Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 773 leaf decoctions LD50 (50% ethanolic extract pl) = >1000 mg/kg ipr mus (MPI) I like FAY’s term here for “migrating arthralgia,” that’s what I called my Lyme Disease arthrosis, in the spring of 2000 Here today, there tomorrow, but always unbearable pain in unsuspecting places, unusually placed for me Doxicylin or serendipity took it away This spring, it was the bad apple syndrome WHITE MUSTARD (Sinapis alba L ssp alba) ++ Synonyms: Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh., B hirta Moench, Sinapis alba cv melanosperma Alef Activities (White Mustard) — Allergenic (1; APA); Antibacterial (1; APA; PH2); Antidote, narcotic (f; FEL); Aperitif (f; DEM); Canifuge (1; APA); Counterirritant (1; APA; PNC); Decongestant (1; APA); Backache (1; APA); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (f; FEL; PNC); Emetic (f; PNC); Emmenagogue (f; CEB); Felifuge (1; APA); Fungicide (1; APA); Gastrotonic (f; CEB); Goitrogenic (1; APA); Pancreatonic (f; CEB); Rubefacient (1; APA; PNC); Stimulant (f; PNC); Stomachic (f; WOI); Tonic (f; DEM); Vesicant (1; APA) Indications (White Mustard) — Acid Indigestion (1; APA); Ague (f; DEM); Amenorrhea (f; CEB; FEL); Angina (f; FEL); Anorexia (f; DEM); Apoplexy (f; FEL); Arthrosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Asthma (f; DEM); Backache (1; APA); Bacteria (1; APA; HH2; PH2); Bronchosis (f; DEP; PH2; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; FEL); Catarrh (2; KOM); Chlorosis (f; CEB); Cholera (f; FEL); Cold (2 PH2); Colic (f; FEL); Coma (f; FEL); Congestion (1; APA; FEL; PH2); Constipation (1; APA; FEL); Cough (f; PH2); Cramp (f; FEL); Croup (f; DEM); Debility (f; CEB); Dropsy (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (1; APA; DEP; FEL); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; PH2); Epigastrosis (f; FEL); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (f; CEB); Flu (f; DEP); Foot Ache (1; APA); Fungus (1; APA); Gastrosis (f; FEL; PH2); Head Cold (f; DEP); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (f; PH2); Lumbago (1; APA); Meningosis (f; FEL); Myalgia (f; DEP); Mycosis (1; APA); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Neuropathy (f; DEP; WOI); Neurosis (f; WOI); Pain (f; FEL; PH2); Palsy (f; DEM); Paralysis (f; PHR; PH2); Phthisis (f; DEM); Pleurisy (f; FEL; WOI); Pneumonia (f; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; HH2); Respirosis (1; APA; PH2); Rheumatism (2; DEP; KOM; PH2); Rhinosis (f; DEP); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Sinusosis (1; ABS); Sore (f; PH2); Sore Throat (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Streptococcus (1; HH2); Swelling (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; HH2); Typhoid (f; CEB); Typhus (f; FEL); Uterosis (f; JLH); Voice (f; PH2); Vomiting (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; FEL; PNC) Dosages (White Mustard) — tbsp seed flour in water for compress or poultice (KOM); 20–30 g powdered seed flour/liter water for foot bath; 150 g seed flour in a pouch with bath water for mustard bath (PHR); 60 to 240 g powdered seed “to brighten and clear the voice” (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (White Mustard) — Class 2d (AHP) Ingestion of large quantities can cause irritant poisoning Commission E reports seed permitted for external use only Contraindications: children younger than years and those with renal disease (mustard oil is absorbed through the skin) Even an external poultice should be limited to 5–10 minutes pediatrically, 10–15 minutes for adults, less for sensitive patients (KOM) Plaster for 15–30 minutes can cause severe burns (AHP) Adverse effects: skin and nervous damage (prolonged use) Should not be used for more than weeks (AEH) Contraindicated in GI ulcers and nephrosis (PHR) Overdoses cause GI distress (PHR) Long-term dosing may cause nerve damage (PH2) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (and PH2 suggests as much as 240 g dry seed to clear the voice (PH2) Hyperthyroidism with goiter traced “to the use of the isothiocyanates in mustard” (APA) Delaneyite nitpickologists will doubtless clamber to put the same goitrogenic warning on all members of the mustard family, as well as papaya, caper, and nasturtium W 774 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus L.) + Synonym: P strobus f prostrata (Rehder ex Beissner) Fernald & Weath Activities (White Pine) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Aperitif (f; DEM); Balsamic (f; EFS); Demulcent (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; CEB); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; CEB; DEM); Hematonic (f; DEM); Panacea (f; DEM); Pectoral (f; EFS); Stimulant (f; DEM); Tonic (f; CEB; DEM); Vermicide (f; CEB) Indications (White Pine) — Abscess (f; DEM); Acne (f; CEB); Anorexia (f; DEM); Arthrosis (f; DEM); Asthma (f; CEB); Backache (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; CEB; DEM); Boil (f; DEM); Bruise (f; DEM; FAD); Burn (f; CEB); Cancer (f; CEB); Chafing (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; DEM); Cramp (f; CEB; DEM); Dandruff (f; CEB); Dermatosis (f; CEB; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; CEB); Dyspnea (f; CEB; DEM); Eruption (f; DEM); Felon (f; DEM; FAD); Fever (f; CEB); Fistula (f; CEB); Flu (f; CEB; DEM); Fracture (f; DEM); Frostbite (f; CEB); Gall (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; CEB; DEM); Head Cold (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; CEB); Infection (f; DEM); Inflammation (f; DEM); Itch (f; CEB); Nephrosis (f; CEB; DEM); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Penis (f; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; CEB; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Scab (f; DEM); Scurvy (1; CEB; DEM); Smallpox (f; CEB); Sore (f; CEB; DEM); Sore Throat (f; CEB; DEM); Swelling (f; CEB; DEM); Tetter (f; CEB); Toothache (f; CEB); Tuberculosis (f; CEB; DEM); Typhoid (f; DEM); Ulcer (f; CEB); VD (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; EFS); Wen (f; CEB); Worm (f; CEB); Wound (f; CEB; DEM) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (White Pine) — Class (AHP) Strangely, AHP says, “Regulated in the U.S as an allowable flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages only” (AHP) Not covered (KOM; PH2) WHITE SPRUCE, FIR (Picea abies (L.) H Karsten) ++ The data, like the species, are terribly confused: Abies alba Mill., A pectinata, A sachalinensis (F Schmidt) Mast., A sibirica Ledeb., Picea abies, P excelsa (Lam.) Link (synonym of P abies), and P mariana (Mill.) Britton et al., according to KOM and PHR, neither of whom could probably tell you on the spot which species they were talking about Their editorial assistants might not know, if questioned, whether Picea is an angiosperm or a gymnosperm Some botanists, and fewer salespersons, chemist, pharmacists, and physicians can tell these species of spruces and firs, or the needles, or the EOs apart So, buyer beware PH2 speaks of the timber as the medicinal part, yet gives dosage only for the EO Studying the USDA nomenclature database, suggests that this may be the European White Spruce, P glauca (Moench) Voss, or the American White Spruce Activities (White Spruce) — Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; HH2; KOM; PIP); Antispasmodic (1; HH2); Diuretic (f; EFS); Bronchospasmolytic (1; HH2); Expectorant (1; EFS; HH2; PH2); Irritant (f; EFS); Pulmonary (f; EFS); Rubefacient (2; EFS; HH2; KOM; PIP); Secretolytic (2; HH2; KOM; PIP; PH2) W Indications (White Spruce) — Abscess (f; DEM); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f; HH2); Bacteria (1; HH2); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (2; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Bruise (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; JLH); Candida (1; HH2); Catarrh (2; PHR; PH2; PIP); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (2; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; HH2); Decubitis (f; HH2; PH2); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (2; PHR; PH2); Fungus (1; HH2); Infection (2; HH2; PHR; PH2); Mental Ailments (2; PHR); Mucososis (1; PH2); Myalgia (2; PHR; PH2; PIP); Mycosis (1; HH2); Neuralgia (2; HH2; PHR; PH2; PIP); Neurosis (f; HH2); Pain (f; DEM; PHR; PH2); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pharyngosis (2; PHR; PH2); Respirosis (2; PHR; PH2; PIP); Rheumatism (2; HH2; KOM; PH2); Sprain (f; HH2; PH2); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 775 (2; PHR; PH2); Strain (f; PH2); Streptococcus (1; HH2); Swelling (f; HH2); Tension (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; EFS); Yeast (1; HH2) Dosages (White Spruce) — 5–6 g shoots/day (KOM; PIP); 200–300 g shoots/bathtub (KOM; PIP); drops oil ×/day (PH2); add a few drops oil to hot water and inhale (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (White Spruce) — Not covered (AHP) None indicated for the shoots (KOM; PIP) Commission E reports contraindications for EO: bronchial asthma, whooping cough; adverse effects: local irritation, exacerbation of bronchospasms (AEH; KOM) Patients with extensive skin breaks, acute dermatosis, cardiac insufficiency, fevers, hypertonia, or infectious diseases should not use these as bath additives (PHR) WHITE WILLOW (Salix alba L.) ++ Synonyms: S alba f chermesina (Hartig) Rehder, S alba var britzensis Späth Activities (White Willow) — Analgesic (2; KOM; PIP; PH2; WAM); Anaphrodisiac (f; MAD); Antihydrotic (f; CAN); Antiinflammatory (2; KOM; PH2; PIP; WAM); Antiprostaglandin (1; BGB); Antipyretic (2; FNF; KOM; PIP; PH2; WAM); Antirheumatic (1; CAN; FAD); Antiseptic (CAN); Astringent (1; APA; FAD; PED; PH2); Bitter (1; FAD; PED); Contraceptive (f; MAD); Keratolytic (1; FNF); Sedative (f; MAD); Tonic (f; BIB) Indications (White Willow) — Ankylosing Spondylitis (1; CAN); Arthrosis (1; APA; FAD; MAD; SKY); Bursitis (f; SKY); Callus (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB; FAD; JLH); Candida (f; BIB); Cardiopathy (1; FAD); Catarrh (1; CAN); Cataract (1; FAD); Cold (1; APA); Colic (f; MAD); Corn (1; BIB; FAD; MAD); Debility (f; BIB); Dermatosis (1; FAD; MAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (1; APA; BIB; FAD; MAD); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; FEL; MAD); Earache (1; MAD; PED); Encephalosis (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (2; APA; FAD; FNF; KOM; MAD; PH2; PIP; WAM); Flu (1; BIB; FNF); Fungus (1; CEB); Gout (1; APA; MAD; PNC); Headache (1; BGB; PH2; PIP; WAM); Hemoptysis (f; BIB; MAD; WOI); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; WAM); Influenza (1; CAN); Insomnia (f; MAD); Malaria (f; BIB; DEP; FEL); Myosis (1; APA; CAN); Nervousness (f; MAD); Neurasthenia (f; MAD); Neuropathy (f; MAD); Obesity (f; APA); Osteoarthrosis (1; SKY); Pain (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; PNC; WAM); Pertussis (f; MAD); Poison Ivy W 776 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (1; FAD); Rheumatism (2; CAN; FAD; PHR; PH2; PIP); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f; BIB; FAD; FEL; MAD); Sprain (1; APA); Tendinitis (1; BGB); Thrush (f; BIB); Toothache (1; BGB; JAD); Ulcus cruris (f; MAD); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Wart (1; FNF; JLH); Worm (f; MAD) Dosages (White Willow) — 2–3 g bark in cold water, bring to boil, steep minutes (PH2); 1–2 g bark (20–40 mg salicin); 2–4 tbsp fresh bark (PED); 1–2 tsp powdered bark 1–3 ×/day (APA); 3–6 g dry bark (PED); 1–3 g dry bark, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 4.5 g dry bark:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 1–2 ml bark tincture (25% alcohol) ×/day (APA; SKY); 1–3 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 20–40 mg salicin (APA); 60–120 mg salicin/day (KOM; PIP); 2–3 (380 mg) capsules every hours (JAD); 2–3 (379 mg) capsules as needed, or every hours, up to 18 capsules (APA) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (White Willow) — Class (AHP) Salicylates and tannins (AHP) For oral use of bark Commission E reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions: on theoretical grounds, similar to those of the salicylates (AEH) (all plants contain salicylates) In view of the lack of toxicological data, excessive use, especially during lactation and pregnancy, should be avoided Individuals with aspirin hypersensitivity, asthma, diabetes, gastrosis, gout, hemophilia, hepatosis, hypothrombinemia, nephrosis, and peptic ulcers should be cautious with salicylates Alcohol, barbiturates, and oral sedatives may potentiate salicylate toxicity Beware of salicylate interaction with oral anticoagulants, methotrexate, metoclopramide, phenytoin, pronebecid, spironolactone, and valproate Salicylates excreted in breast milk reportedly can cause macular rashes in breast-fed babies Salicylate toxicity may cause dermatosis, gastrosis, hematochezia, nausea, nephrosis, tinnitus, and vomiting (CAN) Excessive use of the tannin-rich bark may cause diarrhea and nausea (SKY) Still, “willow is much safer than aspirin” (SKY) Not for use during viral infections, because of [remote theoretical, JAD] possibility of Reye’s Syndrome (WAM) The prodrug, salicin, which does not irritate the stomach, is metabolized to saligenin in the GI tract and salicylic acid after absorption “Products containing willow should preferably be standardized on their salicin content ” (CAN) “The analgesic actions of willow are typically slow-acting, but last longer than standard aspirin products” (SKY) WILD CHERRY (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) ++ W CEB and FEL treat it with the closely related P virginiana L Activities (Wild Cherry) — Analgesic (1; APA); Antidiarrheal (1; WAM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antiseptic (f; CEB); Antispasmodic (f; SKY); Antitussive (1; APA; PH2; SKY; WAM); Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 777 Astringent (1; APA; EFS; PH2; PNC); Cyanogenic (1; PH2); Decongestant (1; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Digestive (f; FEL); Expectorant (1; APA; FAD); Gastrostimulant (f; FEL); Hematonic (f; DEM); Narcotic (f; CEB); Pectoral (f; EFS); Poison (f; EFS); Sedative (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Tonic (f; EFS; FEL); Tranquilizer (1; APA); Vermifuge (f; CEB) Indications (Wild Cherry) — Ague (f; CEB; DEM); Anemia (f; FEL); Anorexia (f; FAD; FEL); Anxiety (f; APA); Asthma (f; CEB); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bronchosis (1; APA; CEB; FAD; PH2; WAM); Burn (f; CEB; DEM); Cancer (1; APA; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; CEB; FEL); Childbirth (f; APA; DEM); Chill (f; DEM); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Cholera (f; CEB; DEM); Cold (f; APA; FAD; MIC); Congestion (1; APA); Cough (1; APA; FAD; MIC; PH2; WAM); Cramp (f; DEM SKY); Debility (f; FAD; FEL); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (1; APA; FAD; FEL; WAM); Dysentery (f; CEB; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; FAD; FEL; PH2); Dysuria (f; FEL); Enterosis (1; APA); Fever (f; FAD; FEL); Flu (f; MIC); Gangrene (f; CEB); Gastrosis (f; CRC; FEL); Headache (f; DEM); Hematochezia (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FEL); Hysteria (f; CEB; DEM); Inflammation (1; APA; FAD; FEL); Insomnia (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Itch (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; DEM); Laryngosis (f; DEM); Lethargy (f; DEM); Lumbago (f; CEB); Measles (f; DEM); Nervousness (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Neurosis (f; FEL; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; FEL); Pain (1; APA; CEB); Palpitation (f; FEL); Pertussis (f; APA; FEL; PH2; PNC); Phthisis (f; FEL); Pleurisy (f; FEL); Pneumonia (f; APA; FAD; FEL); Pulmonosis (f; APA; FAD; FEL); Scrofula (f; DEM; FEL); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stress (f; APA); Syphilis (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM; FEL); Ulcer (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Worm (f; CEB; DEM); Wound (f; CEB; DEM) Dosages (Wild Cherry) — 2–4 g bark (AHP); oz bark/pint water (FEL); tsp powdered bark/cup water 1–3 ×/day (APA); 0.25–0.5 tsp bark tincture 1–3 ×/day (APA); 2–4 ml bark tincture (PNC); 2–4 ml bark tincture 3–4 ×/day (SKY); 2.5–10 ml bark syrup (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Wild Cherry) — Class 2d Cyanogenic glycosides (prunasin yielding up to 1500 ppm (HCN)) In pediatrics, not use high doses or for more than week (WAM) Not for long-term use Do not exceed recommended dose (2–4 g bark) (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) “Not allowed as a non-medicinal ingredient in oral use products in Canada” (Michols, 1995) WILD DAGGA (Leonotis leonurus (L.) R Br.) ++ Synonym: Phlomis leonurus L Activities (Wild Dagga) — Analgesic (f; ZUL); Diuretic (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; ZUL); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; WBB); Euphoriant (1; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Intoxicant (1; CRC); Laxative (f; WBB; ZUL); Narcotic (1; CRC; VVG); Tonic (f; ZUL); Vermifuge (1; CRC) Indications (Wild Dagga) — Asthma (f; CRC; VVG; WBB); Biliousness (1; CRC); Boil (f; VVG); Bronchosis (1; CRC; VVG; WBB); Bug Bite (f; VVG); Cardiopathy (f; ZUL); Cold (f; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Constipation (f; WBB; ZUL); Cough (1; CRC; VVG; WBB); Cramp (f; CRC; VVG); Dermatosis (f; CRC; VVG; WBB); Dysentery (f; ZUL); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; WBB); Eczema (f; VVG); Epilepsy (f; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Fever (f; VVG, ZUL); Flu (f; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Headache (f; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; WBB; ZUL); Hepatosis (f; CRC; VVG); Herpes (f; CRC; WBB); High Blood Pressure (f; VAG; VVG); Itch (f; CRC; VVG; WBB); Jaundice (f; CRC; WBB; ZUL); Leprosy (f; CRC; WBB); Myosis (f; CRC); Myospasm (f; VVG); Obesity (f; ZUL); Ophthalmia (1; CRC); Pain (f; ZUL); Paralysis (f; CRC; ZUL); Pulmonosis (f; CRC; WBB); Scabies (1; CRC); Snakebite (f; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Sore (f; CRC; WBB; ZUL); Sting (f; ZUL); Syphilis (1; CRC); Tapeworm (f; ZUL); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; WBB; ZUL); VD (f; CRC); Virus (f; VVG); Water Retention (f; ZUL); Worm (1; CRC; ZUL) W ... PH2; PIP; PNC; WAM); Pertussis (f; MAD); Poison Ivy W 776 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (1; FAD); Rheumatism (2; CAN; FAD; PHR; PH2; PIP); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f; BIB; FAD; FEL; MAD); Sprain (1;... Rheumatism (2; HH2; KOM; PH2); Sprain (f; HH2; PH2); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 775 (2; PHR; PH2); Strain (f; PH2); Streptococcus (1; HH2); Swelling (f; HH2);...774 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus L.) + Synonym: P strobus f prostrata (Rehder ex Beissner)