Tài sản và sở hữu kinh nghiệm từ pháp luật liên bang nga

LUAT DAN SU TAI SAN VA sd Htru KINH NGHI£M TtJ PHAP LUAT LI£N BANG NGA NGUYEN VAN VAN Khoa Luat ThUdng mai, D?i hgc Lugt TP, H& Chi Minh Department of Commercial Law, Ho Chi Minh City University of Law Email nwan@hcmulaw.edu.vn Torn tSt Bai viit gidi thiiu, phdn tich cdc ndi dung co bdn vi cdc loifi tai sdn vd cdc hmh thiic sd hau, d4c biit Id sd hau ddt dai; quyin sd httu va ca chi bdo ddm, bdo vi quyin sd httu theo phdp ludt Liin bang Nga Mi^c dich bai viit la gidi thiiu kinh nghidm c^a Liin bang Nga viic chuyin tdt va cu thi hda cdc nguyin tdc hiin dinh vi tdi sdn vd sd httu Hiin phdp vdo hi thing phdp ludt quic gia; qud tl^nh xdy dung vd td chUc vdn hanh ca chi bdo ddm thuc thi cdc chi dinh quan trpng thuc tiin cu^c sing Tit k h o a : tdi sdn, quy^n sd httu, bdo ddm quyin sd httu, sd httu ddt dai, Hiin phdp Liin bang Nga Abstract This article offers a thorough overview ofjundamcntal characteristics of types ofproperty and forms ofotvnership, especially land ownership; ownership and guarantee of ownership rights and protection mechanisms provided by the law of Russian Federation The main objective of this article is to introduce the experience of Russian Federation in speafying principles regarding property and ownenhip codified in the Consitution and the national legal system; the process of establishing and organising the guarantee of oumership rights in order to implement those principles in practice K e y w o r d s : property, guarantee of ownership rights, land oumership, the Constitution of Russian Federation Ngay nhan bai: 19/4/2020 Ngay duy#t dang: 20/5/2020 T "'ai a] san va sb hdu la vin d& ttpng tam ttong ehinh saeb phap lugt cua q qudc gia Tgi Lidn bang Nga, cac npi dung bdn quan tai sin, quyen sb hdu va eP eh^ bao vd quyfen sb hdu edng dddc ghi nhgn ttong Hi^n phap, nhdng ehi ddng lgi la nhdng quy phgm mang tinh nguydn tac Bp lujt dJn sy va cac van bin lujt khic ttong hd thbng phap lujt qube gia dam nhgn sd mdnh chuydn tai cac nguydn tic hidh dinh vio cupe sbng Do dac thii lich sd ndn Vidt Nam va Lidn bang Nga (vidt tat la "LB Nga") cd vai di^m tddng dbng td phap ly, ky thugt Ijp phap ndn kd't qua nghidn cdu kinh n g ^ d m phap luat vd tii sin, sb hdu b LB Nga co the hdu ieh eho qua trinh IJp phap cda Viet Nam V6 tiii sdn va quyfen sb hOu theo Hi^n pliap Ufin bang N g a Hi^n phap LB Nga, ddde thbng qua bing hinh thdc ttdng eiu y dan n ^ y 12/12/1993 va cic sda dbi, bb sung n ^ y 30/12/2008 {s6 6-FICZ va sb ^ T A P C H i K H O A H Q C P H A P LY VlfiT N A M S6 04 (134)/202Q 7-FICZ), n ^ y 05/02/2014 (sb -FKZ) va 21/7/2014 (sb 11-FICZ)' (sau dJy gpi chung la Hi6i phip LB Nga) ebi de cjp tai san va quyfen sb hdu dddi binh thde la eac quy phgm mang tinb nguyen tie Khoan Di'du Hien phap LB Nga quy dinh: " Tt^i LB Nga, cdc hmh thiic sd hau tu nhdn, nha nudc, cdng ddng dia phuong vd cdc Kmh thUc sd hau khdc dhi dupc cdng nh4n va bdo vi nhu nhau" Difeu 34 va DiBu 35 Hi?n phip LB Nga ghi nhJn "(i) Mgi ngudi d'iu cd quyin ttf sti dung ndng luc aia minh va tai sdn aia mmh di tiin hanh cdc hoQt ddng kinh doanh va cdc hotft ddng kinh tikhdc ma khdng bi phdp lu4t cdm; (ii) Quyin sd hau tu nhdn ddi vdi tai sdn dupc phdp lu4t bdo vi; (iii) Mpi ngUbi d'iu CO quyin sd hau tai sdn Chit sd hau tai sdn dapc chiim hUu, si^ dung vd dinh dogt tai sdn dd mdt cdch ddc ldp hodc chung vdi ngudi khdc; (iv) Khdng cd thibf tudc dogt tdi sdn ctia minh trU cd quyit dinh aia tba dn Viic cudng chitrudt hau tdi sdn phuc vu cho cdc nhu c4u aia nhd nudc chi thuc hiin vdi diiu kiin bdi thadng trade va vdi gid tri tuong duong; (v) Quyin thUa ki dapc bdo ddm" Khic vbl phip lujt Vidt Nam, Piien phap LB Nga cbng nhan va bao vd sb hdu td nhan vd dat dai: "Tgi LB Nga, ddt dai vd cdc tdi nguyin thiin nhiin khdc dupc sti dung va bdo vi, lam co sd cho su sing vd hogt ddng sinh sing aia cdc ddn tdc sing trin lanh thi LB Nga Ddt dai vd cdc tdi nguyin thiin nhiin khdc cd thi thudc sd hau tunhdn, nha nudc, cdng ddng dia phuang vd ak Hinh thUc sd hau khdc" (Difeu 9) Ngoai ra, Difeu 36 Fiid'n phip LB Nga edn quy djnh: "Cdng ddn vd ti chtic md cdng ddn la thdnh viin dupc quyhi sd hau tu nhdn vi ddt dai Chti sd hUu dupc tu thuc hiin quyht chiim htiu, sti dung vd dinh dogt ddt dai vd cdc tai nguyin thiin nhiin, niu dihi ndy khdng gdy hiecKnx HayK : 12.00.03 CaNiapcKKii roc yn-x - KpacHo;iap, 2007 233 c [trans Lysenko A N (2007) Khai ni^m va I031 tai san lujt d4n sy cda Nga, Lujn an Phd atfn st lujt ma nganh 12.00.03, Dai hgc qudc gia Samara -Kracnodar, 2007, tr 233]JlbiceHKO A.H (2010) HMyiiiecTBO B rpawaaHCKOM npaae POCCHH", JJejioBoii jisop 2010 [trans: Lysenco A N (2010) Tai san lujt dan sy Nga, NXB Delovoi Dvor 201U Sach di$n til rii website: https-//www.]a\vnii\-ru/conini]aw/48?page=2 LUAT DAN SU ca thi ddpc bio v | theo phip lujt sb hdu tti ml; (iv) cie Idi ieh phi vJt chit N h d vJy, nlu so sinh vdi khai nidm "tai san" ttong ehddng VII BLDS nam 2015 cda Vidt Nam thi khaeh thi cda quyin sb hdu ttong BLDS LB Nga h cic tai san thupc nhbm (i), (U) va (iii) nbi ttdn Ddbi Idiia cgnh nghidn cdu so sanh co thi nhJn thiy mbt s6 khac bi|t khbng ldn v l khach thi quyin sb hdu ttong BLDS LB Nga ttong BLDS Vi|t Nam: Thu nhdt, td BLDS Nga c6 thi gian tidp kit lujn ring: tai san se bao ^ m : (i) "vJt" (ehi bao gbm cac vJt co thdc, tbn tai ttong t h i gibi vJt chit, ty nb cd gii tri sd dyng tn^e tilp hoac gian tilp)'^ va (ii) "cic tai san khic" la bit ky logi tai san nao khdng phai ia "vgt", ttong db ed quyin tai sin Tuy nhidn, tiln mat, cic giiy td cd gia dddi hinh thde chdng thy (giiy) xet v l ban ehit khbng phai la "vgt" ma chi la chdng did xac nhJn quyin (trai quyin) td nb khbng cb gia tii sd dyng tryc tilp n h d i ^ BLDS LB Nga vin xIp vio nhbm "vJt" la khdng hdp ly theo ly thuyit v l vgt ttong dJn luat tmyin thbng b Nga Thu hai, khac vbi cic BLDS Vilt Nam, BLDS LB Nga danh 01 ehddng (Chddng VII) vbi 16 dilu lujt d l quy dinh eiii tilt vl eac giiy td co gji Chddng cd muc tddng dng vdi loai giiy td ed gia: (i) giiy tb eb gia ddbi hinh thdc chdng thd; (ii) giiy tb cd gia phi chdng thd Trong mbi myc eb eac dieu lujt quy dinh v l nbi dung, hinh thdc tdng logi giiy td cd gji, quy trinh, thd tue va hJu qui phap ly cda hanh vi ky phit hanh, ky chuyin nhypng, ky chap nhJn, td chd'i, toan giay td eb gii; c h i dp phip Iy v l phat hanh, chuyin nhdpng, toin, truy dbi giiy tb eb gia, quyin vk ngjiia vy cda cac chd thi tham gia cac bdbc phat hanh, Idu thbng va toin giiy tP gia; bao vd quyin eua eac ehd thi tham gia quan hd giay td eb gia, hgu qua eda vide mit thbng tin xae nhJn quyin dbi vdi chdng td ed gia phi chdng thd Mac dd b Vidt Nam, Lujt Cic cbng cy chuyin nbdpng nam 2005 eung quy dinb nhdng npi dung tddng ti,t Chddng VII eda BLDS LB Nga ndi ttdn nhdng ehi ip dung eho ba loai giiy tb cb gia la hbi philu dbi np, hbi philu nhJn np va sec Do vgy, tbn tgi mbt khoang ttbng phip ly cho hogt dbng phat hanh, chuyin nhdpng, toan cae logi giay td ed gia khae ngoai cac cdng cu chuyin nhdpng Mjt khic, vi BLDS nJm 2015 cda Vidt Nam khdng ed mdt dinh nghia vi hdt kd diu hidu phip ly cin va dd cda cho mPt giiy tb co gji, vay nhdng tranh lujn ttong gibi nghien cdu'* va lung tdng cda nhdng ngddi thyc hidn phap lugt xac dinh logi "giay" nao la giay td co gia se khdng eb hbi klt.'^ " '•* " CyxanoB, E.A BeiuHoe iipaBo: Kay^.-nd3HaBaT onepK M.: Ciariyr, 2017 cp 70 [trans Sukhanov E A (2017) Lujt vfe vSt-Chuyfin khao nhJn xhilc khoa hpc, NXB Status Maxcova, tt 70-71] Nguyen Van Tuy&, "Ban vE giao djch phat hanh giify td cd gia cila id chde tin dyng" Tup chi Ngdn kiing, sd 9, 2008 Sdn Hii - Bich Phuang, "Sd dd, sd hbng cd phai la tai san? Cd ki?n ddi du^c khdng?" Tgp chi Tba dn nhdn ddn di^n lU - Co quan cda Tda an nhSn dSn tdi cao, 2019, httpsV/tapchitoaan.vn/ bai-viet/ phap-lu at/so-do-so-hong-co-phai-la-tai-san-co-kien-doi-duoc-kh ong, cJp nhjt 30/06/2019 09:30 GMT+7 38 TAP CHi KHOA H O C P H A P LY ViET N A M s O 04 (134)/202Q Thti ba, cic loai tai san dJe bidt nhd sb du ttdn tai khoin mb tgi tb chde eung cap dich vy toan; quyin dbi np, quyin lpi bio hilm vi eac quyin phat sinh td hpp dbng, quyin mua c6 phan phat hanh thdm, ehdng quyin eua CO dbng, cae quyin phai sinh td tii sin gbc phan ldn ddpe ghi nhJn va quy dinh ehi tilt ttong cic chdOng khac cda BLDS LB Nga Trong thyc tiln ap dung phap lugt hidn tai LB Nga, vide thda nhJn hay phd nhJn mpt "sin phim mbi" nao db mbi xuit hidn ttong giao Idu dJn sy cd phai la "quyin tai sin" da ddpc giii quyet tdPng dbi vdi sy ttp giup cua cac chddng khic eda BLDS va eac dao lujt chuydn ng^nh, kd't hpp an Id cda hd thbng tba ttpng til va tda an tham quyin ehung Thti ta, Dilu 128 BLDS LB Nga dinh nghia khaeh the quydn dan sy vbi ciu true mb "eac tai san khic" bao gbm cie ebng cp toan khbng bang tiln n4t, chdng td ed gia ddbi hinh thdc phi chdng ehi, quyin tai sin, vJy vide thda nhJn hay phd nhJn mPt logi tai san nao db mdi xuit hidn ttong nin kinh t l (tii san sb hba, tiln sb hba, tiln didn td (Kpunmoeojitoma)) thbng thdbng sd theo in Id, thubc thim quyBn cda hd thbng tda an Ngay 04/2/2020, tgi phidn hpp thd cda Tba giam dbc thim -Tba Trpng tii ban hinh Phan quylt sb 09AP-76537/2019 ttong vu an sb A40-164942/2019"' thda nhJn biteom li "tii sin khae" thupe nhbm khich thi quyin dJn sy theo phip lujt LB Nga quy dinh tai Dilu 128 BLDS LB Nga Cac tham phan Ijp lujn ring: "vi Hinh thiic, ti'in diin tU la tip hpp mdt a^m ky hi^u kf tu nhdt dinh, cd hi thd'ng thdng tin da liiu sd dd dupc ma hda da t'dng, viic truy c4p vdo hi thing thdng tin ndy dupc thuc hiin bang mgng thdng tin vd viin thdng vdi bdng phdn m^m ddc biit" Hidn tai khii nidm vl tiln didn td khbng dupe dinh nghia bbi lujt hidn hanh, khbng ed ydu cau djc biet nao vl thu tyc Idu hanh cua nb, ndn khbng xae dinb ttgng thai phap ly cua tiln didn td Do vay, khbng cho phep ip dung tdOng td cic quy dinh vl tai sin, sb dd, cbng cu toan khbng bing uln m§t cho quan hd tiln di|n td Quyfen sb hflu va v^t quyfen (quyi&n dbi vdi vat) Npi dung eiu thinh quyin sb hyu BLDS LB Nga tdpng td BLDS nam 2015 cua Vidt Nam gbm quyin ebilm hdu, sd dung va dinh dogt BLDS LB Nga cdng quy dinh chi tilt cd sb phat sinh, thay dbi, chim ddt quyin sb buu Dge bidt, eae quy dinh vl sb hdu chung theo phin va sb hdu ehung hdp nhit dbi vdi tai sin cda vp ehbng, trang trgi nbng nghi|p, sb hdu cic logi hinh cbng ty cung dddc quy dinb tUdng dbi chi tilt ttong BLDS LB Nga Quyft dinh s- TNHH •'Kr>-pEon" Ban an tai tif https.//9aas.arbiQ-.ru/ L U A T D A N SV Trong cic nghidn cdu ly thuyit phap ly b Nga, vgt quyin (eeufuoe npaeo) dupe nghidn cdu sbm vi diy dil.'^ Tuy nliidn, vi|c chuyin tii cic ly thuyit vJt quyin vao lujt thdc dinh cdn nda vdi BLDS LB Nga ehi dinh mpt sb dilu lujt quy dinh vl vJt quy^n cua ngdbi khPng phii ^ chd sb hdu dge bi|t li vJt quyin cda ngddi khbng phai la ehd sb hdu nhdng co quyin chilm hdu, ngdbi sd dyng dit dai Cic npi dung cbn lgi vl vJt quyin ddpc quy dinh gian tilp cac dilu luit vl quyin chilm hdu, quydn sd dung cda chd sb hdu vJt Theo Dilu 216 BLDS LB Nga, vJt quyin cua ngddi khdng phai la ehd sb hdu dbng nhit (ngang b a i ^ vbi quyin eda chd sb hdu ttor^ cic trdbng hdp sau: (i) Quyin ehilm hdu subt ddi va ddpe thiia k l thda dat thubc sb hdu nha ndbc hoJc sb hdu cpng dbng dia phdPng nhdng ddpc giao cho ci nhJn chilm hdu subt dbi va ddpe thda k l can ed va quy trinh dilu kidn lujt dinh (ii) Quyin sd dung tiiddng xuydn va khbng thbi hgn thda dit thube sb hdu nha ndde hoJc sb hdu epng dbng dja phddng nhdng ddpc giao eho ci nhan sd dung Udn tyc va khPng thbi hgn theo dilu kidn va quy trinh lujt dinh (iii) Quyin hdbng dyng va quyin dia dich (quyin sd dyng hgn c h i dida dit hoJe bit dpng san khic eda ngdbi khae theo Dilu 274 va Dilu 277 BLDS I B Nga) (iv) Quyin vJn hanh quin ly tii sin cda ngdbi khic Vile chuyin giao quyin sb hdu vJt td chu sb hdu eho ngddi khie khdng h, cd sb dl chim ddt vJt quyin dbi vdi vJt db Vjt quyin cda mdt ehd thi khdng phii li chd sb hdu tai sin ddpc bao vd theo thti dac quy dinh tai Dilu 301 din 304 BLDS LB Nga, k l ea quyin ddpc bao vd quyin chilm hdu chbng lgi ehd sb hdu Sd hau d^t dai Lien bang Nga TrUde nam 1990, ttin lanh thb Lidn Xd toan bd dit dai thupe sb hdu nha ndbc (sb hdu toan din) Vi t h i dde quyin sb hdu eua nlia ndde dbi vdi dit dai ddpe quy dinh Hiln phap Lidn XP va Hiln phap tit ca cac ndbc ebng hba qua cae thdi ky ^ i l u 11 cda Hiln phap Liln Xd nam 1977 vi Dilu 11 cda Hiln phap LB Nga ) Dilu 35, 36 cda Hiln phap nJm 1993 LB Nga da chiin ddt sd sb hdu dde quyin eua Nha ndbc v l dit dai va ghi nbjn: "Ddt dai vd cdc tdi nguyin thiin nhiin khdc cd thi thupc sd hUu tu nhdn, nhd nudc, cdng ddng dia phuong vd cdc hinh thUc sd hau khdc" Sau Hiln phap nam nam 1993 ed iiieu lye, Duma Qube E A CyxaHOBa (2008) Bemnoe npaao: HayMHo-ii03HaBaTeju.Hbifl oiepK, MocKsa, CTaiyr [trans: EA Sukhanop (2008) Vjt quySn: Khio cdu til khia cjnh nhjn thiic khoa hgc, M NXB Status]; B H, JIHTOBKHH, E A CyxaHOB, B B HySapoB OTB pen (2008) npaao co6cTBeHHOCTH: ainyajiiiKbie npoSneMbi; HH-T saKOHoa H qjaBmn IIpaBOBejieHHfl, M.' CraTyr [trans: V.N Litovkin, E A Sukhanop, V.V Trubarop (dbi^ chd bien), Quyfen sd hflu Nhiing vin d& chdi sij, Vi§n nghidn cilu lujt h(?c vi so sanh lujt, M NXB Status] 40 TAP CHi KHOA HOC P H A P LY VlfT NAM S6 04 (134)/202Q gia ban hinh Bp lujt vl dit de phu hdp Di^u va Dilu 35 va eae dilu khic eua Hiln phip Bp lugt vl dit cda LB Nga hidn dang ed hidu lyc ddpc Duma Qubc gia thdr^ qua n ^ y 28/9/2001 va Hpi dbng Lidn bang phd chuin 10/10/2001 D i n thbi dilm thing 11/2019, Bp lujt da qua 121 Ian sda dbi, bb sung Ngoai Bp lujt vl dit, LB Nga cbn co hd thbng phip lugt Udn bang giin tilp hdn quan dit dai nhd: Bb lugt vl Ndbc nJm 2006, Bd lugt v l Rdng nam 2006, Bp lujt vd Quy hoach xay dting nam 2004, BLDS nam 1994 va 2001, Lujt Bao vd mPi trddng nam 2002, Lujt vl Tra tiln dit nJm 1991, Lujt vl Tai nguyin chda bdnh td nhidn, eae dia dilm va khu nghi ddPng cii thi|n sdc khoe nam 1995, Lujt vl Cic lanh thd ty nhiln dypc bio vd dJe bidt nam 1995, Lujt vl Cii tao dat nam 1996, Lujt vl Quan ly dit dai nJm 2001, Lujt vl Thu nhJp ttdn dit muc dich ndng nghidp nJm 2002, Lujt vl T h i gidi dpng vJt nJm 1995, Lujt vl Long dit nJm 1992 7.1 Cdclo^iddt Bp lujt vl Dat cilia di't dai ttIn lanh thb LB Nga nhilu nhdm, khu vyc nhd: dit ndng nghilp (Chddng 14); dit khu dan cd {Chddng 15); di't edng nghidp, didn nang, giao thdng, thdng tm Hdn lac, viln thdng, thbng tin dai ehung, hogt dbng vu try, qubc phong, an ninh va cac myc tidu khac; quy dit rdng, quy dit dy trd ndde va dat dd phdng (Chudng 18); dit sd dyng vao muc dich bao vd lanh thb vi cic myc tidu djc bidt (ChdPng 17) T d d i ^ dng mbi nhdm dit, Bd lugt vl dit LB Nga quy dinh ehi tilt hinh thde sb hdu, quy ehi phap ly xac Ijp quyin sb hdu hoJc quyin chilm hflu, quyin sd dur^ cda chd sb htiu tdng nhdm loai dit Phap lujt LB Nga khbng eho phep thay ddi muc dich sd dung cac logi dat sau: dit khu vye td nliidn ddpc bio tbn djc bi|t; dat sd dyng eac ebng trinh quan sd; dit tpa lac cac tba nha va ebng trinh thubc ed quan an ninh Hdn bang, tba an quin sy, an ninh nha ndbc; hd thbng truyin thbng va thbng tin hdn Igc phye vy hd thbng an ninh bidn gibi; dit cae cd sb ligt nhan va xd ly chit thai phdng xg; dit nghia trang 7.2 Cdc hinh thUc sd hUu ddtt dai - Sd hau nhd nudc: Nha ndde (Udn bang va ehd thi eiu hdn bang) la chd sb hdu phin da't khbng thupc sd hdu td nhan cda cdng dan, phap nhin hoJc eua epng dbng dia phdPng Vi|c pban dinh sb hviu dit dai gida Nha nddc lidn bang v i cac chu the ciu lidn bang ddpe quy dinh chi tilt ttong Bp lujt vl Dat va cae lujt Udn bang - Sd hau cdng ddng dia phuong: D l phyc vy cho hogt dpng cua cu dJn cPng dbng dia phddng va eae tb ehdc td quan dia phddr^, N h i nddc Udn bang va cd quan hanh phap cic chu thi bang se ehuyin giao khbng bbi hoan mpt phin dit LUAT DAN SV dai thudc sb hdu nha nddc thinh (cho) sb hdu cpng dbng dia phdPng Phan dit thupc sb hdu cpng dbng dja phudng cd thi nim ngoii dia gp,bi cda dia phddng dd Phin dit dai thude sb hdu eua mdt edng dbng dia phddng cd thi ddpc chuyin giao khPng bbi hoan cho mpt dia phdPng khac hoJc cho mdt nhbm cbng dan, cac tb chde phi kinh doanh - Sd hau tu nhdn ddi vdi ddt dai aia cdng ddn vdphdp nhdn: Theo Dilu 15 Bb luit vl Dit nam 2001, edng dan LB Nga va phip nhan ddde quyin sb hCu cae tht£a dit thuPe sb hau theo hinh thdc sb hdu td nbJn, nlu hp cb ddpc cic thda dit db theo cac can cd, quy trinh lujt dinh Nbi dung quyin sb hdu td nhin dbi vdi dit dai dypc gidi ban theo Dilu 261 BLDS LB Nga nhu sau: Quyen sd hdu mpt thda dit ed hilu lyc din ldp b l mat (dit) v i cae vung nypc va cac thdc vJt ttong khudn vidn dida dit, ti^ lujt phip quy dinh khae Chd sb hctu lb dit co quyin sd dyng theo quylt dinh eua minh mpi thd bdn ttdn va bdn ddbi b l mjt cda lb dit nay, trd Lujt vl Long dit, Lujt vl Sd dung khbng phJn khbng quy djnh khac va vide sb hdu khbng vi pham quyin cda ngdbi khac Chti sb hdu cda mpt thda dit cb thi xJy dyng cae tda nhi va cbng trinh ttdn db, tiln hinh sda ehda hoJe pha buy chung, k l ci vide cho phep ngildi khic xJy dyng ttdn lb dit eua minh Cic quyin dypc thye hidn theo phap lujt xJy dyng va quy hoaeh db tlu, cdng nhy phii hop mue dich sd dyng eda thda dit dd (khoan Dilu 260-3 BLDS LB Nga) Ngoai ra, chu sb hdu thda dat co quyin ban, cho, t h i chip hoJc eho diud va dinh dogt nd theo lujt dinh p i l u 209 BLDS) nlu thda dit dd khdng bi cim giao dich hoJc bi hgn c h i ttong giao dieh theo luJt (Dilu 260 BLDS) Cd sb phat sinh quyin sb hdu ty nhJn vl dit dai chd yiu til giao djch mua Vide chuyin nhdpng nhd vJy chi hpp phap hpp dbng dd ed dJng ky vdi cic ed quan nha ndde cb tham quyin D l bao dam quyin sd hdu td nhJn dbi vbi dit dai, khoan Dilu 15 Bd lugt vl dit quy dinh: "cdc Id ddt thupc quyin sd hau ctia chti thi liin bang hodc thupc sd hau cdng ddng dia phuong cd thi dupc cung cdp (giao), bdn cho cdng ddn vd phdp nhdn, ngoai trU cdc Id ddt, theo Bd ludt ndy va ludt liin hang, khdng thi thudc sd hau tu nhdn" Cdng dan ndde ngoai, ngddi khbng qube tich va phap nhan nddc ngoai khbng ddpe sb hdu cic lb dit Mm b khu vyc iJnh thd bidn gibi, va khu vyc thilt Ijp djc bi|t Danh sach khu vyc Tdng thbng LB Nga ban Imnh theo lujt phap Uln bang vl biln gibi nha nddc LB Nga 7.3 Quyin ctia chti thikhdngphdi chti sdhdu ddt Ngoai hinh thdc sb hdu td nhin v l dit dai, Bp lujt vl Dat va BLDS cbn quy dinh chd thi khbng phai la chu sb hdu dit dai nhdng dypc ebilm hdu ttpn dbi, ddpc thda k l h o j c sd dyng khbng thdi hgn nhdng thda dit nhit dinh Nhdm 1: Quyin chiim hUu thtia ddt trpn ddi vd dupc thUa ki Theo Dilu 165 BLDS LB Nga thi "mdt thtia ddt thudc sd hUu nhd nudc hodc 42 TAP CHi KHOA HQC P H A P LY VI$T NAM S6 04 (134)/2Q20 sd hau cdng ddng dia phuong nhung dupc giao cho cdng ddn theo quy dinh nia phdp ludt v'i ddt dai th't cdng ddn dd la chti tliidjiim htiu trpn ddi vd dupc thUa ki" Trong trddng hpp nay, chu sd hdu thye sd vin la nha ndde hoac ehinh quyin dia phUdng ndn ngddi ehilm hdu dit khbng eb quyin dinh dogt ma ehi cb quyin chilm hdu va sd dung dida dit dd va quyin dl lgi dida kl Ngoai ra, ngdbi chilm hdu dit tiieo hinh thdc chilm hdu ttpn ddi, ddpc dida k l co quyin xay dyng nha b, cbng ttinh va tao bit dbng sin khie ttdn db, cb quyin xae Ijp tu each sb hdu dbi vbi bit dbng sin dd (Di^u 266 BLDS LB Nga) Nhdm 2: Quyin sti dtjng ddt liin tuc vd khdng thdi hgn N l u thda dit rfiude sb hOu nha nude boje sb hdu cpng dbng dia phddng nhdng ddpc giao cho doanh nghidp nha ndde, cd quan nha ndde, cd quan hanh clmih dia phddng theo quylt djnh eua cd quan nha nude hoJc ed quan hanh chmh dia phddng cb thim quyin dl sd dyng vao cae myc di'eh nhit dinh dli chd thi dd la ehu till ed quyin sd dyng dit Udn tyc va khdng thdi lign Quyin sd dyng dit ehuyin giao cho chu tbi mang tirih Udn tyc, khdng thdi ban nhdng Nha nddc hoJc ePng dbng dja phddng vin la chu sb hdu eae thda dit my (Dilu 269 BLDS LB Nga) Trong trddng hpp td chde lai phap nhJn, quyin sd d y i ^ Udn tyc, khbr^ thbi hgn dbi vbi mbt thda dit sd ddpe ehuyin giao cho phap nhJn k l thda Mpt chu tbi ddpc cip dit dl sd dung Udn tye va khbng thdi hgn, thye hidn sd dyng dit ttong gidi hgn phap lujt quy dinh, phd hpp vdi myc di'ch sd dyng eip dit Ngoii ra, BLDS LB Nga va Bp lujt vl Dit cdng quy dinb kha chi tilt quyen sd dung Ibi di chung, quyin ddpe tilp cJn Id dit, thoit ndde, eip nddc va bg ^ g khac 7.4 Thu hdi, trung mua ddt dai ctia cd nhdn, phdp nhdn Bp lugt vl Da't quy dinh chi tilt vl cd sb chim ddt quyin sb hdu thda dit ^ i l u 44 Bp lujt vl Dat); cd s6 chim ddt quyin sd dyng dit Udn tyc, khbr^ thdi hgn thda dat vi quyin chilm hdu subt ddi va dupe thda k l dbi vbi thda da't (Dilu 45 Bb lujt vl Dat); cd sd ehJin ddt quyin sd dung dit thul ^ i l u 46 Bp lujt vl Da't);ed sb chain ddt quyin hdbng dyng (Dilu 47 Bp lujt vl Dit); nhdng trdbng hpp tning mua dit phue vy nhu ciu cda nha nddc hoJc cPng dbng dia phdPr^ (Dilu 49 Bp lujt vl Dit) Chddng VII-1 (tii Dilu 56.2 din 56.12) Bp lujt vl Dit quy djnh cbi tilt cac cd quan cd thim quyin ban hanh quylt dinh tnmg mua, thu hbi dit phuc vy nhu ciu eua Nha ndde hoJc cbng dbng dja phUdng p i l u 56.2); dilu bdn dl trdng mua, thu hbi dit phyc vy nhu ciu cua Nha ndbc, epng dbng dia phddng (Dilu 56.3) Bp lujt v l Dit va BLDS quy djnh kha chi tilt cd e h i bao dim quyin sb hdu va eac quyin khac ctia ngdbi khbng phai la chu sb hdu dat, quy trinh trdng thu, trdng mua va ed chi khilu ngi, khbi kidn Udn quan dit dai L U A T D A N SV Bi^n p h a p b a o d a m va b^o v6 quy^n sd htiu Vi|c bio dam va bio vd quyin sb hdu la nhidm vy quan ttpng nhit cda h | thbng phap lujt bit ky qube gia imo, thiJc hidn ddbi hinh thdc hay hinh thdc khae nhdng hi|n hdu b hiu hit cae n ^ n h lujt O LB Nga, Hiln phap ehi tliilt Ijp va khing d\hh cic nguyin tac chung v l tii san va sb hdu Lugt hanh chi'nh va lujt hinh sd thilt IJp cic bidn phap va h | thbng c h i tai khae dbi vdi hanh vi xJm hai tai sin, can ttb chd sb hdu thuc thi quySn vdi td each ehd sb hdu hoJe can ttb thyc hidn quyin khie dbi vdi vgt Lujt tb tyng quy dinh thu tyc tiln hanh vy kidn bao vd quyin va lpi i'ch cda ehd sb hdu Lujt lao ddng quy dinh vl trach nhidm vJt chit cua ngddi lao ddng dbi vbi thidt hgi tii sin cda ngdbi sd dyng lao dPng Lujt dJn sy cdng quy dinh cic hinh thdc bio v | djc bi|t ctia cic mbi quan hd niy V I phia Nha ndbc, cae bidn phip bao dim va bio v | quyin sb hdu va vit quy^n eua ngdbi khbng phai la chd sb hdu, ehd yiu la: Thti nhdt, bao dam quyin sb hdu thbng qua eae quy dinh mydn bb khbng cac ban c h i vl loai hinh, sb Idpng va gji tri tai sin thupc sb hdu td nhan, binh ddng cae hinh thdc sb hdu; cbng nhJn M each chd sb hdu tai sin ctia cac phap nhan kinh tl Thti hai, ghi nhJn cac quyin cua chd sb hdu va quyin khic dbi vdi vJt eda ngddi khbng phii la chti sb hdu Thti ba, quy dinh ngjua vy N h i nydc phii cung cip cae dilu kien eJn thid't (dich vu cbng) dl chti sb hdu thdc hidn quyin nhd tl^nh Ijp va vJn hanh hd thbng dang kf qube gia vl quyin sb hdu, giao djeh bao dim Thu tu, cic quy dinh thid't Ijp hJu qui bit lpi dbi vdi chti thi vi phgm quyin sb hdu, quyin khac dbi vdi vJt, tdc h trdc tilp bao vd chu thi mang qyyin khbi hinh vi bit hpp phap hoJe khbi phyc quyin va lpi ieh hpp phip td hanh vi vi phgm Tnidc day, tgi khoan 3, Dilu 30 Lujt vl Sb hdu nJm 1990 quy dinh: "Nhd nudc cd nghia vu bdi thudng (theo phuong thtic bdi thubng nhd nudc) cho chti sd hUu dii vdi thiit hgi gdy bdi hdnh vi phgm tdi theo quyit dinh ctia Tba dn" Sb di CO quy dinh nhd vJy vi nha lam lugt db cho iing mJc du chu thi giy thidt hgi eho chti sb hdu khbng phii cdng ehde, ngddi thda tmih quyin ldc, dgi dien hoJe nhan danh Nha ndbc ma la tpi pham nhdng N h i ndbc phai bbi thddng Nha ndbc nhgn vl minh nghia vy bao vl tai san eua mpi chu sb hdu, tri ttjt td va an ninh xa hbi Ngubn lyc dl Nha ndbc bbi thddng eho chd sb hdu liy td cac khoin tich thu, nPp tti eic vy an theo phip lujt Tuy nhidn, sau dd quy dinh da bi dinh chi thidu ngJn sach Tiiy thupc vao ban chit cda vi pham quyin tii sin va phddng thdc, biln phap bao vd ddde quy d(nh ttong lujt din sd n ^ eac bidn phap nao db ddde kich hogt dl bio dim vl mjt phap ly lpi ich cda chti sb hdu Phap lujt Nga ^ T A P CHI KHOA H O C PHAP LY VlfiT N A M S 04 (134)/202Q phat tnin ttdn tmyIn thbng lugt dJn sy La Ma ndn co hai cd c h i chinh d l td bao vd quyin sb hdu va cie quyin khie dbi vbi vJt la ed e h i phyc hbi va cd c h i ngan ehjn Vide pban chia eac cd ehi ndi ttdn chi mang tmh tddng dbi vi cb nhilu trddng hpp quyin tai sin cdng ed thi bi vi pham mpt cich gian tid'p, hJu qua cua vide vi pham eac nghia vu khac Khi dd cd dil ap dung nhilu phddng thdc bao vd edr^ ldc • Tai lieu t h a m khao [I] [2] [3] N o r t h , D o u g l a s s C "InsUtutions", Joumal of Economic Perspectives, 9 , (1) - 1 D m h Vfl T m n g N g i n , Th^ ch^, C h u o n g t r i n h g i a n g d a y k i n h t ^ F u l b n g h t [trans: D i n h V u T r u n g N g a n , Institution F u l b r i g h t E c o n o m i c s T e a c h i n g P r o g r a m , ! ] AHflpHHUi B H HHCTHTyuHOHajiHSauMs: noHHTHe H co^aepwanHe / / CoepeMenHbie HoyiHbie uccnedoaaHuit u uMHoeai^uu 2014 Xs I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n : c o n c e p t a n d c o n t e n t / / Modem [4J 1 H Andriyash VI scientific research and innovation [trans: No l l P a r t 3, 2014] Bjia;i)iMiip PySaHHK: CoScTBeHHOCTt, BJiacTb, flCMOKpaTHfl OqepKH pa3BHTHS ^aCTb OTHOnieHHH COSCTBCHHOCTH K BJIBCTH B HCTopniecKoro lOpHflHHeCKOK, COiiHOJiorHHecKoii,