tdi pham va xet thay can ngdn chdn viec ngfldi trd'n hodc tieu huy chflng cfl" Dong thdi Dieu 15, Thdng tfl 04"^' hfldng ddn nghiep vu cu t h e ddi vdi Dieu t r a vien can cfl gifl ngfldi neu d Diem a la chflng cfl, t a i h e u chflng minh: neu d diem b la bien b a n ghi ldi khai; neu d diem c cung Id chflng cfl, tai lieu xac dinh cd lien q u a n den tdi p h a m Qua dd cho thay dfl trfldng hdp k h a n cd'p thi vdn phai tdn t r p n g QCN, bdi hp chfla phai la ngfldi cd tdi theo "Ban a n ke't tdi cua Tda dn da cd hieu Iflc p h a p luat", nen hp vdn cd ddy du cac QCN, quyen tfl nhien vd'n cd, "quyen b a m sinh, gdn vdi ban cha't ngfldi, la di san c h u n g cua loai ngfldi QCN m a n g t i n h q u a t vi ngfldi d d a u t r e n t r a i da't ndy cung deu la t h a n h vien cua cpng dong n h a n loai'^' va bi tac dgng bdi L e n h gifl ngfldi ciia CQDT n e n hp chi bi b a n chd' mpt sd'quyen theo quy d i n h ciia p h a p ludt, vd p h a t sinh n g h i a vu bdt bupc hp "phai chap hanh theo Lenh gid ngifdi va yiu cau cua ca quan, ngifdi cd tham quyen gid ngiidi' Mpt t r o n g nhflng n g u y e n tdc chung ciia Viet N a m ve bao ve QCN la nguyen tdc binh ddng trfldc p h a p l u a t va dfldc p h a p l u a t bao ve, Dieu 52 Hie'n p h a p 1992 quy dinh "Mpi cong dan binh ddng trfldc p h a p luat", Khoan 1, Dieu 16 Hid'n p h a p 2013 sfla doi tfl "cong dan" t h a n h "•' Thong tu 04/2018nTLT-VKSNDTC-BCA-BQP 19/10/2018 (iu> dinh ve phoi hop gifla ^o quan dieu tra va Vien kiem sat ^lec thuc hien mot so quy dinh cua Bo luat To tyng hinh su '•' Vien Khoa Hoc Phap L^':iiJO